TSUNAMI

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JUNAID MANSURI
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SANJAY KHUMAN –
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 TSUNAMI

Terminology
The term tsunami comes from the Japanese meaning harbor ("tsu", 津) and
wave ("nami", 波). Tsunami are common throughout Japanese history;
approximately 195 events in Japan have been recorded. The only other
language than Japanese that has a word for this disastrous wave is Tamil
language and the word is "Aazhi Peralai". South Eastern coasts of India
have experienced these waves some 700 years before and was a regular
event by that time as per the stone carvings (scriptures in stone) read.
Tsunami are sometimes referred to as tidal waves, a term that has fallen
out of favor, especially in the scientific community, in recent years because
tsunami actually have nothing to do with tides.

What is tsunami?

Tsunami is a Japanese word with the English translation, "harbor wave."

The phenomenon we call tsunami is a series of large waves of extremely
long wavelength and period usually generated by a violent, impulsive
undersea disturbance or activity near the coast or in the ocean. When a
sudden displacement of a large volume of water occurs, or if the sea floor
is suddenly raised or dropped by an earthquake, big tsunami waves can be
formed by forces of gravity. Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions,
explosions, and even the impact of cosmic bodies, such as meteorites, can
generate tsunamis. Tsunamis can savagely attack coastlines, causing
devastating property damage and loss of life.

How do earthquakes generate tsunamis?

Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and
vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a
particular kind of earthquakes that are associated with the earth's crustal
deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water
above the deformed area is displaced from its equilibrium position. Waves
are formed as the displaced water mass, which acts under the influence of
gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium. When large areas of the sea floor
elevate or subside, a tsunami can be created.

What happens when a tsunami encounters land?

Just like other water waves, tsunamis begin to lose energy as they rush
onshore - part of the wave energy is reflected offshore, while the
shoreward-propagating wave energy is dissipated through bottom friction
and turbulence. Despite these losses, tsunamis still reach the coast with
tremendous amounts of energy. Tsunamis have great erosional potential,
stripping beaches of sand that may have taken years to accumulate and
undermining trees and other coastal vegetation. Capable of inundating, or
flooding, hundreds of meters inland past the typical high-water level, the
fast-moving water associated with the inundating tsunami can crush homes
and other coastal structures. Tsunamis may reach a maximum vertical
height onshore above sea level, often called a run up height, of 10, 20, and
even 30 meters.

Speed of tsunami

Tsunami wave can travel at the speed of a commercial jet plane, over 800
km/h. They can move from one side of the Pacific Ocean in less than a
day. The waves can be extremely dangerous and damaging when they
reach the shore.

What should you do?

1. If you are at home and hear there is a tsunami warning, you should
make sure your entire family is aware of the tsunami. Your family should
evacuate your house if you live in a tsunami evacuation zone.

2. If you are at the beach or near the ocean and you feel the earth shake,
move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for a tsunami warning to
be announced.

3. If you are on a ship or boat, do not return to port if you are at sea and a
tsunami warning has been issued for your area. Tsunami can cause rapid
changes in water level and unpredictable dangerous current in harbours
and ports.

Causes

A tsunami can be generated when converging or destructive plate

boundaries abruptly move and vertically displace the overlying water. It is
very unlikely that they can form at divergent (constructive) or conservative
plate boundaries. This is because constructive or conservative boundaries
do not generally disturb the vertical displacement of the water column.
Subduction zone related earthquakes generate the majority of all tsunamis.

A tsunami has a much smaller amplitude (wave height) offshore, and a very
long wavelength (often hundreds of kilometers long), which is why they
generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about
300 mm above the normal sea surface. A tsunami can occur at any state of
the tide and even at low tide will still inundate coastal areas if the incoming
waves surge high enough.
Characteristics

While everyday wind waves have a wavelength (from crest to crest) of

about 100 m (300 ft) and a height of roughly 2 m (7 ft), a tsunami in the
deep ocean has a wavelength of about 200 km (120 miles). This wave
travels at well over 800 km/h (500 mph), but due to the enormous
wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes
to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 m (3 ft). This
makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water.

