Portfolio GPMUN 2018

Name: Dahiana García Atuesta

Commission: Security Council
Delegation: Russia

First part: Information of the commission

1.
2.
The Security Council is the United Nations' most powerful body, with "primary
responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." Five
powerful countries sit as "permanent members" along with ten elected members
with two-year terms. Since 1990, the Council has dramatically increased its activity
and it now meets in nearly continuous session. It dispatches military operations,
imposes sanctions, mandates arms inspections, deploys election monitors and
more.

This site presents a useful Introductory Article as well as a wide range of other

information.  There is material on Membership of the Security Council, including a
list of current and former Council members, information on Council presidencies
and sanctions committees, and information about the often controversial process
of Membership Elections.  We also present Tables and Charts on the Security
Council, including the frequency of its meetings, number of resolutions, etc.

The Security Council is part parliament, part secret diplomatic conclave. It follows

a Program of Work set out each month by its rotating President.  We present
information on the different types of meetings of the Council, including a section
on Informal Consultations where the Council conducts most of its business behind
closed doors.  GPF has also collected information on Council field missions which
go to crisis regions and panels of experts that provide some of the UN's most
explosive and revealing reports.

We post materials on many of the major crises addressed by the Security Council,

including alternative interpretations of what is happening. You will find such
information on the Index of Countries on the Security Council
Agenda: Afghanistan, Angola, Burma/Myanmar, Burundi, Republic of Chad and
Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, East
Timor, Ethiopia/Eritrea, Haiti, India/Pakistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel/Palestine, Ivory
Coast, Kosovo, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, North Korea, Rwanda, Sierra
Leone, Somalia, Sudan/Darfur, Uganda and Western Sahara.  We also have a
section monitoring events across the globe that are not officially on the Security
Council agenda, but are of interest to Member States, including Yemen.

To resolve international conflicts, the Security Council sometimes imposes

sanctions. GPF considers the debate on Sanctions and includes proposals on
ways to make sanctions more effective, better "targeted," and more humane and
lawful. The Council also frequently deploys Peacekeeping missions that bring
soldiers and police directly into
conflict zones. Peacekeeping is the Picture Credit: UN Photo/Stuart Price
UN's largest and most expensive
activity and it can also be controversial, especially when "robust" operations apply
lethal force. GPF looks at Peacekeeping Data, including the number of
peacekeepers, the country of origin and the cost of these operations.  We look at
the lessons from past UN peacekeeping experiences as well as current operations.
We also look at Peacekeeping Reform and consider the role and future of
peacekeeping operations.

Wars and civil strife often reveal The Dark Side of Natural Resources.  GPF
provides information on the role of natural resources in fueling conflict, including
specific information on Oil, Water, Diamonds, Timber and Minerals.  We also
consider the role of Small Arms and Light Weapons in conflict, as well as UN
efforts to block small arms flows.
Though many states favor Security Council Reform, there are sharply conflicting
views on how reform - particularly membership reform - should be carried out. A
handful of states aspire to "permanent" status for themselves, while many other
countries reject such claims. This section assembles information about other
reform issues, including transparency and Working Methods. GPF has published a
brief but comprehensive text, signaling the main reform issues and arguing for
regional representation as the best means for a truly Democratic Reform.

One of the key reform issues is The Veto. The five permanent members gave
themselves this right when the UN was set up in 1945 and have clung to it ever
since.  More than sixty years later, debate on the veto continues.  At issue is not
just the exercise of the veto, which is rare, but the "Hidden Veto" which is used
constantly by permanent members as a threat to get their way. GPF follows the
issue, and provides Tables and Charts on the Veto, including a comprehensive list
of all the vetoes cast and the subjects vetoed in the Security Council since 1945.

In 1997, Security Council members began an active dialogue with Non-

Governmental Organizations (NGOs). GPF provides information on the NGO
Working Group on the Security Council and explores the relationship
between NGOs and the Security Council.

The UN Website on the Council offers much valuable material, including the texts
of all resolutions and the transcripts of public meetings and a lot more.  The site
offers Resolutions and Documents, Press Statements and monthly Reports of the
Security Council presidents, as well as the Repertoire of the practices of the
Security Council, including the Provisional Rules of Procedure (after more than
sixty years in operation, the Council's rules are still only "provisional.")

Another very valuable source on Council matters is Security Council Report, an

independent think tank.  SCR issues monthly reports that anticipate the Council's
program of work; it also publishes many excellent special publications about
country crises and thematic issues.

3.
The primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security
rests with the Security Council, which can meet every time peace is threatened.

According to the Charter, the United Nations has four purposes:

 Maintain international peace and security;

 Encourage friendly relations between nations;

 Cooperate in the solution of international problems and in the development

of respect for human rights;

 Serve as a center that harmonizes the efforts of nations.

All Members of the United Nations undertake to accept and implement the
decisions of the Security Council. While other United Nations bodies make
recommendations to Member States, only the Security Council has the power to
make decisions that Member States are obliged to apply under the Charter.

Maintenance of peace and security

When you receive a complaint regarding a threat to peace, the first step that the
Council takes is generally to recommend that the parties try to reach an agreement
by peaceful means. The Council can:

 Establish principles for this agreement;

 In some cases, carry out an investigation and a mediation process;

 Send a mission;

 Name special envoys

 To request the Secretary General to interpose his good offices to reach a

peaceful resolution of the dispute.
When a controversy gives rise to hostilities, the Council's main concern is to put an
end to them as soon as possible. In that case, the Council can:

 Issue ceasefire directives that can help prevent an escalation of the conflict;

 Send military observers or a peacekeeping force to help reduce tensions,

separate competing forces and create a peaceful environment in which
peaceful solutions can be sought.

If this is not enough, the Board may choose to apply coercive measures, including:

 Economic sanctions, arms embargoes, sanctions and financial restrictions

and travel bans;

 Rupture of diplomatic relations;

 Blocking;

 Or even collective military actions.

