CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKROUND

 Introduction

The role of energy its meaning, types, forms, conservation and application in

science and technology is so high that re-look at the strategies to cope with changes and

to be able to contribute toward the growth of new knowledge and its application. In

physics, energy (Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια energeia "activity, operation") is an indirectly

observed quantity. It is often understood as the ability a physical system has to do work

on other physical systems. Since work is defined as a force acting through a distance (a

length of space), energy is always equivalent to the ability to exert pulls or pushes

against the basic forces of nature, along a path of a certain length. Human beings have

always used energy to do work for them. Thousands of years ago, early humans burned

wood to provide light, heat their living spaces, and cook their food. Later, people used

the wind to move their boats from place to place. A hundred years ago, people began

using falling water to make electricity. Today, people use more energy than ever from a

variety of sources for a multitude of tasks and our lives are undoubtedly better for it. Our

homes are comfortable and full of useful and entertaining fuel devices. We communicate

instantaneously in many ways. We live longer, healthier lives. We travel the world, or at

least see it on television and the internet due to progress in energy. Renewable energy

sources include the sun, wind, water, agricultural residue, fuel wood, and animal dung.

Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources. Energy generated from the sun is known as

solar energy. Hydel is the energy derived from water. Biomass from firewood, animal

dung, and biodegradable waste from cities and crop residues is a source of energy when

it is burnt. Geothermal energy is derived from hot dry rocks, magma, hot water springs,

natural geysers, etc. Ocean thermal is energy derived from waves and also from tidal

wave through the method of co-generation a 9 cleaner and less polluting form of energy

is being generated. Fuel cells are also being used as cleaner energy source.

A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity from primary

energy. Most power plants use one or more generators that convert mechanical

energy into electrical energy in order to supply power to the electrical grid for

society's electrical needs. Renewable energy power plants get their energy directly from

their respective flows in order to generate electricity. These primary energy sources

replenish themselves eventually, but are limited in the amount of energy that is available

at any given time or place. Therefore they are often intermittent and non-dispatchable.

Wind energy has become one of the most economical renewable energy

technology. Today, electricity generating wind turbines employ proven and tested

technology, and provide a secure and sustainable energy supply. At good, windy sites,

wind energy can already successfully compete with conventional energy production.

Many countries have considerable wind resources, which are still untapped. Wind
energy produces no greenhouse gases. Wind power plants can make a significant

contribution to the regional electricity supply and to power supply diversification. A very

short lead time for planning and construction is required as compared to conventional

power projects. Wind energy projects are flexible with regard to an increasing energy

demand - single turbines can easily be added to an existing park. Finally, wind energy

projects can make use of local resources in terms of labor capital and materials.

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into electricity or mechanical

energy using wind turbines. The power in the wind is extracted by allowing it to blow past

moving blades that exert torque on a rotor. The amount of power transferred is

dependent on the rotor size and the wind speed. Wind turbines range from small four

hundred watt generators for residential use to several megawatt machines for wind

farms and offshore. The small ones have direct drive generators, direct current output,

aeroelastic blades, lifetime bearings and use a vane to point into the wind; while the

larger ones generally have geared power trains, alternating current output, flaps and are

actively pointed into the wind. Direct drive generators and aeroelastic blades for large

wind turbines are being researched and direct current generators are sometimes used.

Since wind speed is not constant, the annual energy production of a wind converter is

dependent on the capacity factor. A well sited wind generator will have a capacity factor

of about 35%. This compares to typical capacity factors of 90% for nuclear plants, 70%

for coal plants, and 30% for thermal plants. As a general rule, wind generators are

practical where the average wind speed is 4.5 m/s or greater. Usually sites are pre-

selected on the basis of a wind atlas, and validated with on site wind measurements.

Wind energy is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, and reduces greenhouse

gas emissions if used to replace fossil-fuel-derived electricity. The intermittency of wind

does not create problems when using wind power at low to moderate penetration levels.

Load survey is calculation of energy consumed in the given area or given

location in a stipulated interval of time. Load survey is very important when building a

power plant and to where the power generated will be delivered. The power generated

by the power plant must be sufficient to supply the maximum demand of the people.

Utility companies are responsible for delivering electricity to the residential, commercial

and industrial area.