As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow, the
wave is compressed due to wave shoaling and its forward travel slows
below 80 km/h (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 km (12
miles) and its amplitude grows enormously, producing a distinctly visible
wave. Since the wave still has a wavelength on the order of several km (a
few miles), the tsunami may take minutes to ramp up to full height, with
victims seeing a massive deluge of rising ocean rather than a cataclysmic
wall of water.

Signs of an approaching tsunami

There is often no advance warning of an approaching tsunami. However,

since earthquakes are often a cause of tsunami, any earthquake
occurring near a body of water may generate a tsunami if it occurs at
shallow depth, is of moderate or high magnitude, and the water
volume and depth is sufficient.

If the first part of a tsunami to reach land is a trough (draw back) rather
than a crest of the wave, the water along the shoreline may recede
dramatically, exposing areas that are normally always submerged. This can
serve as an advance warning of the approaching tsunami which will rush in
faster than it is possible to run. If a person is in a coastal area where the
sea suddenly draws back (many survivors report an accompanying sucking
sound), their only real chance of survival is to run for high ground or seek
the high floors of high rise buildings.

In the 2004 tsunami that occurred in the Indian Ocean drawback was not
reported on the African coast or any other eastern coasts it inundated,when
the tsunami approached from the east. This was because of the nature of
the wave—it moved downwards on the eastern side of the fault line and
upwards on the western side. It was the western pulse that inundated
coastal areas of Africa and other western areas.About 80% of all tsunamis
occur in the Pacific Ocean, but are possible wherever large bodies of water
are found, including inland lakes. They may be caused by landslides,
volcanic explosions, bolides and seismic activity.

Warnings and prevention

A tsunami cannot be prevented or precisely predicted—even if the right

magnitude of an earthquake occurs in the right location. Geologists,
Oceanographers and Seismologist analyse each earthquake and based
upon many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However,
there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and there are
many systems being developed and in use to reduce the damage from
tsunami. One of the most important systems that is used and constantly
monitored are bottom pressure sensors. These are anchored and attached
to buoys. Sensors on the equipment constantly monitor the pressure of the
overlying water column in the oceans.

Tsunamis: Facts About Killer Waves

National Geographic News
Updated January 14, 2005

The Indian Ocean tsunami generated by the most powerful earthquake in

decades on December 26 is believed to have killed more than 150,000
people and made millions homeless, making it perhaps the most
destructive tsunami in history.

The epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake was under the Indian Ocean
near the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, according to the
U.S. Geological Survey, which monitors earthquakes worldwide. A violent
movement of the Earth's tectonic plates displaced an enormous amount of
water, sending powerful shock waves in every direction.
Within hours killer waves radiating from the epicenter slammed into the
coastline of 11 Indian Ocean countries, snatching people out to sea,
drowning others in their homes or on beaches, and demolishing property
from Africa to Thailand.

Tsunamis have been relatively rare in the Indian Ocean. They are most
prevalent in the Pacific. But every ocean has generated the scourges.
Many countries are at risk.

In the wake of the Christmas weekend tsunami in the Indian Ocean, one of
the worst disasters in history, National Geographic News examines the
killer waves' causes and warning signs—information that can be a lifesaver
in a tsunami zone.

• A tsunami is a series of great sea waves caused by an underwater

earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption. More rarely, a tsunami can be
generated by a giant meteor impact with the ocean.

Scientists have found traces of an asteroid-collision event that they say

would have created a giant tsunami that swept around the Earth several
times, inundating everything except the mountains 3.5 billion years ago.
The coastline of the continents was changed drastically and almost all life
on land was exterminated.

• Tsunami (pronounced soo-NAH-mee) is a Japanese word. Tsunamis are

fairly common in Japan and many thousands of Japanese have been killed
by them in recent centuries.

