Analog Communications

Subject Code:(EC405ES)
Regulations : R16 JNTUH
Class:II Year B.Tech ECE II Semester

Department of Electronics and communication Engineering

BHARAT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Ibrahimpatnam -501 510, Hyderabad
 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS (EC405ES)
COURSE PLANNER
MOOCS SWAYAM NPTEL COURSE
I. COURSE OVERVIEW:
The course will introduce the participants to the signal representation in both time and
frequency domain, basic analog communication techniques like modulation theory, system
design for analog modulator and De-modulator, random process and noise analysis. This
course covers the fundamental principles underlying the analysis, design, and optimization of
analog and digital communication systems. Design examples will be taken from the most
prevalent communication systems today: cell phones, Wifi, radio and TV broadcasting,
satellites, and computer networks. Analysis techniques based on Fourier transforms and
energy/power spectral density will be developed. Mathematical models for random variables
and random (noise) signals will be presented and will be used to characterize filtering and
modulation of random noise. These techniques will then be used to design analog (AM and
FM) and digital
II. PREREQUISITES:
This course is a study of digital circuit fundamentals with an emphasis on combinational and
sequential logic design, Boolean algebra and switching theory, logic simplification and
implementation using standard digital IC's of various logic families and programmable logic
devices. A significant emphasis is placed on the study of digital design principles with emphasis on
the use of LSI, MSI, and SSI circuits in the application and design of complex digital systems with
a detailed examination of CMOS and TTL at the transistor level.
III. COURSE OBJECTIVES:

1. To develop ability to analyze system requirements of analog communication

systems..
2.
To understand the need for modulation.
3. To understand the generation, detection of various analog modulation
techniquesandalso perform the mathematical analysis associated with these
techniques.
4. To understand scattering matrix parameters and its use.To acquire knowledge
to analyze the noise performance of analog modulation
techniques
5. To acquire theoretical knowledge of each block in AM and FM receivers.
6.
To understand the pulse modulation techniques.
IV. COURSE OUTCOMES:

S.No. Description Bloom’s Taxonomy Level

1. Able to analyze and design various modulation and Knowledge, Understand

demodulation analog systems.. (Level1, Level2)

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 84
 2. Understand the characteristics of noise present in Apply, Create (Level 3,
analog systems... Level 6)
3. Study of signal to Noise Ration (SNR) performance, of Analyze (Level 4)
various Analog Communication systems
4. Analyze and design the various Pulse Modulation Knowledge, Understand
Systems (Level1, Level2)

5. Understand the concepts of Multiplexing: Time Analyze (Level 4)

Division Multiplexing (TDM) and
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).
6. Understand the signal transmission over different Apply, Create (Level 3,
receivers. Level 6)
V. HOW PROGRAM OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:

Proficiency
Program Outcomes (PO) Level
assessed by
Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of
mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
Assignments,
PO1 engineering specialization to the solution of complex 3
Exercises
engineering problems related to Electronics &
Communication and Engineering.
Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research
literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
PO2 related to Electronics & Communication Engineering and 3 Assignments
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for
complex engineering problems related to Electronics &
Communication Engineering and design system
Assignments,
PO3 components or processes that meet the specified needs 3
Exercises
with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental
considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use
research-based knowledge and research methods including
PO4 design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, 3 Assignments
and synthesis of the information to provide valid
conclusions.
Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate
techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT
Assignments,
PO5 tools including prediction and modeling to complex 3
Seminars
engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 85
 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by
the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health, safety,
legal and cultural issues and the consequent
PO6 2 Seminars
responsibilities relevant to the Electronics &
Communication Engineering professional engineering
practice.
Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact
of the Electronics & Communication Engineering
Assignments,
PO7 professional engineering solutions in societal and 3
Seminars
environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge
of, and need for sustainable development.
Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to
PO8 professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the - -
engineering practice.
Individual and team work: Function effectively as an
Oral
PO9 individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams, 2
Discussions
and in multidisciplinary settings.
Communication: Communicate effectively on complex
engineering activities with the engineering community and
with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend Document
PO10 3
and write effective reports and design documentation, Preparation,
make effective presentations, and give and receive clear Presentation
instructions.
Project management and finance: Demonstrate
knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
PO11 management principles and apply these to one’s own 3 Assignments
work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the
preparation and ability to engage in independent and life-
PO12 3 Assignments
long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

VI. HOW PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES ARE ASSESSED:

Proficiency
Program Specific Outcomes Level
assessed by
Professional Skills: An ability to understand the basic concepts
in Electronics & Communication Engineering and to apply them
Lectures,
PSO 1 to various areas, like Electronics, Communications, Signal 3
Assignments
processing, VLSI, Embedded systems etc., in the design and
implementation of complex systems.
PSO 2 Problem-solving Skills: An ability to solve complex Electronics 3 Tutorials

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 86
 and communication Engineering problems, using latest
hardware and software tools, along with analytical skills to
arrive cost effective and appropriate solutions.
Successful Career and Entrepreneurship: An understanding
of social-awareness & environmental-wisdom along with
Seminars,
PSO 3 ethical responsibility to have a successful career and to 3
Projects
sustain passion and zeal for real-world applications using
optimal resources as an Entrepreneur.

1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

VII. SYLLABUS:
UNIT-1. Amplitude Modulation
Introduction to communication system, Need for modulation, Frequency division multiplexing,
Amplitude modulation, Definition, Time domain and Frequency domain description, Single tone
modulation, Power relations in AM wave, Generation of AM Waves, Square law modulator,
Switching modulator, Detection of AM waves, Square law detector, Envelope detector. DSB-SC
modulation, time domain and frequency domain description, Generation of DSB-SC waves,
Balanced Modulator, Ring Modulator, Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated waves,
COSTAS Loop

UNIT-II. SSB Modulation

Frequency domain description, Frequency discrimination method for generation of AM- SSB
Modulated wave, Time domain description, Phase discrimination method for generating of AM
SSB Modulated waves, Demodulation of SSB Waves, Vestigial side band modulation, Generation
of VSB modulated wave, Time domain description, Envelop detection of VSB wave pulse carrier,
Comparison of AM techniques, Applications of different AM waves.

