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INDEX
1. Introduction
2.2 Diameter
3.2 Thrust
7. Pipe-ring stiffness
10. Literature
11. Legenda
2. Pipe wall thickness The minimum required wallthickness of the pipe is based on
design codes as ASME and ANSI. To most products an inferior
liner is added, consisting of C-veil and resin.
3. Trust forces due to On many occasions the pipe is fabricated to pressure as well as
temperature, pressure a varying temperature of the medium. Pressure variation will
and variation in length cause a length change if the product is unrestrained and due to
the Poisson effect an increase in pressure will shorten the pipe.
This is alos mathematically explained. Expension and
contraction due to temperature variations and internal pressure
will either combined or individual result in thrust forces on the
anchoring points
4. Support and Guide The formulas for the calculation of the optimal distance between
spacing two supports or guide spacings for single, partial and
continuous spans are given. The calculations take into account
density of the liquid and the weight of the pipe.
5. Bending radius A slight gradual change in direction or deviation of the pipe may
be obtained by using the flexibility of the pipe. In that case the
allowable bending radius of the glass reinforced epoxy pipe can
be calculated
6. Collapse resistance for When the external pressure on the pipe may exceed the
liquid internal pressure one has to take into account the collapse
resistance of the pipe. This is ruled by equations which differs
from those for internal pressure.
7. Pipe-ring stiffness To make calculations for earth and wheel-loads on buried pipe,
values have to be used like STIS (= Specific Tangential Initial
Stiffness), STES (= Specific Tangential End Stiffness) and other
values, as used in the U.S.A., Stiffness Factor and Pipe
Stiffness.
9. Head loss or pressure Head loss or pressure drop can be calculated by using the
drop for liquid flow Hazen-Williams equation for water and the Darcy-Weisbach for
laminar flows, e.g. for oil. Head loss in fittings are calculated by
defining a corresponding pipe length.
Technical Bulletin 3 2
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
1. INTRODUCTION
This manual presents the calculations, used by Ameron to
calculate the various aspects related to glass reinforced epoxy
(= GRE) pipe.
2.1 Wall Thickness The minimum pipewall thickness is calculated with the formula
according to
ASME / ANSI B31.3 [1] (Paragraph A304.1.2):
Dp
ts = (1)
2sF + p
p(d + 2t l ) 2σst s
ts = ⇔p= (3)
2σs − p d + t s + 2t l
t = ts + tl + ta (4)
D = d + 2t (5)
Dm = d + t (6)
Technical Bulletin 3 3
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
2
2.3 Dimensional pipe Cross section area of minimum pipe wall in [m ] :
properties
Aw = π (d + t)t (7)
2
Area of pipe bore in [m ]:
A b = 0,25πd 2 (8)
2
Cross section area of min. structural wall in [m ]:
(
A s = π ( d + 2t l ) + t s t s) (9)
2
Cross section area of inner liner in [m ]:
Al = π (d + tl )tl, (10)
2
Weight of pipe per unit length in [kg/m ]:
w p = A s ρs + A l ρl (11)
1
Weight of fluid per unit pipe length in [kg/m ]:
w f = 0,25πd 2 ρ f (12)
4
Linear moment of inertia of the pipe [3] in [m ]:
I l = I s + I lin (13)
4
Linear moment of inertia of the structural wall in [m ]:
Is =
π
64
(
(d + 2t l + 2t s )4 − (d + 2t l )4 ) (14)
4
Linear moment of inertia of the inner liner in [m ]:
I lin =
π
64
(
(d + 2t l )4 − d )
4
(15)
3.1 Length change Like in other types of pipe material, in unrestrained condition,
Bondstrand fiberglass reinforced pipe changes its length with
temperature change. Tests have shown that the amount of
expansion varies linearly with temperature, in other words the
coefficient of thermal expansion of Bondstrand pipe is constant
[4, 5, 6].
Technical Bulletin 3 4
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
pd 2 pd 2 pd 2 E l
∆Lp = L − µc = L (1 − 2 µc ) (17)
4tD m E l 2tD m E c 4tD m E l E c
π 2
Pbf p 4 d pd 2 (18)
∆L = L = L = L
A w El πtD m E l 4tD m E l
shows that, the length increase due to the bulkhead force is
considerably reduced by the Poisson’s effect. The reduction
may amount to 50%, subject to the value 2µcEl / Ec , e.g. for
Series 2000: 2 x 0,56 x 11000 / 25200 = 0,49 (at 21°C).