One of its main concerns is to focus its actions on those responsible for policies or
practices condemned by the international community, while minimizing the effects
of measures adopted in other sectors of the population and the economy.

second part: description of the country

1.
Russian culture places a high value on the homeland and on family, according to
Talia Wagner, a marriage and family therapist with a specialty in cultural dynamics.
"The Soviet rule left its impression on the culture, creating a fundamental fear and
mistrust of those outside the family, extended family and other close familial
connections," she told Live Science. The Communist Party ruled Russia and
neighboring territories for more than 70 years, uniting them into the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR). The Soviet Union broke up in 1991. 
"The challenges families faced under communism left individuals highly dependent
on family support, which oftentimes required the combining of resources to
survive," Wagner continued. "This created a culture that highly values extended
family and maintaining close friendships." 

When many people think of Russia, they think of vast, frozen tundra. That's not all
there is to the country's geography. There are plains, taigas, steppes, plains and
mountains. [Russia from Above: A Glimpse at a Vast Landscape]
For example, in 2017 the Russian volcano called Kambalny erupted after nearly
250 years of dormancy. The eruption was a surprise and the plume of smoke could
be seen from space.
"Nothing pointed to a possible eruption of the Kambalny," Olga Girina, head of
KVERT, told Russian news agency TASS, according to Russia Beyond the
Headlines. "It is a pure surprise for us. We continue the monitoring and will analyze
possible threats as data come in."
Another amazing feature of Russia's geography is Lake Baikal. It is the world's
largest lake and holds 20 percent of the world’s supply of fresh water. It is also the
world's oldest lake. 
"Lake Baikal is the oldest lake in the world. It is home to approximately 1,700 to
1,800 endemic plant and animal species," said Jennifer Castner of Pacific
Environment's Russia program. 

Population and ethnic makeup

Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of territory, with a total area of
6,601,668 square miles (17,098,242 square kilometers). By comparison, the United
States comprises 3,794,100 square miles (9,826,675 square km).

According to 2016 data by The World Bank, the population of Russia is more than
144,000,000, a decline since its peak of 148,689,000 in 1992.
Russia is home to at least 190 ethnic groups, according to the BBC. The Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) reports that 77.7 percent of Russians are of Russian
descent. The rest of the population consists of 3.7 percent Tatar, 1.4 percent
Ukrainian, 1.1 percent Bashkir, 1 percent Chuvash, 1 percent Chechen and 10.2
percent other, while 3.9 percent are unspecified.

Languages

While Russian is the official language, many Russians also speak English as a
second language. More than 100 minority languages are spoken in Russia today,
according to the BBC. The most popular is Dolgang, spoken by more than 5.3
percent of the country's population, according to the CIA. Other minority languages
include Tartar, Ukrainian, Chuvash, Bashir, Mordvin and Chechen. Although these
minority populations account for a small percentage of the overall Russian
population, these languages are prominent in regional areas.
Religions

"Religion has always been a primary component of Russian life, even during times
of oppression," Wagner said.

There are nearly 5,000 registered religious associations in Russia. More than half
follow the Russian Orthodox Church, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
the Russian Federation. Islam is the second largest religion; about 10 percent to 15
percent of Russians practice Islam, according to the CIA World Factbook. 

"The third most popular religion in Russia after Christianity and Islam is Tengrism,
a form of pagan, animistic and shamanic religion," said Christina de Rossi, an
anthropologist at Barnet and Southgate College in London. Tengrism originates
from the Turk and Mongol populations of Central Asia and has enjoyed a revival in
parts of Russia as it is seen as part of a certain Central Asian ethnic identity by
some regional independence movements.  

Arts, literature and architecture

Ballet is a popular notable art form coming out of Russia. Founded in 1776,
the Bolshoi Ballet is a classical ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in
Moscow and known throughout the world. The Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg
is another famous ballet company in Russia.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, a 19th-century Russian composer, is world renowned for

"Swan Lake" and the "1812 Overture," among other pieces. There are several
museums, including his childhood home, showcasing his personal belongings and
musical artifacts.

Russian literature has also had a worldwide impact, with writers such as Leon
Tolstoy ("Anna Karenina" and "War and Peace") and Fyodor Dostoevsky ("Crime
and Punishment" and "The Brothers Karamazov") still being read around the world.

Russian nesting dolls are well-known symbols of the country. These sets of dolls,
known as matryoshka dolls, consist of a wooden figure that can be pulled apart to
reveal another smaller version of the same image inside, and so on, often with six
or more dolls nested inside one another. The painting of each doll, which can be
extremely elaborate, usually symbolizes a Russian peasant girl in traditional
costume.

Colorfully painted onion domes first appeared during the reign of Ivan the Terrible,
according to Lonely Planet. They are commonplace in Russian architecture and
are predominant atop church structures. It has been speculated that they represent
burning candles or vaults to heaven and often appear in groups of three
representing the Holy Trinity. 
2.

Russia has produced changes since the collapse of the Soviet Union, from a
country with an isolated and centrally planned economy to a globally integrated
economy.

its mode Russia's economy is a unique market that on the one hand is based on
the export of resources and consumer goods and on the other hand, has a great
experience in technological sectors such as the aerospace industry, atomic energy
and military and industrial systems.

Sectoral structure of the economy

Russia is a service economy where the services sector represents 55.9% of the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP); the industry, 39.5%; and agriculture, 4.5%,
according to the Federal Statistical Service of Russia (Rastatt) .

The service sectors

The service sector predominates in the Russian economy by contributing almost

56% to total GDP and having 45 million people employed, the number that
increases each year, the number of workers in the agriculture and industry sectors,
which decreases.

The retail market, tourism and advertising are some of the main sectors of the
service area.