UNIT-III. Angle Modulation

Basic concepts, Frequency Modulation, Single tone frequency modulation, Spectrum Analysis
of Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM, Constant Average Power,
Transmission band width of FM wave, Generation of FM Waves, Direct FM, Detection of FM
waves, Balanced frequency discriminator, Zero crossing detector, Phase locked loop,
Comparison of AM & FM

UNIT-IV. Noise in Analog Communication Systems

Types of Noise: Resistive (Thermal) Noise source, shot noise, Extraterrestrial Noise, Arbitrary
noise sources, white noise, Narrowband Noise-In phase and quadrature phase components and its
properties, Modeling of Noise sources, Average noise Bandwidth, Effective Noise Temperature,
Average Noise figures, Average noise Figure of cascaded networks.
Noise: Noise in DSB and SSB system, Nose in A M system, Nose in angle modulated system,
Noise Triangle in Angle modulation system, Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.

UNIT-V. Receivers

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 87
Radio Receiver-Receiver types, Tuned Radio Frequency receivers, Super heterodyne receiver,
RF section and characteristics, Frequency changing and Tracking, Intermediate frequency,
AGC, FM receiver, Comparison with AM receiver, amplitude limiting.
Pulse Modulation
Types of pulse modulation PAM(single polarity, double polarity, PWM, Generation and
Demodulation of PWM,PPM, Generation and Demodulation of PPM, Time Division
Multiplexing

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Communication Systems – B.P. Lathi, BS Publication, 2004.
2. Principles of Communication Systems - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2nd Ed.

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Electronics & Communication System – George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, TMH 2004
2. Electronic Communication 4th Edition – Dennis Roddy and John Coolean PEA, 2004.
3. Analog and Digital Communication – K. Sam Shanmugam, willey 2005.
4. Electronic Communication Systems – Modulation and Transmission, Robert J. Schoenbeck
2nd edition, PHI.
5. Principles of Communication systems, H.Taub and De Shillong, TMH 2007,3rd Edition

*NPTEL Web Course: Principles of communication system

https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc19_ee08/preview

GATE SYLLABUS:
Amplitude modulation and power calculations, FM and its spectral calculations, receivers, noises in
all the modulations.

IES SYLLABUS:
Basic information theory; Modulation and detection in analogue and digital systems; Sampling and
data reconstructions; Quantization & coding; Time division and frequency division multiplexing;
Equalization; Optical Communication: in free space & fiber optic; Propagation of signals at HF,
VHF, UHF and microwave frequency; Satellite Communication.

VIII. COURSE PLAN (WEEK-WISE):

Teachin

Method
Week

ology

Refere
Sessi

Unit
on

Topics Course Learning Outcomes nce

g

Chalk
1 Introduction to Explain the communication and T1, T2, R1
communication system system Talk,PPT’S
Chalk
2 T1, T2
1 Need for modulation Know the :Need for modulation and Talk
Frequency Division Analyze:Frequency Division Chalk
3 T1, T2
Multiplexing Multiplexing and Talk
Amplitude Modulation, Describe: Amplitude Chalk
4 T1, T2
Week 1 Definition, Modulation, Definition, and Talk

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 88
 Time domain and frequency Explain:Time domain and Chalk
5 T1, T2
domain description frequency domain description and Talk
Analyze:single tone Chalk
6 single tone modulation, power modulation, power relations in and T1, T2
relations in AM waves, AM waves, Talk,PPT’S
Chalk
7 Generation of AM waves, Generation of AM waves, and T1, T2
square law Modulator, square law Modulator, Talk,PPT’S
Generation Switching
Discussi
8 Switching modulator, modulator, Detection of T1, T2
on
Detection of AMWaves AMWaves
;Generation Square law Chalk
9 T1, T2
Week 2 Square law detector, detector, and Talk
Chalk
10 T1, T2
Envelope detector, ;Generation Envelope detector, and Talk
Double side band suppressed Understand:Double side band Chalk
11 T1, T2
carrier modulators suppressed carrier modulators and Talk
Time domain and frequency Understand:Time domain and
12 PPTs T1, T2
domain description frequency domain description
13 Generation of DSBSC Waves Generation of DSBSC Waves PPTs T1, T2
Balanced Modulators, Ring Generation Balanced Chalk
14 T1, T2
Week 3 Modulator Modulators, Ring Modulator and Talk
Coherent detection of DSB- Generation Coherent detection Chalk
15 T1, T2
SC Modulated waves of DSB-SC Modulated waves and Talk
16 COSTAS Loop. Generation COSTAS Loop. PPT’S T1, T2, R1

17 Mock Test-I
Explain:SSB Modulation: Chalk
18 SSB Modulation: Introduction Introduction to Hilbert and Talk, T1, T2
Week 4 to Hilbert Transform, Transform, PPTs
Frequency domain Analyze:Frequency domain
19 PPTs T1, T2
description, description,
Frequency discrimination Generation of AM SSB
20 method for generation of AM Modulated Wave,Frequency PPTs T1, T2
SSB Modulated Wave, discrimination method for g
Chalk
21 Knowledge:Time domain and Talk, T1, T2, R1
Time domain description, description, PPTs
2
Generation:Phase
Phase discrimination method discrimination method for Chalk
22 T1, T2
for generating AM SSB generating AM SSB Modulated and Talk
Week 5 Modulated waves. waves.
Discussi
23 Problem solving on above
Bridge Class on
Generate :the Demodulation of Chalk
24 T1, T2
Demodulation of SSB Waves, SSB Waves, and Talk
Vestigial side band Knowledge :Vestigial side band
Chalk
25 modulation: Frequency modulation: Frequency T1, T2, R1
and Talk
Week 6 description, description,