Technical Bulletin 3 5
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
∆L σ Fp Fp
=ε = = = (25)
L E l A w E l πD m E l t
∆L pd 2 El
= 1 − 2 µc (26)
L 4tD m E l Ec
Technical Bulletin 3 6
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
Technical Bulletin 3 7
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
5wL4
fw = (31)
384EI
and for single span
wL4
fw = (32)
384EI
Taking 0,0127 m as deflection “fw”, these equations may be re-
arranged to calculate the span as equation 29 and equation 30.
The partial span equation 28 is the average between the
equations 29 and 30, giving the same result as equation 29 if
increased by 20% or equation 30 if decreased by 20%.
If anchors are used at both ends of a pipeline, to restrict axial
movements, until a method of controls must be designed in
order to prevent excessive lateral deflection or buckling of pipe
due to compressive load. Guides may be required in
conjunction with expansion joints or expansion loops, to control
excessive deflection.
The guide spacing can be calculated by using the rearranged
Euler equation multiplied by 75%.
Technical Bulletin 3 8
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
kLg kL
g
[Nm]: (35
−w 2 −w 2
− M = 2 1 − and +M= 2 − 1
k kLg k kLg
tan tan
2 2
p d
σp = + 1 (37)
4 ts
p d
σp = + 1 (38)
8 ts
Notes:
1. For allowable axial tensile stress 50 % is used of the axial
bending strength shown in the pipe data sheets.
Since Bondstrand pipe and joints can be loaded bi-axially,
consequently most are used in that way. The minimum bending
radii shown in the pipe data sheets are based on bi-axial
loading for that reason.
Technical Bulletin 3 9
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
Temperature Cº T 21 66 93 121
2
ElasticityMN/m Ec 25200 22100
Modulus
2400 based pipe
2
ElasticityMN/m Ec 25300 22000
Modulus
3400 based pipe
Technical Bulletin 3 10
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
If a valve is closed within the time of one wave cycle, i.e. from
the closed valve to the other end and back, then water hammer
should be calculated on the basis of instant valve closure.
2Lw
tw = (48)
c
As can be seen, increase of tw will decrease c and decrease ∆p
subsequently.
So the longer the wave cycle, the smaller the pressure shock.
p tot = p v + p (50)
Head loss for liquid flow often can be obtained out of charts
and tables. However also there are rather simple ways to
calculate the head loss.
A very simple method to calculate the head loss was developed
by Hazen and Williams. This method may be used for water in
a temperature range of 0°C to 37°C (imperial: 31°F to 100°F).
Technical Bulletin 3 11
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
pipe:
For S.I. input: H l = 0,1007
Q1,852
and for Imperial input: H l = 0,0983
Q1,852 (51)
d 4,865 d 4,865
Technical Bulletin 3 12
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
The head loss in joints and fittings can be calculated using the
same method as used for pipe after defining the equivalent
length.
Technical Bulletin 3 13
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
10. LITERATURE .
11. LEGENDA
Technical Bulletin 3 14
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
2 2
A b : cross sectional area of pipe bore m [inch ]
2 2
Abl : cross sectional area of larger pipe bore in m [inch ]
2 2
Abs : cross sectional area of smaller pipe bore in m [inch ]
2 2
Al : cross sectional area of inner liner in m [inch ]
2 2
As : cross sectional area of minimal structural wall m [inch ]
Aw : cross sectional area of pipewall in m [inch]
2 2
Awl : cross sectional wall area of larger pipe in m [inch ]
2 2
Aws : cross sectional wall area of smaller pipe in m [inch ]
Hl : head loss
4 4
Il : linear moment of inertia of pipe in m ; [inch ]
Technical Bulletin 3 15
July 1997
Calculation Manual for Bondstrand® GRE Pipe Systems
4 4
Ilin : linear moment of inertia of the inner liner in m ; [inch ]
4 4
Is : linear moment of inertia of the structural wall in m ; [inch ]
3
Iw : inertia moment of pipe wall in inch
s : design stress
y : vertical deflection
∆y : deflection of inside diameter in inch
Technical Bulletin 3 16
July 1997