PROJECT 7

ACIDS AND BASES: Finding Unknowns through Standardization and Titration

Ericka Benitez
Omar Kawasmeh
Natali Gutierrez
Gabriel Rocher

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CHM1046L -U04

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TA: MONICA KARAS

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 ABSTRACT
Project 7, Acids and Bases, had multiple purposes. For the first week of the experiment,
an unknown solution was given along with the task of determining if it was an acid or a base.
Based on the pH attained, the list of test were narrowed down. A conductivity test was performed
to determine if it was a strong or weak electrolyte. The unknown solution gave a very strong
electrolyte test result. Next, a flame test was done and the results were an orange/yellow flame.
Based on a list of flame test results, it was concluded that the unknown given was NaOH. The
second week of the experiment was the standardization of NaOH and HCl and to determine the
concentration of such solutions. Ideally, it was desired to have something between 0.90M-1M of
the solution so standardization was done to determine this. NaOH was standardized with KHP,
mixed with water, and HCl used NaOH for its standardization. Three trials of titration gave
results that led to the calculations for the RAD of NaOH which was 19.87.. The third week of the

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experiment was to find the concentration of an unknown acid, with the help of HCl, and an

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unknown base, using NaOH. The indicator used will be determined when the pH of the unknown

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is determined to help decide on the best fit for the solution.
[The rest of the information needed for week 3 is still pending on the completion of week 3 lab]

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INTRODUCTION

For this experiment, we were tasked with investigating the properties of two unknown
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solutions that, after the closing of a chemical plant were left unlabeled. In week one
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investigations were conducted into the identity of unknown substances in two solutions. In week
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two the average amount of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) needed to standardize Hydrochloric Acid
(HCl), and Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) was found. For week 1, various tests were
performed on each of two flasks to determine what acid or base was present. First, a pH strip was
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used to determine which flask contained the acid and the base. Then a lightbulb test was used to
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assess the strength of the acid or a base. For the acid, we tested for Chlorine, then for
Sulfate,then for Iodide or Bromide, then for Nitrate and finally for Acetate. For the flask
containing the base, a flame test was used to determine the presence of Potassium Hydroxide
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(KOH), and a smell test was used to assess whether Ammonia (NH 4) was present. By
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performing all these tests we were able to access the correct substances present in each of our
unknowns, one being NaOH and another HNO3. This also tells us that we had a strong base and a
strong acid. For week two, we performed a direct titration of Sodium Hydroxide by titrating it
into Hydrochloric Acid until the indicator turned light pink, and the amount of NaOH used was
recorded to determine the mean value across three trials. Then we proceeded to standardize
NaOH indirectly by titrating it into the KHP solution. (Cooper)

PROCEDURES

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 For week 1, an unknown solution with a blue note numbered 533 and another unknown
solution with a yellow note numbered 438 are given. pH strips must be obtained and dipped into
both of the unknown solutions. Let the pH strips dry and record if the unknowns are either an
acid or a base. If the unknown is an acid, then many tests will have to be done to decipher which
acid the unknown is. To find if the unknown acid is a strong or weak electrolyte, the light bulb
test will be utilized. Dip the two wires into the solution and see how many if any light bulbs light
up. After the light bulb test, the many other tests to analyze the anions will be administered. The
first will be the chlorine test. 1mL of 6M HNO₃ will be mixed with 1mL of AgNO₃. If the test is
positive, then a white precipitate will begin to form. The next test will be Sulfate. 1mL of
unknown solution will be mixed with 1mL of 6M HCl and 1mL of BaCl₂ solution. If the solution
produces any kind of white precipitate then the test is positive for sulfate. The third test will test
for either iodide or bromide. 1mL of the unknown solution will be mixed in a test tube with 1mL

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of CCl4 and 1ml of chlorine water. The test tube then should be shaken. If the color purple is

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visible then the test is positive for iodide, although if the color yellow is identified then the test is

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positive for bromide. If the test for iodide specifically is negative, then the test for Nitrate may be
initiated. 1mL of the unknown solution must be mixed with 3mL of concentrated H₂SO₄ (make