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 89
 Chalk
26 Generation of VSB Generation of VSB Modulated and Talk, T1, T2, R1
Modulated wave, wave, PPTs
Analyse:Time domain Chalk
27 T1, T2, R1
Time domain description, description, and Talk
Generation :of Envelope Chalk
28 T1, T2, R1
Envelope detection of a VSB detection of a VSB and Talk
T1, T2, R1
Wave pulse Carrier, Know:Wave pulse Carrier, PPTs
Comparison of AM Comparison :of AM
29 PPTs T1, T2, R1
Techniques, Techniques,
Applications of different AM Applications :of different AM
30 PPTs T1, T2, R1
Week 7 Systems. Systems.
Chalk
31 Generate: Demodulation of and Talk, T1, T2, R1
Demodulation of SSB Waves, SSB Waves, PPTs
Vestigial side band Generate: Vestigial side band Chalk
32 T1, T2, R1
modulation modulation and Talk
Understand: Frequency
Chalk
33 description, T1, T2, R1
and Talk
Frequency description,
Generation of VSB
34 Modulated wave, Time Generation of VSB Modulated PPTs T1, T2, R1
Week 8 domain description, wave, Time domain description,

Mid Exam-I
3
Week 9
Bridge Class Problem solving on above Chalk
35
and Talk
*. Delta Modulation & Subject beyond content Chalk
36 T1, T2, R1
Demodulation and Talk
Knowledge: Envelope detection Chalk
37 T1, T2, R1
Week 9 Envelope detection of a VSB of a VSB and Talk
Description: Wave pulse
38 PPTs T1, T2, R1
Wave pulse Carrier, Carrier,
Chalk
39 Comparison of AM Comparison of AM and Talk, T1, T2, R1
Techniques, Techniques, PPTs
Applications of different AM Applications of different AM Chalk
40 T1, T2, R1
Systems. Systems. and Talk
41 Bridge Class PPTs
Noise: Resistive Noise Source Understand: Noise: Resistive
42 PPTs T1, T2, R1
Week 10 (Thermal), Noise Source (Thermal),
4 Chalk
43 Arbitrary Noise Sources, Know:Arbitrary Noise Sources, and Talk, T1, T2, R
Week 11 Effective Noise Temperature, Effective Noise Temperature, PPTs

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 90
 Analyze: Average Noise
44 PPTs T1, T2, R1
Average Noise Figures, Figures,
Average Noise Figure of Describe: Average Noise Figure
45 PPTs T1, T2, R1
cascaded networks, of cascaded networks,
46 Bridge Class PPTs
*. Power Spectral Density of Subject beyond content
47 Noise in all the systems by PPTs T1, T2, R1
using MATLAB
Narrow Band noise, Analysis: of Narrow Band
Quadrature representation of noise, Quadrature representation
48 PPTs T1, T2, R1
narrow band noise, & its of narrow band noise, & its
properties properties
49 Noise in Analog Analysis: Noise in Analog PPTs T1, T2, R1
communication System, communication System,
Analysis: Noise in DSB and Chalk
50 Noise in DSB and SSB SSB System Noise in AM and Talk, T1, T2, R
Week 12 System Noise in AM System, System, PPTs
51 Bridge Class Problem solving on above
Analysis: Noise in Angle
Chalk
52 Noise in Angle Modulation Modulation System, T1, T2, R3
and Talk
System,
Analysis: Threshold effect in
Chalk
53 Threshold effect in Angle Angle Modulation System, T1, T2, R3
and Talk
Modulation System,
Generation :Pre-emphasis and
Chalk
54 Pre-emphasis and de- de-emphasis. T1, T2, R3
and Talk
emphasis.
Chalk
55 Mock Test-II
Week 13 and Talk
discussio
56 Bridge Class Topic based delivery
n
Understand: Receivers: Radio Chalk
57 T1, T2, R3
Receivers: Radio Receiver - Receiver - and Talk
5
Receiver Types - Tuned radio Know:Receiver Types - Tuned Chalk
58 T1, T2, R3
frequency receiver, radio frequency receiver, and Talk
Apply: Super heterodyne
59 PPTs T1, T2, R3
Week 14 Super heterodyne receiver, receiver,
RF section and Characteristics Apply: RF section and
60 PPTs T1, T2, R3
- Characteristics -
Chalk
61 Frequency changing and Apply:Frequency changing and and Talk, T1, T2, R1
tracking, tracking, PPTs
62 PPTs T1, T2, R3
Intermediate frequency, Know:Intermediate frequency,
Chalk
63 T1, T2, R3
AGC, Understand:AGC, and Talk
PPTs,
64 Discussi T1, T2, R3
Week 15 FM Receiver, Apply:FM Receiver, ons

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 91
 Comparison with AM Comparison with AM
65 PPTs T1, T2, R3
Receiver, Receiver,
66 PPTs T1, T2, R3
Amplitude limiting. Know:Amplitude limiting.
Chalk
67 PULSE MODULATION, Generation: PULSE and Talk, T1, T2, R1
Week 16 Types MODULATION, Types PPTs
68 Chalk T1, T2, R1
PAM (Single polarity, double Generation:PAM (Single and Talk,
polarity) polarity, double polarity) PPTs
69 Chalk T1, T2, R1
PWM Generation and Generation:PWM Generation and Talk,
demodulation of PWM, and demodulation of PWM, PPTs
70 Chalk T1, T2, R1
PPM, Generation and Generation:PPM, Generation and Talk,
demodulation of PPM, and demodulation of PPM, PPTs
71 Chalk T1, T2, R1
and
Generation:Time Division Talk,PPT
Time Division Multiplexing Multiplexing s
Chalk
and Talk,
Revision
Week 17 Revision PPTs
IX. MAPPING COURSE OUTCOMES LEADING TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF
PROGRAM OUTCOMES AND PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:

Program
Course Program Outcomes Specific
Objective Outcomes
s PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO PO PO PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 11 12 13 1 2 3
I 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 - 1 1 3 3 2 2 2 2
II 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 - 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
III 2 3 3 1 2 2 3 - 1 2 1 2 3 3 3 2
IV 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 - 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 3
V 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 - 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
VI 3 2 3 2 3 1 2 - 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3
1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium) 3: Substantial (High) - : None

