PRELIM EXAM

Theories of crime and causation

1. This theory in crime causation, free will becomes the basis of man’s criminal behavior.
a. Positivist Criminology
b. Social Structure Theory
c. Classical Criminology
d. Culture Conflict Theory
2. Said theory was introduced by:
a. Cesare Lombroso
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Julius Caesar
d. William Sheldon
3. Whose writings further explained that people results to law violation based on the principle   of __and ___?
a. supply and demand
b. crime and punishment
c. crime and justice
d. pleasure and pain
4. Where criminal solutions are preferred than lawful ones because?
a. they require less work for greater gains or pray-off
b. the police are not that efficient to arrest the offender
c. less chance of apprehension
d. violating the law is the only way of survival
5. This particular theory likewise states that a person’s choice of criminal solutions maybe        controlled by his,
a. fear of punishment
b. desire for material gains
c. righteousness
d. spirituality
6. This theory contested the findings of Beccaria’s Free Will Study, stating that its absence       among mentally retardate
persons or those with some psychological imbalances and       personality disorders or physical disabilities, could likewise lead to
violation of laws thereby       citing said theory as one of crime causation.
a. Neo-Classical Theory
b. Positivist Criminology
c. Classical Theory
d. Social Structure Theory
7. Having spent half of his life in the study of the causes of crime and true to his dedication to   his lifetime works, upon his
death he willed his brain and body to the Institute of Anatomy at       the University of Turin in Italy to be further studied. To this,
he was named the Father of   Modern and Empirical Criminology.
a. Giambatista dela Porta
b. Casare Lombroso
c. Cesare Beccaria
d. Charles B. Goring
8. Cesare Lombroso, in his Positivist Theory referred to a particular type of offenders       considered to be lower form of life
nearer in appearance to their ape-like ancestors, than the   non-criminals both in character and disposition differentiated by
various atavistic stigmata.      This particular type of criminals are referred to as,
a. criminoloids
b. “born-criminal” types
c. insane criminals
d. habitual criminals
9. In Classical Criminology it was explained that man’s intelligence and rationality controls       human behavior and that before
they commit any crime they try to determine the amount of       pain they will suffer, which represents the ____for the crime they
have committed.
a. reward c. advantage
b. punishment d. behavior
10. Further, the amount of pleasure receive in the commission of the illegal act was referred to        as the,
a. punishment of the crime c. disadvantages
b. benefits of the crime d. results of the illegal behavior
11.He founded Sociology and applied scientific methods in the study of society, which to him   passes through stages divided
on the basis of how people try to understand it, leading them  to adopt a rational scientific understanding of the world. Comte
called this the positive stage  and those who followed his writings were called,
a. positivism c. sociologists
b. positivists d. scientists
12. Atavistic stigmata as explained and used in the Positivist Theory refers to:
a. man’s physical condition
b. man’s physical features during his early development as a human being
c. man’s criminal behavior
d. man’s similarities with that of an ape
13. Rafaelle Garofalo, a follower of Lombroso traced roots of criminal behavior not to man’s        physical features but to their
psychological equivalents called,
a. morality c. probity
b. “moral anomalies” d. piety
14. His interest in socialism led him to recognize the importance of social, economic and
political factors and that society needed protection against criminal acts and that it was
the purpose of criminal law and penal policy to provide that protection.
a. William Sheldon c. Sigmund Freud
b. Rafaelle Garofalo d. Emile Durkheim
15.It refers to the study of the external formation of the skull that indicates the conformation
of the brain and the development and mal development of its parts which is related to the
behavior of the offender.
a. Charles B. Goring
b. Phrenology
c. Physiognomy
d. William Sheldon
16. All the statements EXCEPTS one, are CORRECT;
a. The external formation of the skull correspond to the interior formation of the brain;
b. The external formation of the skull do not carry the same formation of the brain;
c. The mind can be analyzed into faculties and functions;
d. These faculties are related to the shape of the skull.