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sure to add very carefully). When the mixture is cooled, make sure to place the test tube at a
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45-degree angle away from other people and pour 2mL of FeSO₄ so the H₂SO₄ floats to the top.
If a brown ring is spotted then the test is positive for Nitrate. The last test for the unknown acid
will test for acetate. 2mL of unknown will be mixed with 1 drop of concentrated H₂SO₄. Then
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mix 1mL of ethanol then heat the solution in a water bath. Carefully grab the test tube and whiff
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at the air to smell the tube. If a fruity smell is noticed then the test is positive for acetate. If the
unknown solution was a base then another set of the test must be used to identify the cation. The
first test will be for ammonium. With 1mL of the unknown mix with 1mL of 6M NaOH. When
whiffing at the air, if the smell of ammonia is noticed then the test is positive. The final test will
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be the flame test. The solution is added to a fire created by a Bunsen burner with a wire rod. The
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color of the flame will indicate which cation is identified.

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Element Color Intensity

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Barium Pale green Low

Calcium Red Medium

Potassium Pale violet Low

Sodium Bright orange/yellow High

Strontium Crimson Red Medium

Lithium Carmine Red Medium

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 Copper Blue-green Medium

Magnesium None None

As one group is finishing all of these tests, have one group creating a dilution of NaOH. Obtain a
500mL bottle and fill with 10mL of NaOH. Fill the remainder of the bottle with distilled water
then shake the bottle to mix.
For week 2, KHP and HCl will both be standardized with NaOH. For KHP, 2.04 grams
must be collected and mixed with DI water to create a solution inside of a beaker. Continue to
mix the KHP with DI water until all of its precipitate is no longer visible. Set the solution down
and start to prepare the buret for titration. To thoroughly clean the buret, make sure to rinse with
DI water twice before adding the NaOH. Once done rinsing with DI water, rinse once more with

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the Distilled NaOH before conducting the titration. Place 50 mL of distilled NaOH into the buret.
Before starting the titration, connect a spark system with a pH reader and place it into the beaker

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with the KHP. Proceed to allow the buret to drop one mL of NaOH into the beaker. Stop every

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1mL to record data and pH level before placing data into an excel graph. Proceed with these
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steps until the solution has reached its equivalence point. Once the data has been collected, all
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steps must be repeated twice more without the spark system. Before starting the titration make
sure to add 3 drops of phenolphthalein to be used as an indicator. Instead of dropping 1mL like
the last time, since the equivalence point is known, the NaOH may be poured to this point. When
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finished record data and clean up. For HCl, fill a beaker with 10mL of HCl. Refill the buret with
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the 50mL of NaOH. Use the same process as done with the KHP to standardize the HCl and find
the point of equivalence.
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RESULTS
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Figure 1: Flow charts of tests for determining the solution to the unknown
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Standardization of NaOH
PARAMETER TRAIL 1 TRIAL 2 TRAIL 3
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Weight of KHP (2.04 2.04g 2.04g 2.04g

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G)

Initial Buret reading 0 0 0

(V₁)

Final Buret reading 10 10.4 10.5

(V₂)

Volume of NaOH 10 10.4 10.5

delivered (V=V₂ -V₁)

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 Volume at 10 10.4 10.5
equivalence point

Average Molarity of 0.968

NaOH (M avg.)

Absolute Deviation 0.031 0.004 0.017

(M- M avg.)

Average Deviation 0.0173

(AD)

Relative Average 17.87

Deviation (RAD)

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RAD= (AD / M avg) × 1000

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Figure 2: The results obtained over 3 trials of NaOH Standardization

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Figure 3: Titration Curve

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Figure 4: Dilution of NaOH solution on Left and Trial 2 of titration procedure on Right
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 References

Cooper, M. M. (2007). Cooperative Chemistry. Laboratory Manual.

Eddy, D. (2017, April). Standardization of NaOH. Retrieved November 2019, from

http://www.chem.latech.edu/~deddy/chem104/104Standard.htm.

The Standardization of NaOH and KHP. (2018, February 5). Retrieved from
https://www.odinity.com/standardization-naoh-khp/.

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