The industry

About 32% of the population works in the industrial sector, which contributes
around 40% of the country's total GDP. Russia has well-developed manufacturing
industries, such as the chemical, automotive and electronics industries. Steel,
aluminum and the water industry are some of Russia's most important metal
industries, which also have a considerable source of income. The extraction of oil
and gas and the food industry also contribute generously to the Russian GDP.

The Agriculture

About 10% of the Russian workforce is involved in the agricultural field and the
sectors related to the contribution of almost 5% of the country's total GDP. The
latest technologies incorporated into agriculture have produced an improvement in
the field after the fall of the sector during the 1998 crisis. Livestock and cereals are
the main agricultural products of the country: the northern regions of the country
are focused on livestock, while the southern territories are specialized in the
production of grain foods.
Trade and natural resources in the economic structure of Russia

The large reserves of natural resources in Russia have contributed to the

economic improvement and to the increase of income related to the country's
trade. Processed material or unprocessed natural resources such as oil, natural
gas, wood or coal accounts for more than three quarters of the country's exports.
Russia also exports steel and aluminum, a sector in which it holds the third place in
the world. These natural resources account for 80% of the exports of the largest
country in the world.

The country's trade slowed to a large extent due to the global recession in 2008
and the revenues related to annual trade in the country went from 471 to 500
million dollars in 2008 to 259 billion dollars in 2009. However, in 2010 the recovery
with the growth of 33.3% of exports with the total value of 625 400 million dollars.

The main countries receiving exports from Russia in the first half of 2010 were: the
Netherlands, with a turnover of 28.4 billion dollars (10% of total circulation); and
China, with 25.5 billion dollars (9.0%), according to the Russian Federal Customs
Service. Among the export goods include chemical products and a variety of war
and military products.

The countries of Latin America also represent an important center of Russian

exports and imports. For example, in 2009, the commercial exchange between the
Andean Community (Constitution of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru), and
Russia, reached 1,130 million dollars. In 2010, Russia's trade with Latin America
grew by 17% reaching 10 800 million dollars.

Regarding its main imports, these provinces: China (12.9%), Germany (12.6%),
Japan (6.9%), Ukraine (6%), Italy (4.1%), United States (5, 1%) and Belarus (4%);
corresponding mainly to equipment and equipment, consumer goods, medicines,
meat, sugar and semi-finished metal products. The importation into Russia also
decreased in 2009 by a value of 95 billion dollars compared to 2008.

The economy of the current Russia

Russia's GDP was calculated on the basis of purchasing power parity at about
1,477 billion dollars in 2010.

Russia's economy, which has been permanently affected by the global crisis,
suffered a contraction of 7.9% in 2009, after registering a growth of 5.6% in 2008,
according to provisional data released by the Rostatt information agency. In 2010,
the growth was 4%.

The GDP per capita in 2010 was estimated at $ 15,807.

3.
President - the president in Russia is the head of state, Vladimir Putin commander
in chief, guarantor of the Constitution. It is part of the executive power, but its
position is superior to the entire political system of Russia. The president does not
belong to any political party and has a wide range of powers over the state due to
his personal and professional authority. However, in order to make extraordinary
decisions (such as the participation of armed forces outside the country), the
president must have 2/3 of votes in favor of the members of the Federal Assembly.
To be dismissed, 2/3 of the votes would also be necessary. The candidacy of the
head of state is chosen during the free elections for 6 years (since 2012).

The president can occupy his position 2 consecutive periods being re-elected. After
leaving office, the person can return to the position in new elections. The president
determines the course of the domestic and foreign policy of the country, has the
right to veto laws that come out of Parliament, also proposes to the heads of
federal subjects (territorial and political parties of Russia), ambassadors and
ministers.

Legislative power

Parliament = The Federal Assembly is the name of the set of 2 legislative bodies of
Russia: The State Duma (lower house) and the Council of the Federation (upper
house). The Federal Assembly generates and approves federal laws, declarations
of war, treaties, forms the annual budget of the country and has the right to
approve different financial projects.

The lower house = The State Duma is composed of 450 deputies who are
represented by 4 different political parties that distribute the seats after the results
of the free elections that are held every 5 years.
The lower house = Council of the Federation is formed by 170 senators for 2 of
each of the 85 federal subjects (territorial and political division of Russia). The
head of each federal subject designates 1 person of the local legislative power and
1 of the local executive power. In the council there is no division by political groups.

Both cameras are in Moscow. The State Duma С / Ohotniy Ryad, 1, Moscow The
Council of the Federation С / Bolshaya Dmitrovka, 26, Moscow

The political parties of Russia

United Russia - number of seats in the lower house 238 among the 450. Position:
center. Ideology: conservatism, Russian nationalism, statist

Communist Party - number of seats in the lower chamber 92 of the 450. Position:
left. Ideology: communism, socialism of the s. XXI, internationalism, Marxism-
Leninism

Fair Russia - 64 seats. Position: center-left. Ideology: democratic socialism,

progressivism, Laborism.

Liberal Democratic Party - 56 seats. Position: extreme right. Ideology: Tsarism,

populism, neo-colonialism, Russian nationalism, anti-communism.

Executive power

The Government of Russia is constituted by different ministries and its head is

prime minister, being second person in the country after the president. Applies the
domestic and foreign policy of the country, exercises monetary and financial policy
and supervises compliance with laws, respect for human rights and freedoms.

The Government of Russia is located in the so-called White House in Moscow. С /

Krasnopresnenskaya Naberezhnaya, 2, Moscow.

Power of attorney

The Constitutional Court - the highest body of the judiciary, supervises that the
laws are in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

The Court of Arbitration - controls compliance with regulations in the tax sector and
resolves disputes together with negotiation, mediation and conciliation.

Courts of general jurisdiction - civil and criminal cases.

4.
Russia is one of the three powers with the most powerful armies in the world,
according to the recent version of the Global Firepower Index ranking. Sputnik
columnist Alexandr Jrolenko explains how Russia has managed to overcome
China in this area.

