a ~u 117
INTERNATIONAL
Designation: D 2035 - 08
Standard Practice for
Coagulation-FlocculationJar Test of Water1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial ehange since the last revision or reapproval.
l. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a general procedure for the evalu
ation of a treatment to reduce dissolved, suspended, colloidal,
and nonsettleable matter from water by chemical coagulation
flocculation, followed by gravity settling. Toe procedure may
be used to evaluate color, turbidity, and hardness reduction.
1.2 The practice provides a systematic evaluation of the
variables normally encountered in the coagulationflocculation
process.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 2
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D 3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D 6855 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Below
5 NTU in Static Mode
D 7315 Test Method for Determination of Turbidity Above
1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Static Mode
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee Dl9 on Water and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Dl9.03 on Sarnpling Water and Water-
Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-
Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originally
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 2035 80 (2003).
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard's Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
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3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions-For definitions of terms used in this prac
tice, refer to Terminology D 1129.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Toe coagulationflocculation test is carried out to deter
mine the chemicals, dosages, and conditions required to
achieve optimum results. The primary variables to be investi
gated using the recommended practice include, but are not
limited to:
4.1.1 Chemical additives,
4.1.2 pH,
4.1.3 Temperature, and
4.1.4 Order of addition and mixing conditions.
S. Significance and Use
5.1 This practice permits the evaluation of various coagu
lants and coagulant aids used in the treatment of water and
waste water for the same water and the same experimental
conditions.
5.2 Toe effects of concentration of the coagulants and
coagulant aids and their order of addition can also be evaluated
by this practice.
6. Interferences
6.1 There are sorne possible interferences that may make
the determination of optimum jar test conditions difficult.
These include the following:
6.1.1 Temperature Change (During Test)Thermal or con
vection currents may occur, interfering with the settling of
coagulated particles. This can be prevented by temperature
control.
6.1.2 Gas Release (During Test)-Flotation of coagulated
floc may occur due to gas bubble formation caused by
mechanical agitator, temperature increase or chemical reaction.
 c6
•ull
D 2035-08

A
.. 1

l
5 112"
50ml
TUBES

~.,.J:l.U:L9--..lµ..;: --.,--:4--1;----+tf-:¡ --.,--:::-t-:--~---:1_L

-1: 10:::1,
5/81• : :

y4"
l...JL~J==1T11~2-.---=L+J:!.._. L~J--1~w-o-o-o~L+;~c-R_E_w-"i:---L=t=----~L¡J~~L • 314°1

A = t. Oistance between Jars

in multiple stirrer
apparatus
{ 6" for a Phipps-Bird}
TUBES- 1" x 7• 50ml Color
Comparator Type
RACK - Oak 3/4" x 1-5/8"
FIG. 1 Reagent Rack for MultipleStirrerJar Test Apparatus

6.1.3 Testing-Period-Biological activity or other factors sufficiently high purity to perrnit its use without lessening the
may alter the coagulation characteristics of water upon pro accuracy of the determination.
longed standing. Por this reason the period between sampling
and testing should be kept to a minimum, with the time being 8.2 Purity of Water-Unless otherwise indicated, reference
recorded. to water for reagent preparation shall be understood to mean
water that meets the quantitative quality specifications for
7. Apparatus Type IV reagent water conforming to Specification D 1193,
Section
7.1 Multiple Stirrer-A multiposition stirrer with continu 1.1.
ous speed variation from about 20 to 150 rpm should be used.
Toe stirring paddles should be of light gage corrosionresistant 8.3 Toe following chemicals and additives are typical of
material ali of the same configuration and size. An illuminated those used for test solutions and suspensions. Toe latter, with
base is useful to observe the floc formation. Precautionary the exception of coagulant aids, may be prepared daily by
measures should be taken to avoid heat being imparted by the rnixing chernicals with water to a concentration of 10 (:±::0.1)
illurnination system which may counteract normal settling. g/L (1.0 mL of test solution or suspension when added to 1 L
7.2 Jars (or Beakers), ali of the same size and shape; of sample is equivalent to 10 mg/L):
Prime Coagulants
1500mL Griffin beakers may be used (1000mL recommended
Alum[Al2(S04h· 18H20]
mínimum size). Ferric sulfate [Fe2(S04}a-XH20]
7.3 Reagent Racks-A means of introducing each test Ferric chloride (FeCl3-6H20)
solution to ali jars simultaneously. There should be at least one Ferrous suttate (FeS04-7H20)
Magnesium carbonate (MgC03-3H20)
rack for each test solution or suspension. The racks should be Sodium aluminate (NaAl02)
similar to that shown in Fig. l. Coagulan! Aids
Activated silica
Anionic (polyelectrolyte)
8. Reagents Cationic (polyelectrolyte)
Nonionic Polymer
8.1 Purity of Reagents-Reagent grade chemicals shall be Oxidizing Agents
used in ali tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that Chlorine (Cl2)
ali reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Comrnít Chlorine dioxide (CI02)
Potassium permanganate (KMn04)
tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chernical Society, Calcium hypochlortte [CaCl(CI0)-4H20]
where such specifications are available.3 Other grades may be Sodium hypochlorrte (NaCIO)
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of Alkalis
Calcium carbonate (CaC03)
Dolomitic lime
(58 % CaO. 40 % MgO)
3 Lime. hydrated [Ca(OH)e]
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specijications , American Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions ou the testing of reagents not Sodium carbonate (Na2C03)
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Ana/ar Standards far Laboratory Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the Unued Sta/es Phannacopeia Weighting Agents
and Ntuional Fonnu.lary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, Bentonite
MD. Kaolin
Other clays and minerals

