Session 08

Routing RIP
 Topics

• Dynamic routing
• RIP routing
• Characteristic
• RIPv1 & RIPv2
• How to configure?

Sources:
- https://www.cisco.com/
- https://networklessons.com/cisco/

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 Dynamic Routing

• When we learned about static routing we found that a lot of

manual configuration was involved and a change to the
topology also required manual configuration changes.
• Dynamic protocols work by advertising routes to each other.
• The configuration is the opposite of static routing; here, we
enable dynamic routing on the required interfaces.
• The routing protocol then forms "neighborship" with other
routers and sends them the directly-connected routes and other
received routes.
• In this way, all routers exchange updates with one another.
• When a topology change occurs, those updates are also sent
out by routers that learn about this loss of connectivity.

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Classifying Routing Protocols

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 Routing RIP

• The Routing Information Protocol, or RIP, as it is more commonly

called, is one of the most enduring of all routing protocols.
• RIP has four basic components:
– routing update process
– RIP routing metrics,
– routing stability
– Routing timers
• Devices that support RIP send routing-update messages at
regular intervals and when the network topology changes.
• These RIP packets contain information about the networks that
the devices can reach, as well as the number of routers or
gateways that a packet must travel through to reach the
destination address.

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 Routing Update Process

• RIP sends routing-update messages at regular intervals and

when the network topology changes.
• When a router receives a routing update that includes changes
to an entry, it updates its routing table to reflect the new
route.
• The metric value for the path is increased by 1, and the sender is
indicated as the next hop.
• RIP routers maintain only the best route (the route with the
lowest metric value) to a destination.
• After updating its routing table, the router immediately begins
transmitting routing updates to inform other network routers
of the change.
• These updates are sent independently of the regularly
scheduled updates that RIP routers send.
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 RIP Routing Metric

• RIP uses a single routing metric (hop count) to measure the

distance between the source and a destination network.
• Each hop in a path from source to destination is assigned a hop
count value, which is typically 1.
• When a router receives a routing update that contains a new or
changed destination network entry, the router adds 1 to the
metric value indicated in the update and enters the network in
the routing table.
• The IP address of the sender is used as the next hop.

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 RIP Stability Features

• RIP prevents routing loops from continuing indefinitely by

implementing a limit on the number of hops allowed in a path
from the source to a destination.
• The maximum number of hops in a path is 15.
• If a router receives a routing update that contains a new or
changed entry, and if increasing the metric value by 1 causes the
metric to be infinity (that is, 16), the network destination is
considered unreachable. The downside of this stability feature is
that it limits the maximum diameter of a RIP network to less than
16 hops.
• RIP includes a number of other stability features that are
common to many routing protocols. These features are designed
to provide stability despite potentially rapid changes in network
topology. For example, RIP implements the split horizon and
hold down mechanisms to prevent incorrect routing
information from being
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 RIP Timers

• RIP uses numerous timers to regulate its performance.

• These include
– a routing-update timer,
– a route-timeout timer,
– route-flush timer.
• The routing-update timer clocks the interval between periodic
routing updates. Generally, it is set to 30 seconds, with a small
random amount of time added whenever the timer is reset.
• This is done to help prevent congestion, which could result
from all routers simultaneously attempting to update their
neighbors. Each routing table entry has a route-timeout timer
associated with it.
• When the route-timeout timer expires, the route is marked
invalid but is retained in the table until the route-flush timer
expires. COMP6372 - Computer Networks 9
 Routing Loops

If you want to configure RIP protocol on your network, you have to be

familiar with the routing loops. Sometimes routing loops create a big issue
on an RIP-based network. However, RIP protocol has some mechanisms that
can be used to prevent the routing loops and maintain the network stability.
These mechanisms are:
• Split horizon: In the split horizon, route information is not sent back
out through the interface from which it was received. Thus, allowing to
prevent routing loops.
• Hop-count limit: Limiting the hop-count prevents routing loops from
continuing indefinitely.
• Poison reverse: In this mechanism, a router marks a route (that is not
accessible) as unreachable and set the hop count to 16. The router
then passes this route out to the neighbor router, and the neighbor
router removes the unreachable route from its routing table.
• Hold-down timers: When the hold-down timers are set, routers ignore
the routing update information for the set period of time.
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 RIP V1 VS V2

RIPv1 RIPv2
Distance Vector Routing
Type Hybrid routing protocol
Protocol
Routing Classfull Classless
VLSM Not supported Supported
Mas max hop 15, > 15 hop max hop 15, > 15 hop
metric unreachable unreachable
Routing every 30 second, with
Using multicast
update broadcast

Security Not supported authentication Supported authentication

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 Configuration

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 Configuration

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 Configuration RIPv1

• configure TCP/IP addresses

– Router1(config)#interface fa0/1
– Router1(config-if)#ip add 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
– Router(config-if)#no shut
– Router1(config-if)#exit

– Router1(config)#interface S1/0
– Router1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
– Router1(config-if)#clock rate 64000
– Router(config-if)#no shut

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 Configuration RIPv1

• On Router1, execute the following commands to configure RIP

routing.
• Router1(config)#router rip
• Router1(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
• Router1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
• Router1(config-router)#exit

• On Router2, execute the following commands to configure RIP

routing.
• Router2(config)#router rip
• Router2(config-router)#network 20.0.0.0
• Router2(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0
• Router2(config-router)#network 150.150.150.0
• Router2(config-router)#exit
• Router2(config)# COMP6372 - Computer Networks 15
 Configuration RIPv1

• Once you have configured RIP routing protocol on each router, wait
for a few seconds (let complete the convergence process), and then
execute the show ip route command on any router to show the
routing information.
– Router(config)#do show ip route

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 Configuration RIPv1

• To verify which routing protocol is configured, use the show ip

protocols command.
– Router#show ip protocols

• To view the RIP messages being sent and received, use the debug ip
rip command.
– Router#debug ip rip

• To stop the debugging process, use the undebug all command.

– Router#undebug all

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 Configuration RIPv2

• The configuration process of the RIPv2 protocol is similar to

configuring RIPv1 protocol. To configure the RIPv2 routing
protocol, you just need to type version 2 command before
executing the network command. To configure the RIPv2
protocol, perform the following tasks on each router.

• On Router1, execute the following commands:

– Router1(config)#router rip
– Router1(config-router)#version 2

• On Router2, execute the following commands:

– Router2(config)#router rip
– Router2(config-router)#version 2

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THANK YOU