X. QUESTION BANK (JNTUH) :

UNIT - I
Short Answer Questions:

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 92
 Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Define modulation. Why is modulation required? Understand 1
2 Define modulation index? Understand 1
3 Describe the DSB-SC wave modulation with spectrum. Understand 1
4 Describe the detection of AM wave using a) square law
detector b) Envelope detector Remember 1
5 Compare square law detector with envelope detector. Analyze 1
6 Explain the detection of DSB-SC wave using a) Synchronous 1
detector b) costas loop Remember
7 Why frequency translation is required Remember 1
8 Explain the generation of DSB-SC wave using a) Balanced 1
modulator b) Ring Modulator Understand
9 What is Envelope Distortion. Understand 1
10 List the various types of Modulations. Remember 1

Long Answer Questions:

Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 a) Explain necessary expressions, waveforms and spectrums, APPLY 1
Explain AM for an arbitrary baseband signal m(t).
b) The output power of an AM transmitter is 1KW when
sinusoidal modulated to a depth of 100%. Calculate the power in
each side band when the Modulation depth is reduced to 50%.

2 a) Discuss the main objectives of a communication system APPLY 1

design? What are the primary resources of any communication
system?
b) The RC load for a diode envelope detector consists of a 1000
pF capacitor in parallel with a 10-K resistor. Calculate the
maximum modulation depth that can be handled for sinusoidal
modulation at a frequency of 10 KHz if diagonal peak clipping
is to be avoided.
3 a) Sketch the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the APPLY 1
modulation index of it in terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages.
b) A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular
wave having zero dc component and peak to peak voltage of
12V. It is used to amplitude modulate a carrier of peak voltage
10V. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio of the side
lengths L1/L2 of the corresponding trapezoidal pattern.

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 93
 4 a) Plot the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation APPLY 1
index of it in terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages
b) The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when
un- Modulated and 12 A when sinusoidal modulated. Calculate
the modulation index.
5 a) Explain the collector modulation method for generating AM APPLY 1
wave with a neat circuit diagram and waveforms.
An AM amplifier provides an output of 106 W at 100%
modulation. The internal loss is 20 W
a). What is un-modulated carrier power?
b) What is the side band power?
6 a) Explain operation of square law detector with circuit diagram APPLY 1
and waveforms.
b) An AM transmitter has un-modulated carrier power of 10
KW. It can be modulated by sinusoidal modulating voltage to a
maximum depth of 40%, without overloading. If the maximum
modulation index is reduced to 30%. What is the extent up to
which the un modulated carrier power can be increased to
avoid over loading.

7 Sketch the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation APPLY 1
index of it in terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages.

8 a) Define communication. Explain with block diagram the basic APPLY 1

communication system. Write about modern communication
system.
b) A carrier wave of frequency 10 MHz and peak value of 10 V
is amplitude modulated by a 5 KHz sine wave of amplitude 6 V.
Determine
9 Explain about the quadrature null effect of coherent detector APPLY 1
b) In DSB-SC, suppression of carrier so as to save transmitter
power results in receiver complexity - Justify this statement

10. Explain about SSB-SC modulation with neat sketches. APPLY 1

UNIT - II
Short Answer Questions:
Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 What are the Advantages of SSB systems? Remember 2
2 Compare different AM systems? Understand 2
3 List Application of different AM systems? Remember 2
4 2
What is Hilbert Transform? Remember
5 Draw the spectrum of SSB modulated signal? Remember 2

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 94
 6 2
What are the methods for SSB generation? Understand
7 Draw the spectrum of VSB modulated signal? Remember 2
8 2
What are the methods for SSB generation? Remember
9 List Application of SSB? Understand 2
10 Write the expression for SSB and VSB Waves. Understand 2

Long Answer Questions:

Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 a) Describe the time domain band-pass representation of SSB Apply 2
with necessary sketches.
b) Find the percentage of power saved in SSB when compared
with AM system.
2 a) Prove that the modulating signal can be completely recovered Apply 2
if the cut- off frequency of the filter is fN < fo < 2fc.
b) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is
cos[ωc t+ ].
c) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is
cosωct.
3 a) Why VSB system is widely used for TV broadcasting - Apply 2
Explain?
b) An AM transmitter of 1KW power is fully modulated.
Calculate the power transmitted if it is transmitted as SSB.
4 Describe the single tone modulation of SSB. Assume both understand 2
modulating and carrier signals are sinusoids. Write SSB
equation and plot all the waveforms and spectrums.
5 a) Explain the Third method of generating SSB modulated understand 2
waves.
b) Explain the coherent detection of SSB signals.
6 a) Explain the envelope detection of VSB wave plus carrier. Apply 2
b) Calculate the percentage power saving when the carrier and
one of the sidebands are suppressed in an AM wave modulated
to a depth of i. 100 % ii. 50 % .
7 Explain with block diagram, the phase discrimination method of Apply 2
generating SSB modulated wave
8 a) Explain about Diagonal Clipping in a diode detector. How to Apply 2
avoid it?
b) A 45 Volts(rms) sinusoidal carrier is amplitude
modulated by a 30Volts(rms) sinusoidal base band signal. Find
the Modulation index of the resulting signal.
9 Calculate the filter requirement to convert DSB signal to SSB Apply 2
Signal, given that the two side bands are separated by 200HZ.
The suppressed carrier is 29MHZ.
10. Find the various frequency components and their amplitude in Apply 2

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 95
 the Voltage given below E=50(1+0.7cos5000t-0.3cos1000t) sin
5x106t.Draw the single sided spectrum. Also evaluate the
modulated and sideband powers.