• An earthquake generates a tsunami if it is of sufficient force and there is

violent movement of the earth causing substantial and sudden
displacement of a massive amount of water.

• A tsunami is not a single wave but a series of waves, also known as a

wave train. The first wave in a tsunami is not necessarily the most
destructive. Tsunamis are not tidal waves.

• Tsunami waves can be very long (as much as 60 miles, or 100

kilometers) and be as far as one hour apart. They are able to cross entire
oceans without great loss of energy. The Indian Ocean tsunami traveled as
much as 3,000 miles (nearly 5,000 kilometers) to Africa, arriving with
sufficient force to kill people and destroy property.
Scientists say that a great earthquake of magnitude 9 struck the Pacific
Northwest in 1700, and created a tsunami that caused flooding and
damage on the Pacific coast of Japan.
Tsunami Hits Indian
Almost all the countries situated around the Bay of Bengal were
affected by the tsunami waves in the morning hours of 26 December
2004 (between 0900 – 1030 hrs IST). The killer waves were triggered
by an earthquake measuring 8.9 on the Richter scale that had an
epicenter near the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. The first
recorded tsunami in India dates back to 31 December 1881. An
earthquake of magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale, with its epicenter
believed to have been under the sea off the coast of Car Nicobar
Island, caused the tsunami. The last recorded tsunami in India
occurred on 26 June 1941, caused by an earthquake with magnitude
exceeding 8.5. This caused extensive damage to the Andaman
Islands. There are no other well-documented records of Tsunami in
India.

It was all quiet on the waterfront on the Sunday morning after

Christmas in 2004 at Kanyakumari, the famous Marina Beach in
Chennai and elsewhere on the Kerala coast and Andaman Nicober
Islands. There was the excitement of a holyday with an offbeat mood
with swarms of people on the sea front: children playing cricket and
man and women on their morning work at the Marina. Elsewhere,
fishermen were putting out to sea for the day’s catch. Then all on a
sudden, a curious thing happened. The holidaymakers at
Kanyakumari were awestruck when the sea receded from the shores.

In the present tsunami, India was the third country severely battered
after Indonesia and Srilanka. In India the State severely affected by
tsunami are Tamilnadu, Pondicheri, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and
Andaman and Nicober Island. The following Table.1 shows the
average scenario of tsunami devastation in the respective areas. The
data relating to the Andaman and Nicober are yet to be assessed in
the table,
Table. 1 (Tsunami damage in India)

Tsunami damage in India 1

Andhra Tamil
Factor Kerala Pondcherry
Pradesh Nadu Total
Population
211,000 2,470,000 691,000 43,000 3,415,000
affected
Area
affected 790 Unknown 2,487 790 4,067
(Ha)
Length of
coast
985 250 1,000 25 2,260
affected
(Km)
Extent of
penetration 0.5 - 2.0 1-2 1 - 1.5 0.30 - 3.0
(Km)
Reported
height of
5 3-5 7-10 10
tsunami
(m)
Villages
301 187 362 26 876
affected
Dwelling
1,557 11,832 91,037 6,403 110,829
units
Cattle lost 195 Unknown 5,476 3,445 9,116

Tamil Nadu

The state of Tamil Nadu has been the worst affected on the mainland, with
a death toll of 7,793. Nagapattinam district has had 5,525 casualties, with
entire villages having been destroyed. Kanyakumari district has had 808
deaths, Cuddalore district 599, the state capital Chennai 206 and
Kancheepuram district 124. The death tolls in other districts were
Pudukkottai (15), Ramanathapuram (6), Tirunelveli (4), Thoothukudi (3),
Tiruvallur (28), Thanjavur (22), Tiruvarur (10) and Viluppuram (47).

