INTRO - SUBFERTILITY (

@Earl Rico Luna

)

- HOW TO ASSESS FOR SUBFERTILITY (TESTS) (

@Zyla Elice Tanya Ipac
AND
@Jurpaida Abirin
)

- WHAT FACTORS CAUSE SUBFERTILITY IN MALES (

@Rosie Hajiron
@Nady Akarab Amilhasan
)
- TREATMENT OF SUBFERTILITY IN MALES

- WHAT FACTORS CAUSE SUBFERTILITY IN FEMALES (Medz)

- TREATMENT OF SUBFERTILITY IN FEMALES(
@Fauzia Puyoh
AND
@Krzia Teh

Tubal ligation also known as having your tubes tied or tubal sterilization and
it`s also called a female sterilization.

 Is a type of permanent birth control. During tubal ligation, the fallopian

tubes are cut, tied or blocked to permanently prevent pregnancy.
 Tubal ligation prevents an egg from traveling from the ovaries
through the fallopian tubes and blocks sperm from traveling up
the fallopian tubes to the egg. The procedure doesn't affect your
menstrual cycle.

Healthcare providers generally recommend a permanent form of birth control, such as tubal
ligation, only if:

 You do not want to have any more pregnancies.

 Being pregnant might be dangerous for you.
 You have a high risk of passing on a serious genetic disease.
 You cannot use other birth control methods.
 Healthcare providers generally recommend a permanent form of birth control, such as tubal
ligation, only if:

 You do not want to have any more pregnancies.

 Being pregnant might be dangerous for you.
 You have a high risk of passing on a serious genetic disease.
 You cannot use other birth control methods.

Laparoscopy is helpful in:

 unexplained infertility  a history of pelvic infection

 unexplained pelvic pain  endometriosis

 uterine fibroids  pelvic abscess, or pus

 ovarian cysts or tumors  pelvic adhesions, or painful scar

tissue

 pelvic inflammatory disease

 ectopic pregnancy
 reproductive cancers

VINA

Male treatment for Sterility/infertility A. Surgical treatment a. Varicocelectomy b.

Microsurgical reconstruction -vasectomy reversal -epididymovasostomy B. Sperm retrieval a.
Testicular sperm aspiration (TESA) C. Antibiotic treatment D. Hormone treatment E. Assisted
Reproductive technology

What treatment med is available for treating infertility?

●Clomiphene (Clomid) is an oral medication that boosts hormones necessary for infertility.
●Injection of Gonodotrophins are hormones that stimulates activity in the testiclesm ●
Testosterone replacement Theraphy, improves : -Energy -Sex Drive -Muscle mass
Lifestyle and Home remedies ●Increase frequency of sex ●Have sex when
fertilization if possible ●Avoid use of lubricants ●Hormone treatment ●Assisted
Reproductivr Technology

Alternative Medicine
●Black seed ●Coenzyme QIO ●Folic Acid ●Horse Chestnut ●L-carnitine ●
Panax Ginseng ●Zince

JURPS

HOW TO ASSESS INFERTILITY (MALES) General physical examination and medical history.
This includes examining your genitals and asking questions about any inherited conditions,
chronic health problems, illnesses, injuries or surgeries that could affect fertility. Semen
analysis. Provide a sample by masturbating and ejaculating into a special container at the
doctor's office. Scrotal ultrasound. This test uses high-frequency sound waves to produce
images inside your body. A scrotal ultrasound can help your doctor see if there is a
varicocele or other problems in the testicles and supporting structures. Hormone testing.
Hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and testicles play a key role in
sexual development and sperm production. Abnormalities in other hormonal or organ
systems also might contribute to infertility. A blood test measures the level of testosterone
and other hormones. Post-ejaculation urinalysis. Sperm in your urine can indicate your
sperm are traveling backward into the bladder instead of out your penis during ejaculation
(retrograde ejaculation). Genetic tests. When sperm concentration is extremely low, there
could be a genetic cause. A blood test can reveal whether there are subtle changes in the Y
chromosome Genetic testing might be ordered to diagnose various congenital or inherited
syndromes. Testicular biopsy. This test involves removing samples from the testicle with a
needle. If the results of the testicular biopsy show that sperm production is normal, your
problem is likely caused by a blockage or another problem with sperm transport.
Specialized sperm function tests. A number of tests can be used to check how well your
sperm survive after ejaculation, how well they can penetrate an egg and whether there's any
problem attaching to the egg. Transrectal ultrasound. A small, lubricated wand is inserted
into your rectum. It allows your doctor to check your prostate and look for blockages of the
tubes that carry semen.