UNIT - III
Short Answer Questions:

Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 What is Angle modulation? What are different types of Angle 3
modulation? Remember
2 Define PM & FM? What is frequency deviation & phase 3
deviation? Understand
3 Compare AM and FM? Remember 3
4 What are Advantages & Applications of FM? Understand 3
5 Explain the Phasor diagram of FM signals? Analyze 3
6 Plot FM wave taking modulating wave m(t) as Understand 4
a. Sine wave b. Square wave
7 Define is deviation ratio? Remember 4
8 What is wideband FM & Narrowband FM? Remember 4
9 State Carson’s Rule? Remember 4
10 Derive the equations for FM & PM waves? Remember 4

Long Answer Questions:

Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Level Outco
me
1 a) Describe generation of FM carrier by Transistor Apply 3
reactance modulator with necessary diagrams.
b) Compare the phasor diagram of narrow band FM signal
and AM signal and discuss about the similarities and
differences of the two signals
2 a) FM Give the procedure to determine the effective understand 3
bandwidth of an signal.
b) Which method of FM signal generation is the preferred
choice, when the stability of the carrier frequency is of
major concern? Discuss about the method in detail.
3 Determine the amplitude spectrum of the filter output for Apply 3
An FM wave with modulation index β = 1 is transmitted
through an ideal band pass filter with mid band frequency
fc and bandwidth is 5fm, where fc is the carrier frequency
and fm is the frequency of the sinusoidal modulating wave.
4 An angle modulated signal has the form v(t) = 100 cos Apply 3

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 96
 (2πfct+4 sin 2000πt) when fc =10 MHz.
i. Determine average transmitted power.
ii. Determine peak phase deviation.
iii. Determine the peak frequency deviation.
iv. Is this an FM or a PM signal? Explain.
5 a) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the Apply 3
transmission of FM signal having a frequency deviation 75
KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10 KHz.
b) An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz.
The modulating frequency is 3 kHz. Calculate the
bandwidth needed for the link. What will be the bandwidth
if the deviation is reduced to 15 kHz?
6 a) Explain the operation of limiter circuit in fm Apply 4
demodulation.
b) An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 kHz.
The modulating frequency is 3 kHz. Calculate the
bandwidth needed for the link. What will be the bandwidth
if the deviation is reduced to 15 kHz?
7 a) Explain about FM generation using transistor reactance understand 4
tube modulator.
b) Explain balanced ratio detector for detecting FM signal.
8 a) Why are limiters and preemphasis filters used in Understand 4
FMradio.
b) Classify radio transmitters based on the type of
modulation and Service involved.
9 a) Classify radio transmitters in detail. Understand 4
b) Compare low level modulation and high level
modulation of
radio transmitters.
10 Draw the black diagram of FM stereo broadcast Understand 4
transmitters and explain its operation.

UNIT - IV
Short Answer Questions:

Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Define Sensitivity and Selectivity. Understand 5
2 List the Classification of receivers. Understand 5
3 Explain Super heterodyne working principle. Understand 5
4 Define image frequency. Remember 5
5 Define Image frequency rejection ratio. Remember 5
6 Compare Continuous wave and pulse modulation 5
technique. Understand

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 97
7 State Sampling Theorem. Remember 5
8 Write Merits and Demerits of PAM. Understand 5
9 Compare PAM, PPM,PWM. Understand 5
10 List out the applications of pulse modulation techniques. Remember 5

Long Answer Questions:

Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 a) Find the output SNR in a PM system for tone Apply 5
modulation.
b) A phase modulation (PM) system, with the modulated
wave defined by S (t)= Ac Cos [2π fct + kpm(t)] where kp
is a constant and m(t) is the messagesignal. The additive
noise n(t) at the phase detector input is n(t) = nI(t) cos
(2πfc t)−nQ (t) sin 2πfc t.Assuming that the carrier-
to-noise ratio at thedetector input is high compared
with unity, determinei. the output signal-to-noise ratio and
ii. the figure of merit of the system
2 Explain how S/N ratio is a figure of merit in case of Analyze 5
performance of a communication channel
3 Derive the expression for figure of merit of AM system for Understand 5
large case.
4 Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and Remember 5
prove its S/N Ratio
is unity.
5 Compare noise performance of PM and FM system. Apply 5
6 a) Explain the equivalent model of a generalized Apply 5
communication system for noise calculation.
b) Explain the noise performance of DSB -SC scheme
with the help ofblock diagram
7 a) Prove that the figure of merit of AM system for single Apply 5
stone modulation with 100% modulation is 1/3.
b) An AM system with envelope detection is
operating at threshold. Determine the power gain
indecibels needed at the transmitter to produce (S/N)o =
30dB for tone modulation with m = 1.
8 a) Derive the expression for the S/N ratio of AM system. Apply 5
b) What is capture effect? Explain FM Threshold effect.
9 Prove that narrow band FM offers no improvement in SNR Understand 5
over AM.
10 Explain the noise performance of SSB - SC receiver and Apply 5
prove its S/N Ratio is unity.

UNIT - V
Short Answer Questions:

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 98
 Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 Define Sensitivity and Selectivity. Understand 6
2 List the Classification of receivers. Understand 6
3 Explain Super heterodyne working principle. Understand 6
4 Define image frequency. Remember 6
5 Define Image frequency rejection ratio. Remember 6
6 Compare Continuous wave and pulse modulation 6
technique. Understand
7 State Sampling Theorem. Remember 6
8 Write Merits and Demerits of PAM. Understand 6
9 Compare PAM, PPM,PWM. Understand 6
10 List out the applications of pulse modulation techniques. Remember 6

Long Answer Questions:

