Parkinson Disease Classification Using Neural
Networks
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Abstract— Parkinson disease is a progressive nervous system
disorder which affects movement. Symptoms of Parkinson
disease are tremor, rigidity, postural, instability (impaired
balance) and bradykinesia (slowing down and loss of spontaneous
movement). It also affects speech in many ways. The voice may
sometimes get softer, hoarse and breathy. Sometimes speech may
be slurred or mumbled or expressed rapidly. The tone of the
voice may become monotone which means lacking the normal
ups and downs. There are several medical tools to identify this
disease but it may take time and laborious to identify the disease.
Patients are supposed to undergo number of tests for diagnosis.
In many cases, not all the tests contribute towards effective
diagnosis of the disease. We can diagnose this disease by using
voice recordings data set to identify Parkinson disease which is
collected from different people who were suffering and not
suffering from the disease. There are several classification
algorithms in machine learning like support vector machine
algorithm, naive bayes algorithm, decision trees, neural networks
etc. In this paper we used neural networks to classify the disease.
Our proposed model turned out as one of the best model with
significant number of hidden layers and nodes as it resulted in
high accuracy and low error rate.
Keywords— Machine learning, Parkinson disease, Neural
networks, Accuracy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronicle and progressive
movement disorder, it means that the symptoms continues and
become worse over time. About one million individuals in the
US are suffering with Parkinson disease. There‘s been a lot of
research into it, but so far, doctors aren’t sure of exact cause of
Parkinson disease. They do know that if you have the illness,
the trouble starts in some of the brain cells. In an area of the
brain called the substantial nigra, cells that make the chemical
dopamine start to die. Dopamine has an important job. It acts
as a messenger that tells another area of the brain when you
want to move a part of the body. When the cells that make
dopamine start dying, the dopamine level drops. When it gets
too low then the person cannot control movements as well as
the person will start to get Parkinson symptoms. No one
knows reason what triggers the death of dopamine cells.
Mostly it is because of genes and environment working. There
are several genetic mutations that can raise the risk for
Parkinson disease, each by a little bit. They have a part in
about 1 in 10 cases. It mostly affect people 60 and older, the
risk goes up as the years go by.
Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation (Author)
line 1 (of Affiliation): dept. name of organization
line 2-name of organization, acronyms acceptable
line 3-City, Country
line 4-e-mail address if desired
Neural Networks:
Machine Learning consists of several classes of models where
neural networks are one of them. Machine Learning has been
revolutionized by the specific set of algorithms like neural
networks. They are inspired by the biological neural networks
and deep neural networks which have proven to work well.
Neural Networks are general function approximations where
this algorithm can be applied to solve many machine learning
algorithms even when there are complex mappings.
Input Layer: In the neural networks the first layer is input
layer which consists of artificial input neurons and
brings the input data into the system for processing into the
next layers of artificial neurons. The input layer is the starting
layer of the workflow for the artificial neural network.
Hidden Layer:In the neural networks the layers after the
input layer is hidden layer and before output layer is hidden
layer where the weighted inputs are taken and processed
through activation function. By using these hidden layers we
can solve complex problems and can get accurate results.
Hidden layer is a part of neural network where engineers
simulate the different activities going on in human brain.
Activation Function:Activation function decides whether a
neuron should be activated or not by calculating weighted sum
and further adding bias with it. The motivation behind the
enactment work is to bring non-linearity into the output of
neuron. A neural network without an activation function is
basically only linear regression model. The activation function
makes the non-linear transformation to make the input capable
to learn more complex tasks.
Output Layer:The last layer in neural networks is the output
layer that gives the outputs for the given model. The output
layer is also known as the last ‘actor’ nodes in the artificial
neural networks. These output layer nodes are built in a
different ways. This layer is where we mainly classify results.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Different researches had used various features and data in
order to predict the Parkinson Disease:
The authors Zahari Abu Bakar, Nooritawati Md Tahir and
Ihsan M Yassin presented “The Classification of Parkinson
disease based on Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network” , In
this paper the algorithms that were used are Levenberg
Marquardt and Scaled Conjugate Gradient. The advantage of
this model is the LM algorithm showed accuracy of “97%” for
training data and “92%” accuracy of “79%” and “78%”
respectively. The disadvantage is that the above-mentioned
accuracy was obtained only for certain number of hidden units’
i.e; in LM algorithm where the number of hidden layers was 25
the accuracy was obtained and for SCG the count of hidden
layers was 10 for the accuracy obtained[1].
The authors Sonu S.R, Ravi Ranjan, Vivek Prakash,
Saritha.K, in their paper Prediction of Parkinson Disease using
Data Mining have used the decision tress and logistic
regression for the data which is obtained from voice recordings
of the patients. This model gives “100%” accuracy in decision
tree and “90%” accuracy in logistic regression when no feature
was selected, the prediction provided was only varying
accuracy.
The authors Aarushi Agarwal, Spriha Chandrayan and
Sitanshu S Sahu present their paper “Prediction of Parkinson
Disease using Speech Signal with Extreme Machine Learning”.
In this paper the analysis is performed on the voice sample of
the patients. The data set used is taken from UCI repository and
the model yielded 81.55% and this system proved more
accuracy than neural network and support vector machine.
The authors Oana Geman and Luliana Chiuchisan, present
the Deep Brain Stimulation efficiency and Parkinson disease
stage prediction using Markov’s Models and Algorithms. This
model was helped in the stage prediction of Parkinson using
Deep Brain Simulation procedure that part of the brain which is
