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THEORY REFERENCE NOTES

COURSE: B.Arch
SEMESTER: SEMESTER – 3
AUTHOR NAME: Ibrahim sir

BUILDING
SERVICES - 1
CONTENT

S.No CHAPTERS PAGE#

1. PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS 1
2. NOTES – UNIT:4 2-9

CREDITS

Source: Internet, Civil Content writer:

engineering textbooks,
architectural textbooks,
JNAFAU library
Editor: Ibrahim sir
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FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION PAPERS (2013 – 2019)

✓ Write short notes on fire hydrants
✓ Explain the direct and indirect water supply system. What are
the special installation systems in multi-storied buildings?
✓ Write short notes on flushing tank
✓ Explain with the neat sketch, water supply installation in multi-
storied building and indicate any one of the method of
distribution to various floors. What are the measures employed
in maintaining the uniform pressure to all the floors.

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UNIT - 4
SYLLABUS:
Building service connections, cold and hot water distribution
systems in buildings and their design, materials, joints, fittings
and valves (gate, flap, ball, flush valves etc.). Direct and indirect
systems, individual water supply, water supply for multi-story
buildings, Fire hydrants, Hot water supply systems, solar
heating systems. Simple exercises on water supply, fire fighting
and sanitary layout of residential and public buildings.

BUILDING SERVICE CONNECTIONS:

The functionality of a building is not just limited to providing
shelter. Building should be designed in such a way that it provides
a safe environment where the habitants can feel comfortable in
working and living in it. Building services connections are the
water supply systems installed in buildings. The supply from the
main line to the individual is made through the building service
connection.
Building service connections consist of two types:
a. Communication Pipe: The Pipe which connects the
government distribution mains to the pipes present in the
building is known as communication pipe.
b. Supply Pipe: The pipe through which the water enters inside
the building is called as supply pipe. It is also called
consumers pipe and through this pipe, water enters into
taps and other fixtures of the building.
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN BUILDINGS:
Water is conveyed to the individual building from the street
mains. Water that enters into the taps and other fixtures of the

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building depends on the pressure of the water and timings of the

supply.
This system of distribution is divided into two types:
1. Cold water distribution system
2. Hot water distribution system
Cold water distribution system: The pipe work carrying water
for domestic purposes including drinking, washing and operation
of sanitary appliances is known as cold water distribution system.
It is divided into two types:
Direct or upward distribution system: In this system, the supply
of water is directly given from the mains. This system has
sufficient pressure to feed all the floors and water fittings even at
the highest part of the building. This is only useful for the building
which is not more than two floors.
Indirect or downward distribution system: In this system the
supply of water is first directed into the underground water tanks
and then pumped to the overhead water tank. This system is
generally used when the pressure in the mains is not sufficient
enough to supply directly to the various floors. The water stored
in overhead tanks is supplied to various floors under the
influence of gravity.
Hot water distribution system: The pipe work carrying heated
water for domestic purposes including washing is known as hot
water distribution system. The water can be heated using fuels
like coal, gas, electricity and also solar energy. This system is
divided into three types:
Open vented hot-water system: It is a type of system which is fed
from an expansion tank located in the roof; this keeps the system
topped up and also allows the water to expand as it heats up.
There is also an outlet to release air present in the system.
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Unvented hot-water system: In an unvented system there is no

cold water tank – instead, the sealed hot water cylinder is fed
directly by the cold water mains. An unvented cylinder is kept
under pressure from incoming water supply and the water is
heated directly by a boiler or a wet solar system.
Instantaneous hot-water system: This method involves using gas
or electricity to heat the water to a useable temperature without
the need to store the water.
PIPES, JOINTS AND FITTINGS:
Pipes: The pipes used in the water distribution system are
differentiated based on the material used. The materials used are
as follows:
1. Cast Iron Pipes
2. Stainless Steel Pipes
3. Galvanized Iron Pipes
4. Copper Pipes
5. PVC Pipes
Cast Iron pipes: Due to high resistance to corrosion as well as its
durability, the Cast Iron (C.I) pipes are extensively used in water
distribution mains. They are comparatively cheaper in cost and
also last long.
Stainless Steel pipes: The stainless steel pipes are used at those
places in distribution mains where it may be subjected to very
high water pressure. Stainless steel pipes of lesser diameter are
also used in hot and cold water service systems.
Galvanized Iron (G.I.) pipes: The G.I. pipes are wrought steel pipes
that are provided with zinc coating. These pipes are most
commonly used for water supply work inside the buildings.

