What is a Sentence?

In simple terms, a sentence is a set of words that contain:

1 a subject (what the sentence is about, the topic of the
sentence), and
2 a predicate (what is said about the subject)
Look at this simple example:
sentence

subj predicate
ect
ver  
b

You sp English.
ea
k
The above example sentence is very short. Of course, a sentence
can be longer and more complicated, but basically there is always
a subject and a predicate. Look at this longer example:
sentence

subject predicate

ver  
b
Ram and sp English when they are working.
Tara ea
k
Note that the predicate always contains a verb. Sometimes, in
fact, the predicate is only a verb:
sentence

subj predicate
ect
ver  
b

Smok rise  
e s.
So, we can say that a sentence must contain at least a subject
and verb.

NAME RIMSHA MUSTAFA

ROLL NO 014(FA)

SEMESTER BFA 3RD

SUBJECT ENGLISH
ASSIGNMENT NO
SUBMITTED TO SIR WASEEM
AHMED

SUBMISSION DATE 05-12-2018

 There is one apparent exception to this – the imperative. When
someone gives a command (the imperative), they usually do not
use a subject. They don't say the subject because it is obvious -
the subject is YOU! Look at these examples of the imperative,
with and without a subject:
sentence

subject predicate

ve  
rb

  St  
op!

  W a minute!
ait

You loo  
k!

Everybo loo  
dy k!
Note that a sentence expresses a complete thought. Here are
some examples of complete and incomplete thoughts:
complete
    thought?

sentence He opened the door. YES

Come in, please.

 Do you like coffee?

not a sentence people who work hard NO

a fast-moving animal with big ears

Note also that a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends
with a full stop (AmE period) or a question mark or an exclamation
mark (AmE exclamation point). Look at these examples:
• People need food.
• How are you?
• Look out!

Types of Sentence According to

Structure

Simple Sentence 
A simple sentence contains one independent clause.
What’s an “independent clause”? It’s one subject followed by
one verb or verb phrase. It expresses a single idea.
Examples of simple sentences:
 I ‘m happy.
 Robert doesn’t eat meat.
 My brother and I went to the mall last night.
 This new laptop computer has already crashed twice.
Notice that a “simple sentence” isn’t necessarily short. The
subject can be a single word like “I” or “Robert,” or it can be a
double subject like “my brother and I,” or it can be multiple words
describing a single person/object, like “This new laptop
computer.”
 Compound Sentence 
A compound sentence has two independent clauses joined by a
linking word (and, but, or, so, yet, however).
Each independent clause could be a sentence by itself, but we
connect them with a linking word:
 I ‘m happy, but my kids are always complaining.
 Robert doesn’t eat meat, so Barbara made a special
vegetarian dish for him.
 My brother and I went to the mall last night, but we didn’t buy
anything.
 This new laptop computer has already crashed
twice, and I have no idea why.
Note that each sentence has TWO subjects and TWO verb
phrases.

Complex Sentence 
A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or
more dependent clauses. 
A dependent clause cannot be a complete sentence by itself.

 I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money.

 Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat
meat.
 After getting home from work, my brother and I went to the
mall last night.
 This new laptop computer, which I bought yesterday, has
already crashed twice.
Compound-Complex Sentence 
A compound-complex sentence contains 3 or more clauses: 2
independent and at least 1 dependent clause.
 I’m happy, even though I don’t make much money, but my
kids are always complaining since we can’t afford to buy the
newest toys.
 Independent clauses: “I’m happy” and “my kids are always
complaining”
Dependent clauses: “even though I don’t make much money” and
“since we can’t afford to buy the newest toys”
Linking word: “but”
 Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat
meat – so Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for him.
Independent clauses: “Robert doesn’t eat meat” and “Barbara
made a special vegetarian dish for him”
Dependent clause: “a friend I’ve known since high school”
Linking word: “so”
 After getting home from work, my brother and I went to the
mall last night, while my sister stayed home and studied.
Independent clauses: “My brother and I went to the mall last
night” and “my sister stayed home and studied”
Dependent clause: “After getting home from work”
Linking word: “while”
 This new laptop computer, which I bought yesterday, has
already crashed twice; however, I have no idea why.
Independent clauses: “This new laptop computer has already
crashed twice” and “I have no idea why”
Dependent clause: “which I bought yesterday”
Linking word: “however”.

Types of Sentences According to

Function
There are various types of sentence depending upon structure
and function. On the basis of its function, a sentence has the
following four kinds,

1. Declarative Sentence
2. Interrogative Sentence
 3. Imperative Sentence
4. Exclamatory Sentence

1.Declarative sentence
A sentence which declares or asserts a statement is called
declarative sentence. It simply announces an idea. It has a plan
statement. A declarative sentence ends with a full-stop mark or a
period(.).

Examples:

 He bought a new laptop.

 They are playing football.
 He is going to college.
 I saw my friend in the street.
 He is studying a book.
 She is watching a movie.