responsible for the tremors is electrically simulated which
relieves it. But, this method is minimally invasive and
expensive therefore it was not suitable for all population
groups and these symptoms come back with time as there is no
permanent solution.
The authors Mrugali Bhat, Sharvari Inamdar, Devyani
Kulkarni, Gauri Kulkarni and Revati Shriram, present the paper
“Parkinson disease based on Hand Tremor Analysis”. In this
paper the analysis is measured using accelerometer as a sensor
for measuring the frequency of tremors caused. The proposed
system is non-invasive and is reliable for the prediction of
Parkinson disease. But the prognosis was only based on the
tremors that were caused as a symptom of Parkinson disease.
So these predictions can be accurate for those patients who
experience these tremors in later stages of the disease. Two of
the main works that broke down the conceivable outcomes of
Machine Learning algorithms with DaTSCAN were Palumbo
et al. (2010) and Towey et al.(2011) the previous thought about
the probabilistic neural system and a classification tree (CIT) to
separate among PD and tremor.
The last utilized Naive-Bayes Algorithm with PCA
disintegration of the voxels that are in the striatal area. These
were pursued for a progression of words where SVM
Algorithm was utilized as the fundamental classifier device,
with straight or RBF part and distinctive image features, Illan
et (2012) and later Oliveira and Castelo-Branco (2015) utilized
vowel-as-features i.e., picture vowel powers which are
removed from voice are utilized straightforwardly as features.
Segovia et al. (2012) utilized a Partial Least Square (PLS)
Algorithm to disintegrate DaT pictures into scores and
stacking. At that point, the scores with the most elevated Fisher
Discriminate Ratios were utilized as features for the SVM
algorithm.
Khedher et al. (2015) likewise utilized PLS Algorithm.
Rojas et al. (2013) proposed the utilization of 2D empical
mode deterioration to part DaTSCAN pictures into various
characteristics mode capacities and representing different
frequency subbands. The components are utilized to choose
features identified with PD tat unmistakably separate them
from NC and permitting a simple visual inspection.
Martinez-Murcia et al. (2014a) disintegrated the DaTSCAN
pictures into measurably free parts which uncovered designes
related to Parkinson Disease. Also, in this methodology, picture
voxels were positioned by methods for their measurable
noteworthiness in separation of class.
Martinez-Murcia, Francisco J., et al. "Convolutional neural
networks for neuroimaging in Parkinson’s disease: is
preprocessing needed?." International journal of neural
systems 28.10 (2018): 1850035. A later approach is
additionally founded on multivariable disintegration systems is
proposed in Ortiz et al. (2018), where the utilization of
fundamental component analysis on 3D pictures is proposed.
This is finished by testing the 3D pictures utilizing fractal
bends so as to change the 3D DaTSCAN pictures into 1D
signals, preserving the local relationship among voxels.
Striatal restricting proportions for the two caudate and
putamins were utilized in Prashanth et al. (2014), Palumbo et
al. (2014), and Bhalchandraa et al. (2015). Martinez-Murcia et
al.(2014b) proposed the extraction of 3D textural-based
features for the portraying the dopamine transporters focus in
the picture and completing with those dependent on SVM
algorithm.
Later strategies depend on neural systems, particularly deep
learning-based techniques, have made ready to find complex
examples and subsequently to beat the determination precision
acquired by old style measurable techniques (Ortiz et al., 2016;
Martinez-Murcia et al,. 2017). The utilization of the models
contains stack of layers made out of countless units that
exclusively performs straightforward tasks that permits to
figure models containing an enormous number of parameters.
In addition, these enormously parallelized models are likewise
ready to find complex examples in the information by a
learning procedure figured as an advancement issue.
Zhang and Kagen (2017) proposed a classifier dependent
on a solitary layer neural system and voxel-as-highlighted from
various cuts.
III. PROPOSED METHOD
The main aim of this methodology is divided into two phases,
phase-I is to identify the most relevant feature to solve the
problem. And we used PCA for doing the same. Once the data
is pre-processed the dataset must be used in-order to apply on
any machine learning algorithms. At present there are many
software’s to pre-process the data. We can also choose
WEKA(2009) software for solving this problem.
Phase-II applies ML algorithms. The main outcome of this
phase is to find out the effectiveness as well as output
prediction , accuracy and to classify instances. Examples of
evaluation measures are accuracy values, kappa values, error
rate, processing time, true negative rate, true positive rate,
false positive rate and false negative rate. These evaluation
measures are some of the machine learning software packages
which are used in predicting and the working of the model.
Dataset Description:
Data Set Characteristics: Multivariable
Number of Instances: 197
Area: Life
Attribute Characteristics: Real
Number of Attributes: 23
Date of Donated: 2008-06-26
Associated Tasks: Classification
Missing Values? N/A
Source:
The data set used in this paper was made by Max Little of
the Oxford University, as a team with the National Centre for
Voice and speech, Denver, Colorado, who recorded the speech
signals and from which the information is formed. The first
investigation distributed the feature extraction processes and
various algorithms for general voice issue.
Data Set Information:
The data set which was used in this paper is collected from 31
people in which 23 people suffering from Parkinson disease Figure 1. Exploratory analysis- Histogram of the dataset.
and having different voice measurements. The data set also
consists of 195 recordings from these 31 individuals where in
the dataset the columns consist of different voice measures.
The main aim of this data set is to predict the people suffering
from Parkinson diseased.
The data which we are considering must have proper attributes
for the prediction purpose.
The attributes by which we can predict are required to be
considered and we have to correct the outcome for those
considered attributes.
Data Pre-Processing:Data pre-processing is making data into
quality data which can be used in different machine learning
algorithms to solve real time problems. There are many factors
comprising data quality: accuracy, completeness, consistency,
timeliness, speed, believability and interpretability.
Exploratory analysis: To analyze and understand the data it is
visualized using plots.