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Copper pipes: The copper pipes have high tensile strength due to
which the thickness can be kept relatively low and this helps them
to be bent easily. They are used in hot water supply system.
PVC pipes: Polyvinyl Chloride pipes are used in the supply of cold
water in external and internal plumbing work. These pipes are
light in weight, non-corrosive, lower in cost and do not require
any threading for connections.
Joints: In water distribution system the joints are major
components provided to connect pipes. Their selection depends
on size of the pipe, material and also pressure since the pipe joint
should withstand pressure of each pipe. Different types of joints
used in water distribution system are as follows.
1. Threaded joint
2. Brazed joint or soldered joint
3. Butt welded joint
4. Socket welded joint
5. Flanged joint
6. Compression joint
7. Grooved joint
Threaded joint: The threaded joint pipes are the types of joints
connecting pipes with the help of threads provided for each pipe.
In this joint, one pipe that has internal threads is screwed to the
other pipe containing external threads.
Brazed joint or soldered joint: Brazing and soldering is the
process of jointing pipes using molten filler material in between
840oC. This method is generally used for joining copper pipes or
copper alloy pipes.
Butt welded joint: Butt welding joint is used in joining pipes of the
same diameter. It is the most common type of welding and is

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generally used for large commercials and industrial piping

systems.
Socket welded joint: Socket-welded joint is a type of joint used to
eliminate the leakage. Pipes are connected as putting one into
another and then welded around the joint.
Flanged joint: Flanged joints are used extensively in modern
piping systems due to their ease of assembly and disassembly.
They are used in high pressure flows and for large diameter pipes.
Compression joint: Compression joints are used to join plain end
pipe without any special end preparations. But the joints should
be properly fitted to resist flow pressure otherwise they may fail
and leakage occurs.
Grooved joint: In grooved joint, the ends of the pipes are
connected by a seal and then locked using a grooved coupling
which is then connected by bolts.
Fitting: A pipe fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect
straight pipes or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or
shapes, and for regulating or measuring fluid flow. Various types
of pipe fittings are available in plumbing systems for different
purposes and functions.
VALVES IN A BUILDING SERVICE CONNECTION
A valve consists of an inlet, orifice and outlet. It is used to stop or
regulate the flow of water. Most valves in a plumbing system are
part of the water supply system and are used to control the flow
of pressurized water. The valves available are classified as
follows:
1. Gate valve
2. Ball valve
3. Check valve

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Gate valve: A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is

a valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular wedge from
the path of the fluid.

Ball valve: Ball valves have a sphere with a hole in the middle,
which is connected to a lever handle. The water flow is opened by
rotating this lever in the direction of the water and the water flow
is stopped by rotating this lever perpendicular to the direction of
the water.

Check valve: Check valves are the automatic devices which allow
water to flow only in one direction and prevent it from flowing in
reverse direction. These are also called as reflux valves or non
return valves.

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INDIVIDUAL WATER SUPPLY:

In the absence of a public water supply, individual potable water
source shall be used to supply water in the water distribution
system. The following water sources may be:
1. Drilled well
2. Dug well
3. Driven well
4. Spring
FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM:
A fire hydrant system is usually a group of pressurized hydrants
hooked up to the water mains in an area. In a building, a fire
hydrant system is a combination of components required as an
emergency equipment as a safety measure to provide a source of
water in case of a fire accident. The components are as follows:
a. Firewater reservoir
b. Main pumps
c. The hydrant valve
d. Foot valve
e. Fire horses
f. Suction valve
g. Discharge valve
h. Pressure switch,
i. Alarm system
j. Fire Panel
SOLAR WATER HEATING SYSTEM:
Solar water heating system is a device that uses solar energy to
heat water for domestic, commercial, and industrial needs. In this
system, a solar thermal collector helps turn sunlight into heat for
water heating.

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FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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There are 3 types of solar hot water system:

a. Flat plate collector
b. Evacuated tube collector
c. Heat pump systems
WATER SUPPLY FOR MULTISTORY BUILDINGS

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IBRAHIM SIBGATULLAH’S ARCHITECTURAL ACADEMY
FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
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IBRAHIM SIBGATULLAH’S ARCHITECTURAL ACADEMY
FOR ADMISSIONS, ENQUIRIES AND COLLABORATIONS CONTACT
79 9393 7711 | www.brahmii.com | sibgatullahibrahim@gmail.com