Batangas Electric Company or Batelec is a distribution utility company which is

known for delivering the electricity to the people of Batangas and is divided by two-

Batelec I and Batelec II. The second provides its service to the different towns of

Batangas including the town of Mabini. This town is located 123.6 km kilometers south

of manila, a three-hour drive via R-3 and Calabarzon Expy/STAR Tollway. It is 29.4

kilometers away from Batangas City, the provincial capital. The place is appropriate to
place wind farm to generate electricity that will supply people in it. The researches will

compute the number of wind turbines needed to suffice the demand of the residents.

Objectives of the Study

The project aims to design and develop a wind power plant that will generate

sufficient electricity for the people of Mabini, Batangas.

1. To design the wind farm system considering the following:

1.1 Design

1.2 Standards

1.3 Construction

1.4 Operation

2. To conduct load survey in Gulugod Baboy Mabini, Batangas in terms of:

2.1 Consumers’ daily electric consumption

2.2 Consumers’ monthly electric electric consumption

2.3 Consumers’ annual electric consumption

3. To predict future load of Gulugod Baboy Mabini, Batangas in terms of:

3.1 Consumers’ monthly electric consumption

3.2 Consumers’ annual electric consumption

4. To determine the contribution of the project of the society and the economy.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework shows a brief overview of the project and the

procedure to be undertaken to accomplish the proposed project. Figure 1.0 represents

the conceptual framework of the proposed design and development of the wind power

plant.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Components
Design Standards Assembly and
Fabrication
Design Wind Power Plant
Construction Conduct Load
Survey
Material Selection
Predict Future
Load
Operation

Figure 1.1 Paradigm of the Study

The project started with design standards, design construction, material

selection, and operation regarding to the wind energy generation. The Philippine

Electrical Code (PEC), National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), Institute

of Electro Technical Comission (IEC), and Leadership in Energy and Environmental

Design (LEED) were the consideration, standards, and requirements chosen for the

proposed wind farm.

Also, the construction will be designed under the given standards and will also

considered the references like book, internet, and other reliable sources. Next the load

survey will be conducted according to consumers’ daily, monthly, and annual

consumption of electricity. Future load will prediction will also be computed. And lastly,

the project will be economical and useful to the society. Since wind is a natural, and

always sufficient, the project will be beneficial to the people of Mabini, Batangas to

provide them electricity and to improve their economic status.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study focused mainly on the assessment of wind power plant. This includes

the load survey, future load prediction or forecasting and effectiveness of the proposed

project to the society.

The design will be properly evaluated in accordance with the theories and

principles of the wind power plant. The system will be designed for MW to supply the

needs of the people in Mabini, Batangas.

Significance of the Study

The main significance of the study is to impart knowledge, ideas also the process

of load survey and power plant. It can also be used to appreciate the importance of load

survey, load forecasting and renewable energy.

Specifically, this study can also be significant to the following:

Mabini, Batangas. This study can fairly benefit the residents of Mabini,

Batangas. This research study can also be a basis for the total load the town has and

the possibility of building wind farm to their place. The design can help the local

government unit to consider wind energy as their main source of electricity in the place.

Also, this study could also help in building a foundation for an additional tourist spot in

the municipality.

Batangas State University. This study will be an additional work

accomplishments of the university, also as another contribution to the field of

engineering. In this way, the university may also be more popular if future researches

will be done by other students, especially those students in the path of the engineering

field.

Electrical Engineering Department. This study can also be an achievement of

the department. The department may also take credit from the university for a well done

research that may help in the extension services for research and development services

of the university. This study may also be a way for other students to take the said

program.
 Power Plant Engineering Students. This research may be used as a reference

for those who will take the power plant engineering course. It may also give them better

understanding on load surveying, load forecasting, and power plant designing.

Future Researchers. This research study will be very effective for the future

researchers whom will create a parallel study since this will be a helpful research that

will impart knowledge of wind power plants.

Definition of Terms

Coriolis force. It is an inertial or fictitious force that acts on objects that are in motion

within a frame of reference that rotates with respect to an inertial frame.

Electric Utility. An electric utility is a company in the electric power industry that

engages in electricity generation and distribution of electricity for sale generally in a

regulated market.

Power Plant. A power plant is an industrial facility used to generate electric power with

the help of one or more generators which converts different energy sources into electric

power.

Renewable Energy. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable

resources, which are naturally replenished on a human timescale, such as sunlight,

wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.

Substation. A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and

distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or

perform any of several other important functions.

Wind Farm. A wind farm or wind park, also called a wind power station or wind power

plant, is a group of wind turbines in the same location used to produce electricity.

Wind Power. Wind power or wind energy is the use of wind to provide the mechanical

power through wind turbines to turn electric generators and traditionally to do other work,

like milling or pumping.