Figure 2. Exploratory analysis- Quantile Quantile plot of

the dataset

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

The dataset is divided into training and testing sets and Neural
network algorithm is applied by considering different
activation functions and accuracy and error is calculated.

M No. N N Acti Trai Test Erro Accuracy

o of o. o vati ning ing r
d Attr of . on
el ibut Hi o func
 N es dd f tion 22 9 4 5,6, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.8421
o. en N 7,8 3710
23 9 3 6,7, Logis 50 50 0.00 0.8077
la o
8 tic 2917
ye d 24 10 3 7,8, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.8956
rs e 9 0125
s
Table 1: Comparison of neural network with different values
1 8 3 7,5, Logis 50 50 0.00 0.8052
3 tic 0854
2 8 3 8,4, Logis 60 40 0.00 0.7903
3 tic 3004
3 7 4 5,4, Tanh 50 50 0.00 0.7662
3,2 0713
4 6 3 5,4, Tanh 70 30 1.96 0.5642
2 543
5 6 3 5,4, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.7581
2 0104

6 7 3 5,6, Logis 60 40 0.00 0.7419

4 tic 9679
7 7 3 8,9, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.8065
2 4331
8 6 3 7,8, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.8387
5 9821
9 8 3 9,8, Logis 50 50 0.00 0.8462
3 tic 2718
10 6 4 5,7, Tanh 70 30 0.00 0.7632
8,9 3412 Figure 3. Neural network for model 1
11 7 3 6,7, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.7854
8 9428
12 8 3 5,6, Logis 60 40 0.00 0.8979
7 tic 1251
13 8 3 6,7, Logis 50 50 0.00 0.8253
8 tic 4522
14 7 4 6,7, Tanh 50 50 0.00 0.7258
8 1456
15 7 3 7,8, Logis 60 40 0.00 0.8254
9 tic 3421
16 8 2 7,8 Tanh 70 30 0.19 0.6789
2356
17 8 3 7,8, Logis 60 40 0.00 0.7498
9 tic 4532
18 8 4 5,6, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.7432
7,8 5648
19 9 3 7,8, Logis 50 50 0.00 0.7123
9 tic 3902
20 10 4 5,6, Tanh 60 40 0.00 0.8428
7,8 1783
21 8 4 6,7, Logis 50 50 0.00 0.8294
8,9 tic 7492
Figure 4. Neural network for model 2

Figure 5. Neural network for model 3
Figure 6. Neural network for model 4
V. CONCLUSION
We have done data preprocessing. We observed that we
obtained higher accuracy with the algorithm that we have
applied with the summarized dataset as presented in the
original paper.
The process of classification in machine learning is automated
and ‘on the fly’, where it is not a standalone problem with
only training data as we have even testing data to classify and
to check how it works. Or maybe, it is a dynamic complex
procedure coordinated with a screening tools within the
presence of proper medical staff inside a clinical domain so
machine learning algorithms work much better and give more
exactness. Unfortunately, more studies at present in machine
learning focuses on diagnosis which classifies easily by
machine learning compared to diagnostic tools where these
classifications are applied on historical data sets which are
collected from different repositories which are already
collected by different scientists. In this project, we
concentrated on present machine learning problems that
accepting Parkinson Disease as a classification issue and
dissected their points of interest and drawbacks. In this project
the necessary steps are showed how the machine learning tools
replaced the place of intelligent diagnostic tools to predict a
model. The conclusions of our results are
• When we run the model for next line the measured or
errors and accuracy might show a change.
• This is due to the model enhancements
• In this project we have compared different results of
neural network with different values and algorithms and we
got model 12 with more accuracy and less error
Future work can be extended by classifying the Parkinson
telemonitoring dataset.
Accurate Classification may ease the drug discovery process.
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