ZYLA

HOW TO ASSESS INFERTILITY (FEMALE)

1. Ovulation testing. -An at-home, over-the-counter ovulation prediction kit detects the
surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) that occurs before ovulation.

2. Hysterosalpingography. During hysterosalpingography (his-tur-o-sal-ping-GOG-ruh-fee),

X-ray contrast is injected into your uterus and an X-ray is taken to detect abnormalities in
the uterine cavity. The test also determines whether the fluid passes out of the uterus and
spills out of your fallopian tubes. If abnormalities are found, you'll likely need further
evaluation. In a few women, the test itself can improve fertility, possibly by flushing out and
opening the fallopian tubes.

3. Ovarian reserve testing. - This testing helps determine the quality and quantity of eggs
available for ovulation. Women at risk of a depleted egg supply — including women older
than 35 — may have this series of blood and imaging tests.

4. Other hormone testing. - Other hormone tests check levels of ovulatory hormones as well
as thyroid and pituitary hormones that control reproductive processes.

5. Imaging tests. -A pelvic ultrasound looks for uterine or fallopian tube disease. Sometimes
a sonohysterogram, also called a saline infusion sonogram, is used to see details inside the
uterus that can't be seen on a regular ultrasound. 6. Laparoscopy. -This minimally invasive
surgery involves making a small incision beneath your navel and inserting a thin viewing
device to examine your fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus.

ROSE
WHAT FACTORS CAUSE SUBFERTILITY IN MALES  SPERM DISORDERS The most common
problems are with making and growing sperm. Sperm may: • not fully • be oddly shaped •
not moved right away • oligospemia • azoospermia Sperm problems can be from traits
youre born with. Lifestyle choicescan lower sperm numbers.  VARICOCELES • Swollen veins
in scrotum. • They are found 16 out of 100 in all men. • Common in infertile men (40 out of
100)  RETROGADE EJACULATION • Is when semen goes backwards in the body. • They go
in your bladder instead out of the penis  IMMUNOLOGIC INFERTILITY • Mans body makes
antibodies that attacks his own sperm. • Antibodies are most often made because of injury,
surgery or infection.

NADY

OBSTRUCTION Sometimes sperm can be blocked. Repeated infections, surgery (such as

vasectomy), swelling or developmental defects can cause blockage. Any part of the male
reproductive tract can be blocked. With a blockage, sperm from the testicles can’t leave the
body during ejaculation. HORMONES Hormones are made by pituitary gland tell the
testicles to make sperm. Very low hormone levels cause poor sperm growth.
CHROMOSOMES Sperm carry out of the DNA to the egg. Changes in the number and
structure of chromosomes may be missing parts. MEDICATION Certain medications can
change sperm production, function and delivery. These medications are most often given to
treat health problem like; • arthritis •infections •depression •high blood pressure • digestive
problems •cancer

MEDZ

FACTORS THAT CAUSE INFERTILITY IN FEMALES 1. Limited production of FSH and LH. •
related to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, wherein, the ovaries produce excessive testosterone
which makes the production of FSH and LH less and leads to infertility. 2. Annovulation •
absence of ovulation or release of ova from the ovaries. • caused by hormonal imbalance. 3.
Transport problems. • Scarring in the fallopian tubes, ruptured appendix or any abdominal
surgeries which made infection spread in the fallopian tube. • PID is an infection of the
pelvic organs which can initially be acquired through sexually transmitted disease such as
Chlamydia or Gonorrhea. 4. Uterine factors • Tumors such as FIBROMAS may block the
entrance of the Fallopian Tubes or limit the space available on the uterine wall. •
Endometriosis is the implantation of the uterine lining grows in other places, such as the
fallopian tubes, ovaries or along the pelvis. 5. Cervical and Vaginal Factors 6. Poor Nutrition