According to the Global Firepower Index, which compares countries' warlike

capabilities, Russia ranks second, behind the US. The third position belongs to
China.

In his new article, Jrolenko points out that the Slavic country has the strongest
Land Forces, thanks to a larger number of tanks, 15,398. In comparison, China has
only 9,150 tanks and the US, 8,848.
Among other countries that have a presence in the Global Firepower Index
classification, cited by the German media Focus, include India, France, the United
Kingdom, Japan, Turkey, Germany and Italy. The weakest armies are those of
Madagascar, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Bosnia and
Herzegovina.

The military capacity index is calculated based on more than 40 different factors,
with the exception of nuclear weapons. Among them, human resources, defense
costs, the power of the air and naval forces, the volume of extraction of mineral
resources and the logistic characteristics of the countries (the number of ports,
operational airports, length of roads, others).

Russia's new state weapons program is not taken into account in the ranking.
However, it is a "dual-use instrument" because it contributes to the country's
defensive capacity - the development of the defense industry and the export of
arms - and has a positive effect on Russia's economic performance, Jrolenko
emphasizes.

According to several analysts, one of the most important conditions for the growth
of the Russian economy is the development of the export of goods that has to be
doubled by 2024-2025.

Power of the Army depends on Government policy

Previously Bloomberg agency analyzed the effectiveness of 93 world economies

and gave Russia one of the last positions in the ranking, near Greece, Brazil and
Venezuela.
 the Chinese Army has more than 2 million soldiers and 700 combat vessels, but in
the Bloomberg rating the Asian giant is in third place.

Meanwhile, Russia has twice as many soldiers, but 15,398 tanks guarantee
unconditional leadership over the land, Jrolenko details.

The US exceeds Russia in its military capabilities, for example with its 13,444
aircraft and helicopters, since its defense budget is the largest in the world and 12
times greater than that of the Slavic country.

"Obviously it is not about the number of soldiers and the amount of money, the
system of state priorities and the effectiveness of public administration play an
important role," explains the journalist.

In 2016 Russia also made a presence in the Global Firepower ranking of military
capabilities. But this year the experts said that the Russian Army had been
reinforced by large-scale modernization, the growth of the volume of production
and the acquisition of military equipment for the defense industry.

According to Jrolenko, it is very unfortunate that the Global Firepower classification

does not take into account the nature of political and military leadership. Vladimir
Putin, president and supreme commander of the Russian Armed Forces, is
considered one of the most influential people in the world, according to the
American magazine Time.

"It is clear that the qualities of the national leader significantly influence Russia's
defense capability, as well as its nuclear potential," he says.
Putin said Russia had done a lot of work to modernize its nuclear missile potential.
Currently the Slavic country is renewing its nuclear triad in strict compliance with all
international agreements, US media are studying how to destroy the new Russian
Armata tank, despite the obvious successes of Russia in the international
armaments markets, many foreign analysis centers they affirm the opposite.
However, 27% of the world arms market belongs to the Slavic country. In this way,
explains Jrolenko, the goal of many Western analysts is

The volume of exports of Russian military equipment reached 56,000 million

dollars in 2016. In addition, military-technical cooperation with India until 2020 will
contribute to the Russian economy in about 35,000 million dollars. Russian military
products make up more than 70% of Delhi's arms imports.

5.

According to the Borowitz scenario, after the announcement -real- of the rest of the
G8 nations (USA, Germany, Canada, France, Japan and Italy) that will not
participate in the next meeting of the group in Sochi and decided to exclude To
Russia, Putin decided to form his own international club, with only one member:
Russia.
Beyond the culture, the growing tensions between Moscow and the international
community about the annexation of Crimea by Russia, the Kremlin.
Which countries really support the Russian campaign in the Crimea

Syria and Venezuela, Two. That is the number of countries that have exhibited a
position totally favorable to Russia.
On the one hand, Syria. On March 6, the Syrian state news agency SANA reported
that President Bashar al-Assad sent a message to Vladimir Putin expressing his
solidarity.

Copyright of the image

AP
Image capture
The Syrian president offered his support to Russia.
He reiterated the "Syrian support for Putin's rational approach, which favors peace
and seeks a global system that supports the fight against extremism and
terrorism," according to the agency.
Russia has in Tartus, Syria, its only military port in the Mediterranean Sea, a
strategic enclave.
Moscow is also one of the main arms suppliers of the Syrian government and,
together with China, voted against a resolution against Damascus at the UN in
2012.
On the other hand is Venezuela, whose president, Nicolás Maduro, said days ago:
"They want to surround Russia to weaken it, to level it, to destroy it."
In late February, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said his country was
planning to expand its military presence in several countries, including Venezuela,
Cuba and Nicaragua, according to the Russian news agency RIA Novosti.

third part: information by topic

Syrian conflict:
1.
From the bloody repression of pro-democracy demonstrations by the regime of
Bashar al-Assad, to the Western bombings in retaliation for an alleged chemical
attack, these have been the key stages of the conflict in Syria, which has left more
than 350,000 dead and millions of displaced and refugees.

  

   - Revolt and repression -.

   On March 15, 2011, within the framework of the Arab Spring, a protest
movement broke out in Syria, ruled with an iron hand for 40 years by the Asad
family. Bashar, the son, had happened in 2000 to his father, Hafez.
   In Damascus small demonstrations were held, violently repressed. But it was in
Deraa (south) where the movement gained strength.

   The regime denounced an "armed rebellion of Salafist groups".

   In July, a refugee colonel in Turkey created the Free Syrian Army (ESL),
composed of civilians and army deserters.

   - Aviation, great asset of the regime -.

   In March 2012, the army regained control of the rebel stronghold of Homs
(center), after a month of bombings. He also carried out bloody operations,
especially in Hama (center), after multitudinous anti-regime demonstrations.

