DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (MATH 111)

VII.3. Rectilinear motion

DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS VII.4. Arc length
VIII.Differentiation of trigonometric functions
COURSE DESCRIPTION IX. Differentiation of Inverse trigonometric functions
The course provides topics in functions, limits, and continuity, the derivative and X. Differentiation of logarithmic and exponential functions
differentiation, the basic theorems of calculus and their applications, derivatives from XI. Differentiation of hyperbolic and inverse hyperbolic functions
parametric equations and partial derivatives. XII. Partial differentiation
This is a first course in calculus that contains topics that are important in the field of XIII. Indeterminate forms and L’hospital’s rules, Rolle’s theorem and Mean value theorem
mathematical analysis and a powerful tool in the applied fields. It contains subjects involving
higher mathematics, and therefore implies that the students taking has a working familiarity Textbooks and References
with the basic concepts acquired in Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, and Analytic 1. Differential & Integral Calculus. Feliciano and Uy. Merriam Webster Bookstore, Inc.,
Geometry. 1983.
2. Leithold, Louis, The calculus, with Analytic Geometry. 6 th edition. Harper and Row
Course Contents: publisher, New York,1992.
I. Variables, Functions, Continuity and Limits 3. Rainville, Earl D. & Clyde E. Love. Differential and integral Calculus. McGraw-Hill
I.1. Functions: Domains and Range Publishing Co.,Inc.,1981.
I.2. Theorems on limits and functions
I.3. One-sided limits
I.4. Limits and infinity
I.5. Infinite limits
I.6. Continuity of functions/limits
II. Differentiation and Applications
II.1. Functions as a rate of change
II.1.a.Increments of a function
II.1.b. Ratio of increments
III. .
III.1. Rules for differentiating algebraic functions
III.2. Chain rule
IV. Applications of derivatives
IV.1. Tangent lines to plane curves and their slopes
IV.2. Derivative as a rate of change
V. Implicit and Parametric differentiation
VI. Higher order derivatives and their applications
VI.1. Increasing and Decreasing functions
VI.2. Concavity and point of inflection
VII. Applications on:
VII.1. Maxima-Minima
VII.2. Time rates

ENGR. IAN C. PAGULAYAN

1
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (MATH 111)

Introduction Two types of Variables

Definition of terms 1. Independent Variable – is one who can stand alone without depending on any other
1. Constants – a quantity that has a fixed value in the problem functions
Example. Integers – 1,2,3,…
- π (3.1415 ) , g ( 9.81 ) , e(2.718) 2. Dependent Variable – is one who depends on another function for its value

2. Variable – a quantity whose value may change in the problem Example: Area of a circle
Ac =π r 2
3. Functions A = _________________
π = _________________
- Set of ordered pairs on numbers (x,y) in which no two distinct ordered pairs r = _________________
have the same first number. The set of all possible values of x is called the
domain of the function, and the collection of resulting values of y is called The function concept may be extended to relations between more than two variables.
the range of the function. The numbers x and y variables. A function like |x| z = f(x,y)
is said to be defined in pieces. Example:
- maybe single-valued or multi-valued depending on how many variables will 1. The volume of a cylinder
have for a given value of the independent variables. The first variable is said 2. Evaluate the values of the functions given
to be the function of the second variable when the first depends on the a. f ( x )=x 3 +2 x−1
value on the second variable. Required: a) f(-1)
General notation b) f(2)
If y and x are variables 2
b. f ( y ) = y + 5 y −4
Then, y=f(x) Required: a) f(t+1)
- A function determines a correspondence between the domain and the 3. The area of a rectangle is six in2. Express the perimeter P of the rectangle as a
range. For each number x in the domain, there corresponds one and only function of the length x of one side.
one number in y in the range.
Seatwork:
Example: Identify whether the equation is a function and give the domain or if 1. If f ( x )=x 2−4 x , find ( a ) f (−5 ) , ( b ) f ( y 2+ 1 ) , ( c ) f ( x+ Δ x ) , ( d ) f ( x +1 )−f ( x −1 )
not give the reason.
1. 2. If y=tan ( x−π ), find x as a function of y

x 2+ 3
2. 3. If y= , find x as a function of y
y
4. A right circular cylinder, a radius of base x, height y, in inscribed in a right
circular cone, radius of base r and height h. Express y as a function of x (r and
h are constants).