17. Physiognomy as a factor in crime causation refers to the;
a. study of the body built of a person in relation to his personality behavior and the type
of offense he or she is most prone to commit
b. study of the external formation of the skull and brain formation
c. study of the facial features of man and its relation to human behavior
d. study of human mind
18. One of these was studied and presented by William Sheldon, a theory that established a link between different body types
and criminality;
a. ectomorph c. physiology
b. physiognomy d. craniology
19. It refers to a study showing the relationship between the physical built of a person to his
personality structure and the type of offense he is most prone to commit
a. physiognomy c. physiology or somatotype
b. phrenology d. psychology
20. Among the different body types Sheldon presented in his study, he considered this ONE to
be the most likely to become criminal
a. endomorph c. mesomorph
b. ectomorph d. dysplastic
21. In the Social Structure Theory of Emile Durkheim, he said, ______based on the prevalence
of law violation among the lowest strata of our society which comprises the majority    
members of societies all over the world.
a. “crime does not pay”
b. “crime is a structure of society”
c. “crime is normal in a society”
d. crime exist only in some part of the society
22. Man’s personality structure was defined by ____in his psychoanalysis theory
a. A.H. Maslow
b. Cesare Lombroso
c. Emile Durkheim
d. Sigmund Freud
23. Compose of the following: id, ego, and which serves as the man’s conscience
a. alter ego
b. egoism
c. superego
d. character
24. This part of man’s personality is present at birth representing unconscious biological drives for sex, food and other life-
sustaining necessities and follows the pleasure principle which requires instant gratification and has no concern for the rights of
others.
a. Id c. Superego
b. Ego d. Alter ego
25. This personality structure serves as the man’s conscience, it tells us what is right and wrong which directs us towards
morally acceptable and responsive behaviors.
a. superego c. self esteem
b. ego d. id
26.This type of body built manifest presence of muscles, smooth skin, and behaves aggressively with a romotonic temperament
and an inclination to commit crimes involving deceit, mostly fraud cases and involvement in violations of anti-fencing law.
a. endomorph c. ectomorph
b. mesomorph d. dysplastic
27.An anti-social act or behavior which deviates from the normal pattern of rules and regulations, customs, and culture which
society does not accept and which therefore justifies some kind of punishment or corrective measures.
a. crime c. social inadequacy
b. criminal behavior d. juvenile delinquency
28.Dominated by Pleasure principle, through which the individual is pressed for immediate gratification of his or her desires.
a. Id b. Ego c. Superego d. None of the above
29.He founded the Positive School of Criminology in the Nineteenth Century.
a. Cessare Beccaria b. Cesare Lombroso
c. Charles Goring d. Calvin Goddard

30.A person who commits crime due to less physical stamina or self control.
a. Criminaloid b. Criminal by passion c. Insane criminal d. Born criminal
31. The Neo-classical theory believes that children and lunatics should not be regarded as criminal and punished because –
a. They are special people
b. They cannot calculate pleasure and pain
c. They cannot complain
d. They are under age
32. Who said that crime is normal and part of nature society?
a. Jeremy Benthamb. Charles Goring c. Cesare Beccaria d. Cesare Lombroso
33. The body of an _________ person is short, fat, and small-boned. He is easy-going and a very comfortable person.
a. Mesomorph
b. Endomorph
c. Ectomorph
d. Chronomorph
34. It is a contemporary approach that relates behavior to events taking place inside the body, specifically the brain and the
nervous system.
a. Psychoanalytic approach
b. Neurobiological approach
c. Cognitive approach
d. Phenomenological approach
35. This theory states that intelligence is largely determined genetically; that ancestry determines IQ; and that low IQ is linked to
behavior, including criminal behavior.
a. Cultural deviance theory
b. Labeling theory
c. Nature theory
d. Strain theory
36. According to this principle, the punishment should be the same as the harm inflicted on the victim. Therefore, a man who
broke the hipbone of another during the fight will be punished by also breaking his hipbone:
a. law of talion c. utiliarianism
b. classical d. neo-classical
37.He said that individuals are like human calculators. Before a person commits a crime, he first analyzes whether the
satisfaction he would gain is greater than the possible negative effect he would have to suffer if the gets caught doing the crime:
a. Cesare Beccaria c. Edwin Sutherland
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Jeremy Bentham
38.According to Lombroso, these are physical characteristics that distinguish born criminals from the general population and are
throwbacks to animals or primitive people.
a. physical deviations c. stigmata
b. atavistic anomalies d. ape-like appearance
39.It is a proposal of a double male or super male syndrome. This theory held that the possession of an extra Y-chromosome
causes males to be violent and aggressive.