   In July, the rebels launched the battle of Damascus. The government managed
to retain control of the capital, but the rebels conquered some areas of the
outskirts.

   As of 2013, the helicopters and planes of the regime began to throw barrels of
explosives on rebel sectors.

READ MORE

The United States bombed Syria

  

   - Hezbollah and Iran:

 In April 2013, the Lebanese Shiite Islamist movement Hezbollah acknowledged
that it intervened in Syria to help the soldiers of Assad, a member of the Alawi
minority, a branch of Shiism. He sent thousands of fighters to fight for the regime.

   For its part, Shiite Iran helped the regime politically, financially and militarily by
sending Iranian "military advisers" and "volunteers", but also Afghans and
Pakistanis.

  

   - Red line and American retreat:

   On August 21, 2013, a chemical attack attributed to the regime against two rebel
areas near Damascus left more than 1,400 dead. The government of Bashar al-
Assad denied having carried out these bombings.

   The then US President Barack Obama, who had drawn a red line before the use
of such weapons, resigned at the last moment to carry out punitive attacks and
signed an agreement with Russia to dismantle the Syrian chemical arsenal.

   - Jihadists:

   In January 2014, the jihadist group Islamic State (IS) conquered Raqa (north),
which became its main stronghold.

  In June, the IS proclaimed a "caliphate" in the territories conquered in Iraq and
Syria.

   In September, an international coalition led by the United States launched the
first aerial bombardments against IS in Syria.

   In October 2017, the Syrian Democratic Forces (FDS), a Kurdish-Arab alliance
backed by the coalition, seized Raqa after months of fighting.
   The IS lost the vast majority of the territories it had come to control.

  

   - Putin comes to Assad's help:

   On September 30, 2015, Russia undertook an aerial bombing campaign in

support of government troops, in difficulty in the face of rebels and jihadists.

   The decisive support of Russia greatly helped the regime and allowed it to fully
recover Aleppo (north) by the end of December 2016.

   In January 2017, Russia sponsored along with Iran and Turkey - ally of the rebels
- talks in Astana (Kazakhstan), without the involvement of Washington, between
representatives of the regime and rebel groups.

  

   - First American operation:

   In April 2017, a sarin gas attack attributed to the regime left more than 80
civilians dead in Jan Sheijun, a town controlled by rebels and jihadists in Idlib
province.

   In retaliation, Trump ordered to bomb with Tomahawk missiles the Syrian air
base of Shayrat, in the center of the country.

  

   - Turkish offensive:

   On January 20, 2018, Turkey launched with Syrian rebels an offensive against
the enclave of Afrin (northwest) with the aim of expelling the Kurdish militia Popular
Protection Units (YPG), backbone of the SDS.
   Ankara, which fears the formation of a Kurdish state principle on its border,
regards these militias as the Syrian branch of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK),
which has carried out a rebellion in southeastern Turkey for more than 30 years

  

   - Guta Oriental:

   On February 18, the regime launched an air offensive, and then ground, of
unprecedented intensity against the rebel enclave of Guta Oriental.

   Their forces have reconquered almost all the rebel areas, as a result of intense
bombings and also of evacuation agreements of combatants and civilians
sponsored by Russia.

  On April 14, security forces from the Syrian regime entered Duma, the last rebel
stronghold in Eastern Guta, near the capital, Damascus. - Alleged chemical attack
-. The same April 14, at dawn, the United States, France and the United Kingdom
bombed targets in Syria in retaliation for a "toxic gas attack" in Duma, which on
April 7 left more than 40 dead, according to the rescuers.

2.
The Security Council of the United Nations has already approved a series of
resolutions on the war in Syria, focusing on aspects such as the use of chemical
weapons, the sending of military observers or the provision of humanitarian aid.

April 14, 2012: The UN sends to Syria, by decision of the Security Council, military
observers to verify the fulfillment of a ceasefire agreement. It is the first resolution
adopted by the United Nations since the conflict began in March 2011.

April 21, 2012: The Security Council decides to deploy a 300-member observer
force in Syria to monitor the truce. Resolution 2043, adopted unanimously,
underscores the need for a change in Syria towards the establishment of a multi-
party democratic system.

July 20, 2012: The Security Council agrees to extend the presence of the observer
force in Syria for 30 days.

September 27, 2013: The Security Council requires Damascus to destroy its
chemical weapons, in a resolution passed unanimously, that is, including the votes
of Russia and China.

February 22, 2014: The UN demands the free access of humanitarian aid workers
to the war zones. The Security Council condemns the indiscriminate bombings and
the use of the so-called bomb barrels. The 15 member countries of the Security
Council approve resolution 2139.

July 14, 2014: The Security Council gives green light to the UN humanitarian
organizations to expand the food and medicine supply to three million people,
especially inhabitants of areas besieged by the belligerent forces.

December 17, 2014: The permit granted to the UN humanitarian organizations is

extended for one year. It allows them to use more border crossings and routes in
the country, even without authorization from the Syrian government.

March 6, 2015: The Security Council condemns the use of chlorine gas in the war
as a serious violation of international law. However, the resolution finally approved
is a softened version of the proposal submitted by the United States.
August 7, 2015: The Security Council unanimously requests that those responsible
for chemical weapons attacks in Syria be identified and punished thereafter.

December 18, 2015: The international community agrees on a peace plan for
Syria. Resolution 2254 foresees that the UN acts as mediator in the peace talks
between the Government and the opposition.

December 31, 2016: The Security Council approves a ceasefire that has already
entered into force and supports the plans of Russia and Turkey to organize talks
between the Syrian government and the opposition in Astana, the capital of
Kazakhstan. The opposition qualifies resolution 2336 as an important step towards
holding negotiations with the UN mediation in Geneva.

3.
The countries involved in the Syrian conflict are:

 United States.

 Russia.

 France.

 Syria.

 Germany.