ENGR. IAN C. PAGULAYAN

2
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (MATH 111)

OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Given two functions f and g:
i. Their sum, denoted by f+g, is the function defined by Table 1
( f + g )( x )=f ( x )+ g ( x)
ii. Their difference, denoted by f-g, is the function defined by
( f −g ) ( x )=f ( x )−g(x )
iii. Their product, denoted by f ∙ g, is the function defined by
( f ∙ g ) ( x ) =f ( x ) ∙ g(x)
iv. Their difference, denoted by f/g, is the function defined by

( fg ) ( x )= gf (x)
(x)
where g(x) ≠ 0 Table 2

COMPOSITE FUNCTION
Given two functions f and g, the composite function, denoted by f ° g and read as f of g, is
defined by ( f ° g ) ( x ) =f (g ( x)) and the domain of f ° g is the set of all numbers x in the
domain of g such that g(c) is in the domain of f.
The table 1 shows that when x is near 3, whether a little less or little greater than 3,
f ( x )=x 2 is nearer 9. In other words, “x2 approaches the number 9 as a limit when x
approaches 3”. The abbreviated symbolic form for this statement is
x 2 → 9 as x →3

The composite function is associative. We may also say that “the limit of x2 as x approaches 3 is 9.” In symbol, we write this as
lim x 2=9
x →3
Objectives:
 Use the definition of limit to estimate the limits.
From the discussion above, we may formulate the following definition of limit of a function.
 Determine whether limits of function exist.
 Use properties of limits and direct substitution to evaluate limits. Definition
Concept:
Let f(x) be any function and let a and L be numbers. If we can make f(x) as close to L
The notion of a limit is a fundamental concept of calculus.
as we please by choosing x sufficiently close to a then we say that the limit of f(x) as
In this chapter, you will learn how to evaluate limits and how to use them in the two basic x approaches a is L or symbolically
problems of calculus: The Tangent line and the area problem lim f ( x )=L
x→ a

LIMITS (Lim) – Is a variable to which a function approaches as close to it as possible.

Theorems of Limits
Consider a function f(x) = x2
1. Limit of a constant function
lim c=c c = any constant
The function is well-defined for all real values of x x→ a
The table shows some of the values:

ENGR. IAN C. PAGULAYAN

3
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (MATH 111)
3 2
2. Limit of the identity function 1. lim (5 x −2 x +1)
lim x =a x →1
x→ a
3. Limit of scalar multiple 3 3 2
2. lim (t + 1) √ t +11
lim cf (x )=¿ c lim f (x) ¿ t→4
x→ a x →a
4. Limit of algebraic sum or difference
z 2−2 z+1
lim [f ( x ) ± g(x )]=¿ lim f ( x ) ± lim g(x )¿ 3. lim
x→ a x→ a x→ a z→1 z 2 +2

5. Limit of product Seatwork:

lim [f ( x )∗g( x )]=¿ lim f ( x )∗¿ lim g ( x)¿ ¿ x 2−4 x+ 4
x→ a x →a x →a 1. lim
6. Limit of quotient x →2 x−2
lim f ( x )
f (x) y 3− y 2− y −2
lim
[ ]
x→ a g ( x )
= x→ a
lim g(x )
x →a
2. lim
x →1 2 y 3−5 y 2 +5 y−6
Where: lim
x→ a
g ( x ) ≠0
Limits that fail to exist
Show that the limit does not exist
7. Limit of a radical function |x|
n n lim
lim [ √ f ( x )]=¿ lim f ( x ) ¿
√ n = any positive integer and f (x) ≥ 0 if n is even x →0 x
x→ a x→ a

This means that no matter how close x gets to 0, there will be both positive and negative x-
8. Limit of a power function
values that yield f (x) = 1 and f (x) = –1.
lim ¿ ¿
x→ a This implies that the limit does not exist.

We assume that f(x) and g(x) are defined for all values in some interval containing “a”, Assignment: (Functions and Limits)
except possibly as “a” itself. Feliciano and Uy. Differential & Integral Calculus
Page 3 (numbers 4,6 & 9)
Note: Page 8 (numbers 3, 4 & 5)
lim ¿ : right side of “a”
+¿
x→ a f (x)¿

Read:
lim ¿ : left side of “a” 1. One-sided limits
−¿
x→ a f (x)¿
2. Limits and infinity
Example: Evaluate the limit of the following functions and simplify 3. Infinite limits
4. Continuity of functions/limits

ENGR. IAN C. PAGULAYAN

4
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (MATH 111)

Graph

ENGR. IAN C. PAGULAYAN

5
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS (MATH 111)

ENGR. IAN C. PAGULAYAN

6