Those killed in Kanyakumari include pilgrims taking a holy dip in the sea. Of
about 700 people trapped at the Vivekananda Rock Memorial off
Kanyakumari, 650 were rescued. In Chennai, people playing on the Marina
beach and those who taking a Sunday morning stroll were washed away, in
addition to the fisherfolk who lived along the shore and those out at sea.
The death toll at Velankanni in Nagapattinam district is currently 1,500.
Most of these people were visiting the Basilica of the Virgin Mary for
Christmas, while others were residents of the town.

Pondicherry

An estimated 30,000 people are homeless in the Union territory of

Pondicherry. The current official toll is 560. The affected districts are
Pondicherry (107 dead), Karaikal (453 dead).
Kariakal is the most devastrated area from the Pondichery Union
territory.Where massive destruction and loss of casualities accure.This
mishalp occure because of uncover stone block.Mostly fisherfolk are
affected due to location and distance between sea and their basti
(village).Fishing peoples are just preparing for venturing into sea and within
fraction of seconds every thinng wash away and their boats are damaged
they lost every thing in terms of life and property. More than 453 people are
died so far and still some are missing .

Kerala

The current official toll is 168. The affected districts are Kollam (131 dead),
Alappuzha (32 dead), Ernakulam (5 dead).The tsunami that hit the Kerala
coust on December 26,2004 , were three to five metres high ,according to
the National Institute of Disaster Management,(NIDM) which functions
under the ministray of home affairs.The Tidal upsourge had affected 250
killometers of the kerala costline and entered between one or two
kilometers inland.pounded 187 villeges affecting 24.70 lakh persons in the
state .As many as 6,280 dwelling units were destroyed. As many as 84,773
persons wee evacuated from the costal areas and accomedated in 142
Relif Camaps opened in Kollam,Alappuzha and Ernakulam Districts.

According to NIDM,131 Lives were lost in Kollam,32 in Alappuzha and five

in Ernakulam,taking the official death tole to 168.High wave sweept the
cost along a 40-Km stretch ,from Sakthikulangare in the south to
Thrikunnapuzha in the north.This stretch has two narrow strips of land sand
wiched between the sea and back water.

Andhra Pradesh

The current official toll is 105. The affected districts are Krishna (35 dead),
Prakasam (35 dead), Nellore (20 dead), Guntur (4 dead), West Godavari (8
dead) and East Godavari (3 dead).

Andaman and Nicobar :

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands comprise 572 islands (all land masses
in both low and high tides) out of which 38 are inhabited, both by people
from the mainland and indigenous tribes. The islands lie just north of the
earthquake epicentre, and the tsunami reached a height of 15 m in the
southern Nicobar Islands. The official death toll is 812, and about 7,000 are
still missing. The unofficial death toll (including those missing and
presumed dead) is estimated to be about 7,000.

The Great Nicobar and Car Nicobar islands were the worst hit among all
the islands because of their proximity to the quake and relative flatness.
Aftershocks continue to rock the area. One fifth of the population of the
Nicobar Islands is said to be dead, injured or missing. Chowra Island has
lost two thirds of its population of 1,500. Entire islands have been washed
away, and the island of Trinket has been split in two. Communications have
not been restored with the Nancowry group of islands, some of which have
been completely submerged, with the total number of the population still
out of contact exceeding 7,000.

The majority of the population of Andaman Islands is made up of people

from the mainland, mostly from West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. The natives
of Andaman and Nicobar Islands are endangered tribal groups, such as
such as the Jarawa, the Sentinelese, the Shompen, the Onge and the
Andamanese. They are regarded as anthropologically significant as they
are some of the world's most primitive tribes and considered the world's
only link to ancient civilisation. Most of these tribes have maintained their
aboriginal lifestyle for centuries, and government policy has been to not
interfere with them unless absolutely essential.India's only active volcano,
Barren 1, located at Barren Island 135 kilometres (80 miles) northeast of
the capital Port Blair, erupted because of increased seismic activity on 30
December 2004. People have been evacuated since then and there have
been no reports of any casualties.

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