 Iran.

 Israel.

 United Kingdom.

 Turkey.
  Saudi Arabia.

 Jordan.

 Great Britain.

 China.

4.
Russia reaffirmed its support for Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and called for a
regional "coordination structure" against the so-called Islamic State. The vision of
Vladimir Putin clashes with the Western and Syrian opposition, which say that the
current president of the Arab Republic must leave. The crisis was one of the most
important issues that world leaders spoke at the United Nations Assembly held in
New York. Ivan Katchanovski, a political scientist at the University of Ottawa,
Canada, gives this medium his vision of Russia's position in Syria.

What is the role of Russia in Syria?

 - The Russian government wants to confront the Islamic State and militarily
support its allied government in Syria. Recently it has deployed its military aircraft
and other advanced weapons in Syria. It has a naval supply base, and has been a
major supplier of arms to the Syrian government. The Russian government is
opposed to calls from the US and other Western governments to overthrow the
Syrian leader, who is accused in the commission of human rights violations during
the civil war.

Why is Russia's position in Syria such a crucial issue?

- The Islamic State is a threat not only to Syria but also to many other countries,
including its neighbor Iraq, the West and Russia. This organization employs an
Islamist expansionist ideology, terrorism, and has committed impressive violations
of human rights, such as mass executions. The massive flight of refugees from
Syria has affected not only neighboring countries, such as Turkey and Lebanon,
but also many countries of the European Union and the Balkans. Russia has
maintained a strong influence on the Syrian government since the Soviet era.

What are the points of difference between Russia and the US. About Syria?

- The United States opposes Russian military intervention in Syria due to its own
military intervention against the Islamic State and its opposition to the Assad
government. Western governments and the United States accuse the Syrian
government of human rights violations, such as indiscriminate bombings and the
use of chemical weapons. In contrast, the Russian government alleges that
chemical weapons in Syria were used by the Islamist rebels in a false flag attack.
President Putin is opposed to the United States and other policies of Western
governments aimed at overthrowing the Syrian president.

Will anything change during / after the UN Assembly?

- Vladimir Putin is expected to propose some kind of joint initiative in relation to

Syria during his speech at the UN and his meeting with the president of the United
States, Barack Obama. It is difficult to predict if these proposals would be accepted
by the US government. There are important disagreements about Syria between
Russia and the West. There are also differences within the administration of the
United States and among the other western states in terms of how to respond to
Russian proposals and their military deployment in Syria. In addition, the conflict in
Ukraine is another important issue between Russia and the West. The United
States supported the violent overthrow of the relatively pro-Russian government of
Viktor Yanukovich. Putin said the United States was directly involved in this
overthrow but did not provide any concrete evidence. In contrast, Western states
oppose the Russian annexation of Crimea and a Russian military intervention in
Donbas in support of the separatists there.

5.
The Russian Federation and the United States are determined to redouble their
efforts to reach a political solution to the Syrian conflict, "said a joint communiqué
from the two countries, published on the Internet portal of the Russian Ministry of
Foreign Affairs.

The two sides highlight "progress" in complying with the ceasefire, but admit
persistent "difficulties" in certain areas "as well as" problems of humanitarian
access to besieged regions ".

"Consequently, we have decided to confirm our commitment" with the cessation of

hostilities in Syria and "intensify our efforts to ensure its implementation on a
national scale," the document said.

Russia promises to "work together with the Syrian authorities to reduce the number
of air operations in areas populated mainly by civilians or participating in the
ceasefire."

The United States, for its part, is committed to "increasing support and assistance
to its regional allies to help them prevent the cross-border movement of
combatants, weapons or financial resources for terrorist organizations."

Government forces and rebel groups last week set up a temporary truce in Aleppo,
backed by Moscow and Washington, after the cessation of hostilities that took
effect on February 27 in the second Syrian city would quickly have no practical
effect, Russia is working to find a quick and definitive solution, meanwhile
proposes a truce, asking that we meet to discuss the issue, and increase support
for the people identified.

civil war in Somalia:

1.

As a result of this situation, one million Somalis have left the country, mainly
towards Ethiopia (375 thousand) and Kenya (300 thousand), but both countries are
not in economic capacity to receive refugees and also endure a severe drought, so
the situation of these people is desperate. In any case, the United Nations
Organization for Refugees estimates that about 1,000 Somalis flee their country
every day.

Despite the grim situation, Somalia has had the terrible fate that its conflicts and
tragedies always coincide with other important events that distract the attention of
the world.

At the beginning of 1991, Somalia, after a long war, ended the dictatorship of Sian
Barre, but few gave importance to this fact, because it coincided with the Persian
Gulf war.
And today, the clashes between clans and opposite fractions, and the famine,
coincide with the Yugoslav crisis, much more important because of its European
dimension.

The Somali fate seemed again to be condemned to oblivion. However, last week
some countries reacted to the worst tragedy of humanity at this time, and began to
support non-governmental organizations that fight against hunger, misery and
violence in this country. The conflicting union of clans the current crisis of Somalia
has its immediate origins in January 1991, when the Marxist government of Syaad
Barré fell, who established the socialist Democratic Republic of Somalia since
October 20, 1969.

In passing that Somalia is an ethnic, linguistic, religious (Sunni Muslim) and

culturally homogeneous nation, it is deeply divided into clans and factions that
since independence, in 1960, power has been disputed.

The main tribal groups are the Issak in the north, the Ogaden in the west, the
Hawiyé in the center and the Darod in the southwest. And their internal and
external relations are ordered by tribal principles of compromises, rivalries and
alliances, which turn any purpose of unity into something very complex.

Barré's dictatorship tried to achieve the political unity of these clans under the
banner of socialism and control of the Somali Socialist Revolutionary Party, but the
strength of the tribal past proved to be more powerful than Marxist-Leninist
ideology and party organization.