2 Interrogative sentences
A sentence that has a question is called Interrogative sentence. It
is also called a question-sentence. An interrogative sentence
ends with a question-mark ().

Examples:
 How are you
 When will he come
 Where are you going
 What is your hobby
 Will you help me
Imperative sentences 3
A sentence which expresses a request, a command or an order is
called imperative sentence. An imperative sentence mostly ends
with a period (.). It can also sometimes end with an exclamation
.mark (!) depending upon the emotion in the sentence

:Examples

 Turn off the light. (command)

 Give me some food. (request)
 Please cooperate with me. (request)
 Don`t smoke. (advice)
 Don`t waste your time. (advice)
 Get out of the room. (command)

Exclamatory sentences 4
A sentence which expresses strong emotion or feeling is called an
exclamatory sentence. It describes emotions or feelings of joys,
anger, sorrow, surprise, excitement, frustration and appreciation.
.)!(An exclamatory sentence is ended with an exclamation mark

:Examples
 Hurrah! We won the race.
 Alas! I lost my purse.
 What! A nice car.
 It`s fantastic!
(emotions of joy)
(emotions of sorrow)
(emotions of surprise)
(emotions of excitement)
Difference Between Sentence,
Fragment, Phrase, and Clause
Most native English speakers can identify a sentence based
purely off of intuition. In fact, you intuitively know that you’re
reading a sentence—a group of words (often with a subject and a
predicate) that come together to express a complete thought. A
sentence leaves little to no questions unanswered.

Fragments, however, do not express a complete thought. (FYI:

Fragments in Microsoft Word tend to get flagged with a green,
squiggly line underneath.) As McGraw-Hill points out:
[I]n context, fragments can be perfectly meaningful and
grammatical. However, their meaningfulness and
grammaticality is not their own. It is borrowed from other
sentences.
An example of a grammatical fragment:

Mom: Where are you going?

Child: To the playground.

“To the playground” doesn’t make sense on its own because it

doesn’t express a complete thought, but it’s a perfectly acceptable
answer in context. To make it a full sentence, the child would say,
“I am going to the playground.”

Phrases, according to Grammatically Correct, are groups of

related words that can contain a noun and a verb, but do
not contain both a subject and a predicate. Phrases are fragments
and cannot stand alone.
 Examples of phrases: On his way to the forum, John bumped into
Sally. John indicated which direction to go by pointing north. Filled
with gratitude, Sally thanked John for his kindness.
Clauses can either be independent or dependent. An
independent clause can stand on its own, which means a
sentence is an independent clause. A dependent clause is
“needy”; it cannot function without assistance or support from an
independent clause.

Examples of clauses:
1. When Brian saw the police car behind him, he pulled over to
the side of the road.
The dependent clause precedes the independent clause. “When
Brian saw the police car behind him” is not a complete thought
but becomes one with the independent clause. “He pulled over
to the side of the road” can stand on its own as a complete
thought.
2. Jane may be there soon unless she gets stuck in traffic.
“Jane may be there soon” is a complete thought that can stand
on its own. In this sentence, “unless she gets stuck in traffic” is
the dependent clause.
Note: Dependent clauses or phrases that attempt to stand alone
are considered fragments. Again, they are acceptable in
conversation or in informal writing (e.g., fiction) in which the
context of the fragment makes sense.