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 c0 D 2035-08
Miscellaneous 10.3 Start the multiple stirrer operating at the "flash mix"
Activated carbon (powdered) speed of approximately 120 rpm. Add the test solution or
8.4 Coagulant AidsThere are .
numerous commercially available
coagulant aids or polyelectrolytes. P
All polyelectro lytes are classified r
anionic, cationic or nonionic, o
depending upon their composition. c
These aids may have the ability to e
produce large, tough, easilysettled d
floc when used alone or in u
conjunction with inorganic r
coagulants. A small dosage (under e
1 mg/L) may permit a reduction in 10.1 Measure equal volumes
the dosage of, or complete (1000 mL) of sample into each of
elimination of, the coagulant. In the jars or 1500mL Griffin
the latter case, the polyelec trolyte beakers. As many sample
would be considered the prime portions may be used as there are
coagulant rather than a coagulant positions on the multiple stirrer.
aid. Aids come in powdered and Locate beakers so that the
liquid form. Powdered aids paddles are offcenter, but clear
should be prepared as 0.1 % the beaker wall by about 6.4 mm
solutions with appropriate (V4 in.). Record the sample
aliquots to provide proper temperature at the start of the test.
dosage. Always add powdered 10.2 Load the test chemicals in
aids to the dissolving water rather the reagent racks. Use one rack for
than the reverse, and add slowly to each series of chemical additions.
the shoulder of a vortex created by Make up each tube in the rack to
stirring. If a vortex is not formed, a final volume of 10 mL, with
the dry powder will merely collect water, befare using. There may
on the surface of the water in be a situation where a larger
gummy masses and become very volume of reagent will be
difficult to dissolve. Dissolving required. Should this condition
time may vary from several prevail, fill all tubes with water to
minutes to several hours. a volume equal to the largest
Suggested manufacturers' volume of reagent in the reagent
procedures for wetting, dissolving, rack. When adding slurries, it may
and storing should be followed be necessary to shake the rack to
when available. Liquid forms can produce a swirling motion just
be readily prepared to the above prior to transfer.
strength without difficulty.4
9 4
A periodically updated "Report on
. Coagulant Aids for Water Treatment" is
published by the Environmental Protection
S Agency Office of Water Supply, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268, listing coagulant aids that may be
a used in water treatment without adverse
m physiological effects on those using the water,
p based on information submitted by the
manufacturers or distributors, or both.
l
i
n
g
9.1 Collect the water sample
under test in accordance with the
applicable Practices D 3370.
1
0

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suspensi and currents. If so, the recorded 1
ons, at mixer settling time should be that at 2
predeter speed which the unsettled or residual .
mined (rpm). If particles appear to be moving
dosage coagulant equally upward and downward. K
levels aids are 10.6 After 15 min of settling, e
and used, record the appearance of floc on y
sequence mixing the beaker bottom. Record the w
. Flash speed is sample temperature. By means of o
mix for critical a pipet or siphon, withdraw an r
approxim because adequate sample volume of d
ately 1 excessive supernatant liquor from the jar at a s
min after stirring point one half of the depth of the 12.1 coagulation; flocculation;
the tends to sample, to conduct color,5 jar tests
additions break up turbidity, pH and other required
of early floc analyses, (Note 1) determined in 5
chemical forma accordance with Test Methods D For the color determination, reference is
made to Standard Methods far the
s. Record tion and 6855 or D 7315 (for turbidity) Examination ofWater and Waste Water,
the flash may and D 1293 (for pH). A suggested Fourteenth edition, American Public Health
mix time redispers form for recording results is Association, Inc., New York, NY, 1975, pp.
6471.
and e the aid. appended (see Fig. 2).
speed 10.5 Nora 1Tests for residual chemicals
(rpm). After the should be included, for example, alum;
10.4 slow mix residual Al203; copperas; residual
Reduce period, Fe203; etc.
the speed withdraw 10.7 Repeat steps 10.110.6
as the until all pertinent variables have
necessary paddles been evaluated.
to the and 10.8 Toe times given in 10.3,
minimum observe 10.4, and 10.6 are only
re quired settling suggestions.
to keep of floc
1
floc particles.
1
particles Record
.
uniforml the time
y required
R
suspende for the
e
d bulk of
p
througho the
r
ut the particles
o
"slow to settle.
d
mix" In most
u
period. cases this
c
Slow mix time will
i
for 20 be that
b
min. required
i
Record for the
l
the time particles
i
for the to settle
t
first to the
y
visible bottom
floc of the 11.1 It is recognized that
formatio beaker; reproducibility ofresults is impor
n. Every however, tant. To demonstrate
5 min in sorne reproducibility, the socalled 3
(during cases and 3 procedure is suggested. In
the slow there this procedure, duplicate sets of 3
mix may be jars each are treated
period), interferin simultaneously with the same
record g chemical dosages in jars 1 and 4,
relative convectio 2 and 5, and 3 and 6.
floc size n

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 0 02035-08

Sanple pH Turbidity Dote _

Locotion Color Temperoture Somple Size ml
JAR NUMBER
1 2 3 4 5 6
Chemicols, mg/litre (g)

Flash Mix Soeed.rom

Flash Mix Time, min
Slow Mix Speed, rpm
Slow Mix Time, min
Temperoture, ºF
Time First Fice, min
Size Fice
Settling rote
Turbidity
Color
pH
(g) lndicote order of oddition of chemicols.
FIG. 2 Jar Test Data

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