Blooms Course
S.No Question Taxonomy Outcome
Level
1 a) Explain of the block diagram TRF receiver. Also Understand 6
explain the basic super heterodyne principle.
b) List out the advantages and disadvantages of TRF
receiver
2 a) Describe the circuit of an FET amplitude limiter, and Analyze 6
with the aid of the transfer characteristic explain the
operation of the circuit.
b) What can be done to improve the overall limiting
performance of an FM? receiver? Explain the operation of
the double limiter and also AGC in addition to a limier.
3 a) Explain the purpose and working of Tracking circuits. Analyze 6
b) Explain the purpose of pre emphasis and de emphasis
circuits and the working of these circuits.
4 a) List and discuss the factors influencing the choice of the Understand 6
intermediate frequency for a radio receiver.
b) What is simple automatic gain control? What are its
functions?
5 a) What factors govern the choice of intermediate Apply 6
frequency?
b) In a broadcast super heterodyne receiver having no
RF amplifier, the loaded Q of the antenna coupling circuit
is 100. If the IF frequency is 455 kHz, determine the image
frequency and its rejection ratio for tuning at 1.1 kHz a
station.
6 a) Discuss about the alignment of Radio receiver with all Understand 6
details.
b) Discuss about the need for limiter and de-emphasis
circuits in FM receivers
7 a) Describe the synchronization procedure for PAM, PWM Understand 6
and PPM signals.
b) Discuss about the spectra of PWM and PDM signals.
8 a) Describe the generation and demodulation of PPM with Understand 6

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 99
 the help of block diagram and hence discuss its spectral
characteristics.
b) Define and distinguish between PTM and PAM
schemes. Sketch and explain their waveform for a single
tone sinusoidal input signal.
9 a) How is PDM wave converted into PPM system? Understand 6
b) Explain why a single channel PPM of system requires
the transmission of synchronization signal, where as a
single channel PAM or PDM system does not it.
10 a) Why is cross talk present in PTM system? Explain the Understand 6
generation and demodulation of PDM signals with suitable
diagrams
b) How a PPM signal can be generated from a PWM signal

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
UNIT-I
1.A message signal 𝑚(𝑡) = cos 2000 𝜋𝑡 + 4 cos 4000 𝜋𝑡 modulates the carriers 𝑐(𝑡) = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡
where 𝑓𝑐 = 1𝑀𝐻𝑧 to produce an AM signal. For demodulating the generated AM signal using an
envelope detector, the time constant RC of the detector circuit should satisfy (a) 0.5 ms< RC < 1 ms
(b)1 µs << RC < 0.5 ms
(c) RC<< 1 µs (d)RC >> 0.5 ms Answer: b
2. A super heterodyne radio receiver with an intermediate frequency of 455 KHz is tuned to a
station operating at 1200 KHz. The associated image frequency is -----------KHz
Answer: 2110 khz
3.Consider an angle modulation signal 𝑥(𝑡) = 6𝑐𝑜𝑠[2𝜋 × 103 + 2 sin(8000𝜋𝑡) + 4 cos(8000𝜋𝑡)]𝑉.
The average power of (𝑡) is
(a) 10 W (b)18 W (c) 20 W (d)28 W
Answer: b
4. A modulation signal is given by (𝑡) = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 cos[(𝜔𝑐 + ∆𝜔)𝑡] 𝑢(𝑡), where,𝜔𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝜔 are positive
constants, and 𝜔𝑐 ≫ ∆𝜔. The complex envelope of s(t) is given by
(a) exp(−𝑎𝑡) 𝑒𝑥𝑝[𝑗(𝜔𝑐 + ∆𝜔)]𝑢(𝑡) (b)exp(−𝑎𝑡) exp(𝑗∆𝜔𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
(c) 𝑒(𝑗∆𝜔𝑡)𝑢(𝑡) (d)𝑒𝑥𝑝[(𝑗𝜔𝑐 + ∆𝜔)𝑡]
Answer: b
5. An AM signal and a narrow-band FM signal with identical carriers, modulating signals and
modulation indices of 0.1 are added together. The resultant signal can be closely approximated by
(a) Broadband FM (b)SSB with carrier
(c) DSB-SC (d)SSB without carrier
Answer: b
6. The maximum power efficiency of an AM modulator is
(a) 25% (b)50% (c) 33% (d)100%
Answer: c
7. Consider sinusoidal modulation in an AM systems. Assuming no over modulation , the
modulation index (µ) when the maximum and minimum values of the envelope, respectively, are
3V and 1V is ____________
Answer: 0.50
8. Disadvantages of using synchronous detection of AM signal are:
a. Needs additional system for generation of carrier b. Needs additional system for synchronization of carrier
c. Receiver is complex and costly d. All of the above
Answer: d

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 100

9. Generation of SSB SC signal is done by
a. Phase discrimination method b. Frequency discrimination method
c. Product modulator d. Both a and b
10.In an Amplitude Modulation
a. Amplitude of the carrier varies b. Frequency of the carrier remains constant
c. Phase of the carrier remains constant d. All of the above
Answer: d

UNIT-II
1. The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal plus noise. The noise at the detector output is
(a) the in-phase component (b)the quadrature-component
(c) zero (d)the envelope
Answer: a
2.A message signal with bandwidth 10 KHz is Lower-Side Band SSB modulated with carrier frequency 𝑓𝑐1
= 106𝐻𝑧. The resulting signal is then passed through a narrow-band frequency Modulator with carrier
frequency 𝑓𝑐2 = 109𝐻𝑧. The bandwidth of the output would be
(a) 4 × 104𝐻𝑧 (b)2 × 106𝐻𝑧 (c) 2 × 109𝐻𝑧 (d)2 × 1010𝐻z
Answer: b
3. In a double side-band (DSB) full carrier AM transmission system, if the modulation index is doubled, then
the ratio of total sideband power to the carrier power increases by a factor of ____________.
Answer: Factor of 4
4. Which of the following analog modulation scheme requires the minimum transmitted power and minimum
channel band-width? (a) VSB (b)DSB-SC (c) SSB (d)AM
Answer: c
5. Square law modulators
a. Have non linear current-voltage characteristics b. Are used for Amplitude Modulation
c. Are used for frequency modulation d. Both a and b are correct
Answer: d
6. AM demodulation techniques are
a. Square law demodulator b. Envelope detector c. PLL detector d. Both a and b are correct
ANSWER: d
7. The process of recovering information signal from received carrier is known as
a. Detection b. Modulation c. Demultiplexing d. Sampling
Answer: a
8.Ring modulator is
a. Is used for DSB SC generation b. Consists of four diodes connected in the form of ring
c. Is a product modulator d. All of the above
Answer: d
9. What is the maximum transmission efficiency of an AM signal?
a. 64.44% b. 33.33% c. 56.66% d. 75.55%
Answer: b
10. In synchronous detection of AM signal
a. Carrier is locally generated b. Passed through a low pass filter
c. The original signal is recovered d. All of the above
ANSWER: d