Little by little, Barré was increasing the levels of repression as the only way to
contain the ambitions of the clans. By 1989 repression was widespread. Amnesty
International denounced hundreds of extrajudicial executions in insurgent regions.
This repression, far from containing the clans and their armies, unleashed a war of
the provinces against the regular forces of the Mogadishu government. In addition,
since 1990, the economic and social situation suffered a great deterioration as a
consequence of an intense drought.

In the late 1990s, Barré, aware that the situation was deteriorating, tried all kinds of
concessions to stop the conflict. Economic reforms, to obtain the support of the
bourgeoisie of Mogadishu, and policies, such as the promise of multiparty, to
contain the insurgent groups. But it was too late, and Barré had to flee from
Mogadishu on January 27, 1991. Search for unity It was believed that with the fall
of Barré, Somalia would find peace and could begin the reconstruction of the
country. However, with the disappearance of the common enemy, the differences
between the clans were accentuated and a real struggle for power began.

Each group took autonomous control of the territories it occupied. The Hawiye,
majority in the central region of Somalia, seized the capital, Mogadishu, through its
movement Congress of Unified Somalia (USC).

The Issaks clan, with its Somali National Movement (MNS), took over the north of
the country and declared its independence unilaterally in May 1991, creating a new
country called Somaliland.

Everything seemed to improve on July 21, 1991, when the six main party clans
signed a political agreement to make unity possible. And Ali Mahdi Mohamed, a
Hawiye of CSU, and Omar Arteh Ghalib, an Isaak of MNS, as prime minister were
chosen as interim president for two years.
But internal divisions arose in some clans. The most important of these disputes is
that of the Congress of Unified Somalia (USC), which controls the capital and the
provisional government.

The USC is divided between those who recognize and support the current
provisional president of Somalia, Ali Mahdi Mohamed, and those who reject him
and support General Mohamed Farah Haidid, who adopted the name Somali
National Alliance (SNA).

This struggle has divided Mogadishu into two sectors, which for now are in truce.

Although President Mahdi Mohamed has insisted that his office is provisional and
was granted to achieve the unity of the nation and organize free elections As soon
as possible, the division is very large. The explanation of so much rivalry is not
simple, nor will it be to find a solution. There is an old thesis according to which the
inhabitants of Africa inherited from the colonizers some forms of political
organization completely alien to their cultural tradition and their historical evolution.
The Nation State is a concept totally foreign to Africa, and even more so when this
form of organization Politics is applied on borders arbitrarily defined by the
European colonial powers. Borders that brought together different and often
opposite tribes. That is why an observer commented that peace in Somalia
depends on its inhabitants abandoning their tribal feelings, but this may take a
hundred years. Mogadishu, capital of tragedy, conflict and hope Mogadishu is the
capital of Somalia and the center of its tragedy, because it has had to
accommodate 500 thousand hungry refugees who come from the countryside in
search of food. It is also the capital of the conflict, because the provisional
President must reconcile with the other clans, while facing the dissident fraction of
his own clan. And it is the capital of hope, because the lives of hundreds of
Somalis depend on the humanitarian aid that arrives through the airport and the
port of this capital. Currently Mogadishu is divided into two militarized zones,
occupied by two fractions of the Congress of the Unity. Somali. One supports
interim President Ali Mahdi Mohamed and the other supports General Mohamed
Farah Aidid. Both fractions are in truce from March, although there are sporadic
combats. This confrontation has destroyed what was left of the public buildings and
the infrastructure of the city. Partly because of the fighting, but also because of the
looting, which is very frequent. General Aidid controls five of the six parts of the
city, which he has called South Mogadishu. And Ali Mahdi is tucked away in the
northern neighborhoods and a part of the old city, Shangani. The front line that
divides the two zones is a highway, where despite sporadic shots and gunfire,
there are several points of interest. step for the citizens. In addition, this capital
also has its small Nagorno Karabah. In the heart of southern Mogadishu, several
hundred northern fighters resist General Aidid's offensive; there, approximately six
thousand people survive among ruins. The area was renamed Bermuda, because
here is like the triangle of Bermuda: nobody comes alive, one of its residents
explained. The airport and the port are the only things that work in this city. Both
are controlled by a faction of the Hawiyé clan, which charges entrance fees to the
planes and ships that transport humanitarian aid. The fare for small planes is one
hundred dollars and for larger aircraft, such as the Hercules C-130, 200.
Humanitarian aid is another problem. The trucks are loaded by the authorities.
Some reach the hungry inhabitants of Mogadishu (south and north), but a good
part is expropriated for the exclusive benefit of a group of fighters or is sold on the
black market. It is estimated that half of the aid sent since the beginning of the civil
war, some ninety thousand tons of food, has not reached its destination. It is
expected that with the arrival of the Blue Helmets, this situation will be completely
remedied, since these forces will unload and distribute food aid among the
population, without distinction politicians. Who help? The International Red Cross
is the main protagonist in the fight against hunger in Somalia. For months he has
been working in this country, to which he has allocated 150 million dollars, a third
of his entire budget, to establish 500 food distribution centers, most of which
function as collective kitchens. But the Medicine Sans Frontières group also
collaborates, whose reports speak of corpses scattered through the streets of
Baidoha, Bardera, Dinsor and Audinle. United Nations contributes through
UNICEF, UNHCR and the Blue Helmets, which are financed directly by several
countries Italy and Germany. France started an air bridge from Djibouti 15 days
ago to bring food to cities in the interior of Somalia. The United States began the
operation Relief Relief, which carries 145 thousand tons of food, and has offered to
transport the 500 Blue Helmets Pakistanis must protect and guarantee the
distribution of food. The government of Washington had been criticized in recent
weeks by human rights groups and by some media that accused him of lack of
initiative to help the Somali population. For Peter Davies, a member of a coalition
that brings together more than a hundred private organizations help to Somalia, the
problem of hunger cannot be solved completely if it does not end He said in
Washington Tuesday that thanks to Western assistance, the death rate could be
reduced, but not all deaths due to hunger could be avoided.