a. XYY syndrome c. XXY syndrome
b. YYX syndrome d. YXX syndrome
40.This part of man’s personality is present at birth representing unconscious biological drives for sex, food and other life-
sustaining necessities and follows the “pleasure principle” which requires instant gratification and has no concern for the rights of
others.
a. Id c) Superego
b. Ego d) Alter ego

41.As opposed to introvert, a person highly adapted to living in an deriving satisfaction from external world; he is interested in
people and things than ideas, values and theories. He likes people, being around them and being liked by them.
a) Self-centered individual
b) Extrovert
c) Exhibitionist
d) Euthanasia
42.It may be a transmission of physical characteristics, mental traits; tendency to disease, etc. from parents to offspring. In
genetics, the tendency manifested by an organism to develop in the likeness of an progenitor due to the transmission of genes in
the reproductive process.
a) Heredity
b) Inheritance
c) Environment
d) Hallucination
43. Place and period where and when the classical school of criminology and of criminal law development, based on hedonistic
psychology.
a) England, during the last half of the 19th century
b) USA, during the last half of the 19th century
c) Italy, during the last half of the 19th century
d). China, during the last half of the 19th century
44. Who, in his book “ An Essay of Crimes and Punishment”, (London Almon 1967), advocated and applied the doctrine of
penology; that is to make punishment less arbitrary and severe than it had been; that all persons who violated a specific law
should receive identical punishment regardless of age, sanity, wealth, position, or circumtances.
a) Cesare Becaria
b) Jeremy Bentham
c) Cesare Lombroso
d) R. Garofalo
45. This school of penology, which Becarria maintained the doctrine of psychological hedonism, that the individual calculates
pleasure and pains in advance of action and regulates his conduct by the results of his calculations. That since punishment must
be one that can be calculated, it must be same for all individuals, regardless of age, mentality, social, status, or other conditions.
a) Classical school
b) Neo-classical School
c) Positive school
d) Punitive reaction to crime
46. It originated around 1764, a criminological theory advocated by Becarria and Bentham. The classical theory focuses its core
idea on:
a. People choose to commit crime after weighing the benefits and costs of their actions.
b. Crime is a function of class struggle
c. Some people have biological and mental traits that make them crime prone.
d. A person’s place in the social structure determines his/her behavior
47. According to Freud it is the ability to learn about the consequences of one’s action through experience.
a. Reality principle c. Pain principle
b. Pleasure principle d. All of the foregoing
48. Claimed that the shape of the head of criminals is different from that of non-criminals.
a. Lavator c. Casare Becarria
b. Cesare Lombroso d. Franz Joseph Spurzheim
49. Temperament of persons characterized generally by relaxation of the body, loves luxury and comfort.
a. Romotonic c. Mesomorphic
b. Cerebrotonic d. Viscerotonic
50. According to Kretchmer, this type of physique is generally stout with round bodies. Persons of this type commit deception,
fraud and violence.
a. Pyknik type c. Asthenic type
b. Athletic type d. Mixed type
51. Persons of mixed type physique tend to commit what particular crimes?
a. Deception and fraud c. Petty thievery
b. Violence d. Offenses against decency
52. Refers to the conscience of man.
a. Ego c. Super ego
b. Id d. Spirit
53. A method popularized by Cesare Lombroso undertaken by studying criminals in an effort to scientifically determine whether
law violators were physically different from people of conventional values and behavior.
c. a. Social positivism c. Biological determinism
d. b. Chicago School d. Sociological criminology
54. What is means of “R” in the criminal formula?
a. Total Situation b. Criminal Tendency
c. Temperament d. none of these
56. The theory in criminology, which maintains that a person commits crime or behaves criminally mainly because he or she is
being possessed by evil spirits or something of natural force that controls his/her behavior is called:
a. Devine Will Theory b. Demonological Theory
c. Classical Theory d. All of these
57. The theory in penal science which maintains that punishment gives lesson to the offender and the would be criminals is
called:
a. Deterrence b. Incapacitation
c. Reformations d. public safety
58. His key ideas are concentrated on the principle of "Survival of the Fittest" as a behavioral science. He advocated
the "Somatotyping Theory".
a. W Sheldon b. R Merton c. E Sutherland d. Ivan Nye
What are the 3 external factors to develop criminal behavior?
59.
60.
61.