UNIT-III

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 101

1. A 10 MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 500 Hz, the maximum
frequency deviation being 50 KHz. The bandwidth required. as given by the Carson’s rule is
___________
Answer: 101 khz
2. (𝑡) = 5[cos(106𝜋𝑡) − sin(103𝜋𝑡) × sin(106𝜋𝑡)] represents
(a) DSB suppressed carrier signal (b)AM signal
(c) SSB upper sideband signal (d)Narrow band FM signal
Answer: d
3. Consider the frequency modulated signal 10[cos 2𝜋 × 105 𝑡 + 5 sin(2𝜋 × 1500𝑡) + 7.5 sin(2𝜋 ×
1000𝑡)] with carrier frequency of 105 Hz. The modulation index is
(a) 12.5 (b)10 (c) 7.5 (d)5
Answer: b
4. A device with input (𝑡) and output (𝑡) is characterized by: 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑥 2 (𝑡). An FM signal with
frequency deviation of 90 KHz and modulating signal bandwidth of 5 KHz is applied to this device.
The bandwidth of the output signal is
(a) 370 KHz (b)190 KHz (c) 380 KHz (d)95 KHz
Answer: a
5. An angle-modulation signal is given by 𝑠(𝑡) = cos(2𝜋 × 2 × 106 𝑡 + 2𝜋 × 30 sin 150𝑡 + 2𝜋 × 40
cos 150𝑡) The maximum frequency and phase deviations of s(t) are (a) 10.5KHz, 140π rad (b)6
KHz, 80π rad (c) 10.5 KHz, 100π rad (d)7.5 KHz, 100π rad
Answer: d
6. In a FM system, a carrier of 100 MHz is modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 5 KHz. The
bandwidth by Carson’s approximation is 1MHz. If y(t) = (modulated waveform)3 , then by using
Carson’s approximation, the bandwidth of y(t) around 300 MHz and the spacing of spectral
components are, respectively.
(a) 3 MHz, 5 KHz (b)1 MHz, 15 KHz (c) 3 MHz, 15 KHz (d)1 MHz, 5 KHz
Answer: a
7. An FM signal with a modulation index 9 is applied to a frequency tripler. The modulation index
in the output signal will be
(a) 0 (b)3 (c) 9 (d)27
Answer: d
8. A signal (𝑡) = 2 cos(𝜋. 104 𝑡) volts is applied to an FM modulator with the sensitivity constant of
10 KHz/volt. Then the modulation index of the FM wave is
(a) 4 (b)2 (c) 4/π (d)2/π
Answer: a
9. A carrier 𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 is frequency modulated by a signal 𝐸𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡.The modulation index is
mf. The expression for the resulting FM signal is
(a) 𝐴𝑐 cos[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 sin 𝜔𝑚𝑡] (b)𝐴𝑐 cos[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 𝑚𝑓 cos 𝜔𝑚𝑡]
(c) 𝐴𝑐 cos[𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋 𝑚𝑓 sin 𝜔𝑚𝑡] (d)𝐴𝐶 cos [𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝜋𝑚𝑓𝐸𝑚 𝜔𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑚𝑡]
Answer: a
10. The bandwidth of Wideband FM signal is _____________________.

UNIT-IV
1) Notch filter is a
a. Band pass filter b. Band stop filter c. Low pass filter d. High pass filter
Answer: b

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 102

2) Noise is added to a signal in a communication system
a. At the receiving end b. At transmitting antenna
c. In the channel d. During regeneration of the information
Answer: c
3) Noise power at the resistor is affected by the value of the resistor as
a. Directly proportional to the value of the resistor b. Inversely proportional to the value of the resistor
c. Unaffected by the value of the resistor d. Becomes half as the resistance value is doubled
Answer: c
4) Low frequency noise is
a. Transit time noise b. Flicker noise c. Shot noise d. None of the above
Answer: b
6) At a room temperature of 300K, calculate the thermal noise generated by two resistors of 10KΩ and 20
KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz.
a. 4.071 * 10-6 V, 5.757 * 10-6 V b. 6.08 * 10-6 V, 15.77 * 10-6 V
-6 -6
c. 16.66 * 10 V, 2.356 * 10 V d. 1.66 * 10-6 V, 0.23 * 10-6 V
Answer: a
5) At a room temperature of 300K, calculate the thermal noise generated by two resistors of 10KΩ and 30
KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz and the resistors are connected in parallel.
a. 30.15 * 10-3 b. 8.23 * 10-23 c. 11.15 * 10-7 d. 26.85 * 10-7
Answer: c
6) Thermal noise is also known as
a. Johnson noise b. Partition noise c. Flicker noise d. Solar noise
Answer: a
7) The rms value of thermal noise voltage is related to Boltzmann’s constant k as
a. Vn is Directly proportional to k2 b. Vn is Directly proportional to k
c. Vn is Directly proportional to √k d. Vn is Directly proportional to k3
Answer: c
8) A distorted signal of frequency fm is recovered from a sampled signal if the sampling frequency fs is
a. fs > 2fm b. fs < 2fm c. fs = 2fm d. fs ≥ 2fm
Answer: b
9) In pulse width modulation,
a. Synchronization is not required between transmitter and receiver
b. Amplitude of the carrier pulse is varied c. Instantaneous power at the transmitter is constant
d. None of the above
Answer: a
10) In PWM signal reception, the Schmitt trigger circuit is used
a. To remove noise b. To produce ramp signal c. For synchronization d. None of the above
Answer: a