Different Parts of a Sentence

Required Parts of a Sentence
Subject
In general, the subject refers to the part of the sentence that tells
who or what the sentence is about. The subject is a noun,
pronoun or noun phrase. For example:
 Kelly walked down the street.
 They went to school.
 The black cat is sleeping.
While "Kelly" and "They" are single-word subjects, "The black cat"
is a noun phrase that includes an adjective to provide additional
information about the subject. 
There are a few different types of subjects. A simple subject is
just one word, without any modifiers, usually a noun or pronoun.
A complete subject is the simple subject plus all modifiers.
A compound subject is made up of more than one subject
element. For example:
 Simple subject: Kate is a thin girl. 
 Complete subject: Jeffrey's poem about his mother made
the class cry. 
 Compound subject: Paul and Tommy joined the soccer team
at the same time. 
Predicate
The predicate of a sentence includes the verb and everything that
follows it. This typically tells what the subject does with an action
verb or describes the subject using a linking verb and a
complement.
Let's return to the first example sentence:
 Kelly walked down the street.
In this sentence, "walked" is the action verb that tells the reader
what Kelly is doing, and "down the street" is an adverb phrase
that modifies the verb by describing where she walked. All of
these words make up the complete predicate of the sentence.
The verb alone is the simple predicate.
As with subjects, it's also possible to have a compound
predicate that consists of two different actions. Take a look at the
examples below to note the differences:
 Simple predicate: Harry cried.
 Complete predicate: The mouse slowly ran towards the
food. 
 Compound predicate: She laughed at the dog's tricks and
decided to adopt him. 
Predicates can contain a good deal of information and may be
quite long. Predicates often have several parts in addition to the
verb, including objects and complements.
Optional Parts of a Sentence
Object
Objects are noun phrases that are included in the predicate. They
are the things being acted upon by the verb. For example:
 Susan bought the gift.
 The dog caught the ball.
 The boy spilled the milk.
In each of these sentences, there is a direct object in the
predicate. It is the thing being acted upon; for example, the gift is
the thing given by Susan.
It's also possible to have an indirect object that includes more
information about the person or thing towards which the action is
directed. For example:
 Susan bought him the gift.
 He wrote them a long letter.
 The man gave her an ultimatum.
In the sentence "Susan bought him the gift," "him" is an indirect
object because he is not the item bought at the store, but rather
the person for whom the action was completed.
Complement
In predicates that use linking verbs rather than action verbs, items
following the verb are known as complements. Complements
modify the subject by describing it further. For example:
 I am a teacher.
 The cat was the laziest creature.
 The woman seems smart.
In these cases, the words following the linking verb describe the
subject, whether they are nouns, noun phrases or adjectives.
To write a complete sentence, you must include at least a subject
and a predicate. If you only include one of these, you will have
only a sentence fragment, which is grammatically incorrect.
Modifier
Modifiers are words or phrases that describe parts of the
sentence by adding additional information. Adjectives modify
nouns and pronouns, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and
other adverbs. It is possible for parts of speech to do this work
alone in the sentence in either the subject or the predicate. For
example:
 The blue boat sank.
 The boat slowly sank.
In the first example, the adjective modifies the subject, but in the
second example, the adverb modifies the simple predicate.
Adverbial
Not all modifiers are single words. Sometimes they are groups of
words that work together. When these words are in the predicate
and explain how, when, where or why the action was performed,
they are known as an adverbial. For example:
  She exercised in the morning.
 The boy reached out to the teacher for help.
 I skipped school because I was sick.
Each adverbial above modifies the verb, therefore performing the
function of an adverb in the sentence. The first two examples
are adverbial phrases -groups of words that function as an adverb
but don't contain a subject and a verb. The final example is
an adverbial clause, which performs the same function but does
contain a subject and a verb. Adverbial clauses are dependent
clauses and are not complete sentences on their own.
Modifiers are optional when it comes to writing sentences since
they merely give additional information and are not required the
way a subject and verb are. Note that complements are
considered to be a type of modifier as well

Examplery Sentences
Types of Sentence According to Structure

Simple Sentence 

Here are a few examples:

  She read.
 She completed her literature review.
 He organized his sources by theme.
 They studied APA rules for many hours.
 The hardworking farmer reaped a bumper harvest last year.

Compound Sentence 
Here are a few examples:
 She completed her literature review, and she created her
reference list.
 He organized his sources by theme; then, he updated his
reference list.
 They studied APA rules for many hours, but they realized
there was still much to learn.
 The boy won the game but he was not given the prize. 
 The food was badly cooked yet the starving boys ate it with
relish.

Complex Sentence 

Here are a few examples:

 Although she completed her literature review, she still
needed to work on her methods section.
 Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a
dependent clause.
 Because he organized his sources by theme, it was easier
for his readers to follow.
 Note the comma in this sentence because it begins with a
dependent clause.
 They studied APA rules for many hours as they were so
interesting. 
 Note that there is no comma in this sentence because it begins
with an independent clause.
 Despite reading all night, the girl failed the test.
 If he had not run all the way home, he would have been
caught in the rain.

Compound-Complex Sentence 

Here are a few examples:

 She completed her literature review, but she still needs to
work on her methods section even though she finished her
methods course last semester. 
 Although he organized his sources by theme, he decided to
arrange them chronologically, and he carefully followed the
MEAL plan for organization.  
 With pizza and soda at hand, they studied APA rules for
many hours, and they decided that writing in APA made
sense because it was clear, concise, and objective.
 Students prefer to buy phones and acquire other electronic
gadgets with their money rather than buy textbooks. 
 He washed his clothes and ironed them before he slept.

Types of Sentences According to Function

1.Declarative sentence
Here are a few examples:

 The man has just gone out.

 The class over there is making a noise.
 She is an accomplished writer.
 The food got burnt.
 We ate samosa for lunch.

2 Interrogative sentences

Here are a few examples:

 What are you doing over there?

 How has life been with you?
 Where did you meet your wife?
 Why have you been away from work?
 When are we planning to leave the party?

3 Imperative sentences

Here are a few examples:

 Have fun at the fair!                            (well-wishing)
 Come to the fair with me!                    (invitation)
 Feed the dog once per day.                 (instruction)
 Please don’t give the dog popcorn.     (request)
 Stop feeding the dog!                           (command)

Exclamatory sentences 4
Here are a few examples:

 What a wonderful event this is!

 How lovely she looks!
 What kind of a person he has turned to!
 What a strange sight they saw!
 How skillfully he dribbles the ball!

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