2.
With the overthrow of the dictator Siad Barre in 1991, a violent struggle broke out
between the different clans to seize power, mainly in the center and south of the
country, given that Somaliland and Puntland were able to maintain a certain order
and control in the north zone. In response to this internal situation, the United
Nations Organization responded by authorizing the deployment in April 1992 of a
limited peacekeeping mission called the UN Operation in Somalia I (UNOSOM I).
The condition of limited was due to the existing restriction regarding the possibility
of using force, which was restricted to its exclusive use in self-defense.

From the beginning of this operation, it is clear that it is incapable of managing the
conflict, with the consequent danger of worsening, of the already catastrophic
humanitarian situation. To try to correct the situation, the United States decided to
launch Operation Restore Hope, leading a military coalition, which was deployed in
December 1992, under the name of UNITAF (Unified Task Force) with the aim of
creating a security situation that would allow the carrying out humanitarian
operations in the center and south of the country. In addition to US forces, there
were military contingents contributed by Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium,
Botswana, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, India, Ireland, Italy, Kuwait,
Morocco, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Turkey
and the United Kingdom. This action was effective and managed to restore order to
some degree and partially solve the tremendous situation of existing famine.
Therefore, in mid-1993, most of the American troops left the country and the
coalition was replaced by a new United Nations mission, known as ONUSOM II.
This situation was taken advantage of by the local leaders of the different clans to
initiate a series of actions against these international forces, as well as against the
North American forces that still remained in the area. In 1994 the US forces
withdrew and in March 1995, the UN decided to do the same with theirs, without
having resolved the conflict or having been able to rebuild the Somali state. During
almost the following decade there was an almost total absence of the international
community in Somalia, with the consequent economic and social collapse of the
country.

In March 2005, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) - an

international organization composed of eight countries (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya and Uganda), based in Djibouti and dealing
with aspects related to development in the Horn of Africa region - officially
accepted to take responsibility for sending a peace mission to Somalia on behalf of
the African Union and in support of the peace process in that country. This mission,
called IGASOM, was also approved by the UN Security Council. Originally,
IGASOM intended to deploy in mid-2005 and achieve the stabilization of the
country. Initially this proposal had the support of the Union of Islamic Courts (UCI),
but already in mid-2006 this powerful organization began to manifest an opposition
position, because it perceived the initiative as an attempt by the West to stop the
growth of the Islamic movement.

In 2006, Ethiopian forces entered Somalia in support of the Transitional Federal

Government in their fight against UCI forces, which in turn received the support of
Eritrea, which is regionally opposed to Ethiopia. In March 2006, the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Kenya stated that, despite efforts and various attempts, IGAD
had not succeeded in its efforts to deploy a peace mission in Somalia. This failure
was the reason why the African Union finally had to assume direct responsibility for
the deployment in Somalia of a peacekeeping mission.

3.
The countries involved in Somalia's civil war are:

 Somalia.

 France.

 United Kingdom.

 Italy.

 United States.

4.
Putin stressed that Russia supports the efforts of the authorities and people of
Somalia to fight against the terrorist threat.

The president conveyed words of support and compassion to the families of the
dead and wished a speedy recovery for the wounded.

For its part, the Russian Foreign Ministry condemned the terrorist attacks
perpetrated on October 14 in Somalia with the result of hundreds of deaths and
injuries.

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov said Moscow is willing to consider military
technical cooperation with Somalia.

The political situation in Somalia remains unstable since the fall of the Said Barre
regime that took place in 1991.

The only legitimate power recognized by the international community is the federal
government that controls only a few neighborhoods in the capital, Mogadishu.
The rest of the Somali territory is under the control of administrative structures that
are not recognized at an international level and are autonomous entities.

The southern and northwestern parts of the country are controlled by local clans
and radical Islamist movements.

As a result of the civil war, in 1992 an embargo of arms supplies was implemented
to the African country that has not been raised to this day.

5.

Russia is ready to supply arms to any country that is not under sanctions, including
Somalia, said a source with the Russian Federal Service for Technical and Military
Cooperation.

Russia, this Somalia, and supply weapons to different countries including Somalia
with the conditions already mentioned, is in a previous solution, while in the
negotiations an agreement is reached.

fourth part: opening speech

Syrian Conflict:
delegates, honorable floor, and every present in this room, good morning.
seven years, four hundred thousand lives lost, eleven million displaced, where the
majority are women and young people. This is an absurd war delegates, there is
no reason to be.

  All this has been a massacre against Syrian civilians, all at the hands of divergent
groups and international interests by countries that are not interested in the
minimum of life and well-being of the person.

Delegates remove that blanket full of dishonesty, fallacies, massacres that cover
their eyes, delegates please look at what causes the political interest to control a
nation.
  the same deluge that their eyes are blindfolded with their legs, is the same as on
August 27 mobilized weapons of mass destruction to Arab shores, threatening
again the honorable president Bashar al Assad.

thank you very much.

The Somali Conflict:

Good morning Cher, delegates and everybody else present today on the floor.
The Somali conflict have to end now. It's one of the biggest conflicts around the
world. Thousands of people are being killed each year. Not only by the armed
conflict, by the consequences of this one. Because the conflict and the political
division inside the government are making that the hungriness get around all the
country killing child, women's and every city cent of Somali.
We have to give the knowledge to the heads of state of solving the conflict by their
own before the international intervention that already exist but have not success.
The Russian delegation wanted to sound around the world by saying that this
delegation will support and defend every country protecting their soveranity before
anything else.
Thanks honorable Cher.

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 http://www.tumoscu.com/informaci-n-til/sistema-politico-en-rusia.html

 http://www.lt10.com.ar/noticia/216386--historia-del-conflicto-en-siria

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