UNIT-V
1. The image channel selectivity of super heterodyne receiver depends upon
(a) IF amplifiers only (b)RF and IF amplifiers only
(c) Pre selector, RF and IF amplifiers (d)Pre selector and RF amplifiers
Answer: d
2. Demodulation is done in ________
a) Transmitter b) Radio Receiver c) Receiving antenna d) Transducer
Answer: b
3. What is Fidelity?
a) Equally amplifies all the signal frequencies at receiver
b) Ability of receiver to select wanted signal from various incoming signal

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 103

c) Minimum magnitude of input signal required to produced a specified output
d) Process of varying one or more properties of carrier signal
Answer: a
4.In a receiver, noise is usually developed at ________
a) Audio stage b) Receiving antenna c) RF stage d) IF stage
Answer: c
5. Which oscillator is used as a local oscillator in radio receiver?
a) Wien-bridge b) Hartley c) Crystal d) Phase Shift
Answer: b
6. Process of recovering information signal from received carrier is known as ________
a) Sensitivity b) Selectivity c) Detection d) Multiplexing
Answer: c
7. What is the use of varacter diode in radio receiver?
a) Demodulation b) Mixing c) Multiplexing d) Tuning
Answer: d
8. What is the function of radio receiver?
a) to detect and amplify information signal from the carrier b) to transmit message
c) to process the electrical signal from different aspects d) to convert one form of energy into other
Answer: a
9. Superheterodyne principle provides selectivity at ________
a) RF stage b) IF stage c) Before RF stage d) Audio
Answer: b
10. A heterodyne frequency changer is ________
a) Mixer b) Demodulator c) Modulator d) Fidelity
Answer: a

XI. GATE QUESTIONS:

1. In commercial TV transmission in India, picture and speech signals are modulated respectively
(Picture) (Speech)
(a) VSB and VSB (b)VSB and SSB
(c) VSB and FM (d) FM and VSB
Answer: c
2. The maximum power efficiency of an AM modulator is
(a) 25% (b)50% (c) 33% (d)100%
Answer: c

3. Which of the following analog modulation scheme requires the minimum transmitted power and
minimum channel band-width?
(a) VSB (b) DSB-SC (c) SSB (d)AM
Answer: c

4. Suppose that the modulating signal is (𝑡) = 2 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡) and the carrier signal is 𝑥𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶
cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡).Which one of the following is a conventional AM signal without over-modulation?
(a) (𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) (b)𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 [1 + 𝑚(𝑡)] cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐𝑡)
(c) (𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝐴𝐶 4 𝑚(𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
(d)(𝑡) = 𝐴𝐶 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + 𝐴𝐶 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡) sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
Answer: b
5. For a message signal (𝑡) = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) and carrier of frequency𝑓𝑐 . Which of the following

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 104

represents a single side-band (SSB) signal?
(a) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) (b) cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
(c) cos[2𝜋(𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚)𝑡] (d)[1 + cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑚𝑡)]. cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
Answer: c
6. A DSB-SC signal is generated using the carrier cos(𝜔𝐶𝑡 + 𝜃) and modulating signal x(t). The
envelop of the DSB-SC signal is
(a) (𝑡) (b)|𝑥(𝑡)| (c) Only positive portion of x(t) (d)𝑥(𝑡) cosϴ
Answer: b
7. A 1 MHz sinusoidal carrier is amplitude modulated by a symmetrical square wave of period
100 µsec. Which of the following frequencies will not be present in the modulated signal?
(a) 990 kHz (b)1010 kHz (c) 1020 kHz (d)1030 kHz
Answer: c
8. A message signal given by (𝑡) = ( 1 2 ) cos 𝜔1𝑡 − ( 1 2 ) sin 𝜔2𝑡 is amplitude
modulated with a carrier of frequency ωc to generate 𝑠(𝑡) = [1 + 𝑚(𝑡)] cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 What is the power
efficiency achieved by this modulation scheme?
(a) 8.33% (b)11.11% (c) 20% (d)25%
Answer: c
9. Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) signal𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡 + 2 cos 𝜔𝑚 𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑐 𝑡. For
demodulating the signal using envelope detector, the minimum value of AC should be
(a) 2 (b)1 (c) 0.5 (d)0
Answer: a
10. An AM signal is detected using an envelope detector. The carrier frequency and modulation
signal frequency are 1 MHz and 2 KHz respectively. An appropriate value for the time constant of
the envelope detector is (a) 500 µsec (b)20 µsec (c) 0.2 µsec (d)1 µsec
Answer: b

XII. WEBSITES:
1. http://www.sureshpnair.in/documents/AnalogCommunicationMaterials/Introduction to
Communication
2. http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-EHEP000424.html
3. http://research.pcworld.com/technology/electronics/analog_communications
4. http://research.crn.com/technology/electronics/analog_communications
5. http://manajntu.com/jntu-analog-communication-ac-study-material-notes/

XIII. EXPERT DETAILS:

1. http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Digital_and_analog_communication_systems.html
2. http://cnx.org/content/m31807/latest/
3. http://searchfunmoods.com/results.php?q=Analog+Communications
4. http://www.engineersarchive.com/2011/10/taub-and-schilling-principles-of.html
5. http://kolkata.quikr.com/modern-digital-and-analog-communication-systems-by-B.p.lathi

XIV. JOURNALS:
1. International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention
2. American Communication Journal
3. International journal in communication
4. Journal of Applied communication research

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 105

XV. LIST OF TOPICS FOR STUDENT SEMINARS:
1. System, Need for modulation
2. Frequency division multiplexing
3. Square law modulator and switching modulator
4. Generation of DSB SB waves
5. AM transmitter block diagram
6. Spectrum analysis of Sinusoidal waves
7. Angle modulation methods
8. Foster Steely Discriminator
9. Threshold effect in AM systems
10. Super heterodyne receiver
11. PWM Generation and demodulation
12. Satellite Communication.

XVI. CASE STUDIES / SMALL PROJECTS:

1. Study of Angle modulation concepts.
2. Study of Angle modulation Methods.
3. Study the Characteristics of Different types of Waves.

II Yr-ECE – II Sem. 106