Chapter 1

1.Definition of Nutrition

Nutrition or nutrition is an organic substance that organisms need for normal functioning of

the body's systems, growth, health maintenance.Research in the field of nutrition studies the
relationship between food and drink on health and disease , especially in determining the
optimal diet . In the past, research on nutrition was only limited to preventing malnutrition and
determining the basic needs (standards) of nutrition in living things. Figures nutritional needs
( nutrients ) of this base known internationally with the terms of the Recommended Daily
Allowance (RDA).

Along with scientific developments in the fields of medical and molecular biology, medical evidence
shows that the RDA has not been sufficient to maintain optimal body function and prevent or assist
in the management of chronic diseases. Medical evidence shows that the root of many chronic
diseases is oxidative stress caused by excess free radicals in the body. The use of nutrients in optimal
levels, known as Optimal Daily Allowance (ODA), is proven to be able to prevent and
handle oxidative stressthus helping to prevent chronic diseases. This optimal level can be achieved if
the amount and composition of nutrients used is right. In handling disease, the use of nutrition as a
complementary treatment can help the effectiveness of treatment and at the same time overcome
the side effects of treatment. Therefore, nutrition/ nutrition is very closely related to optimal health
and improving quality of life. 

The measurement results can be done by the anthropometric method .

While the science of nutrition is the study of the relationship of food and drinks to the health of the
human body so as not to experience nutritional disorders, where nutritional disorders themselves
are a disease caused by a lack of certain vitamin substances that cause our bodies
toexperiencenutritionaldisorders.

Nutrition disorder that was first discovered was scorbut in 1497 or more popular, we are familiar
with canker sores. At that time Vasco da Gama on his voyage to Indonesia had lost more than half of
his men who had died from this disease. It was only at the beginning of the twentieth century that
medical experts could confirm that this disease was caused due to vitamin C deficiency.

At present most of the population of Indonesia experiences excess nutrition rather than

malnutrition. In 2007 the death rate due to non- infectious diseases reached 59.5 percent or clearly
exceeded the mortality rate due to infectious diseases. In 2015, the Ministry of Health launched the
"G4 G1 L5" program or a maximum of 4 tablespoons of HYPERLINK
"https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gula"sugar (50 grams), 1 teaspoon of salt (5 grams) and 5 tablespoons
of HYPERLINK "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_masakan"oil (67 grams).
Balanced Nutrition 

At the world food conference held by FAO in 1992 in Rome and Geneva , it was determined,
among other things, that all developing countries that originally used the slogan "  Basic Four "
improve to " Nutrition Guide for Balance Diet ". The FAO decision was implemented in Indonesia in
the 1995 HYPERLINK "https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repelita"Repelita V policy as a Balanced
Nutrition Guide and became part of a nutrition improvement program. However, the Balanced
Nutrition Guidelines are less socialized so that misconceptions occur and people tend to continue to
use 4 healthy 5 perfect. Only in 2009 the Guidelines for Balanced Nutrition are officially accepted by
the public, in accordance with the Health Law No. 36 of 2009 which explicitly mentions "Balanced
Nutrition" in nutrition improvement programs.

Balanced nutrition is the composition of daily food that contains nutrients in the type and
amount that suits the needs of the body, taking into account the principle of diversity or variety of
food, physical activity, cleanliness, and ideal body weight [2] .In the United States and several other
countries, the principle of Balanced Nutrition is visualized in the form of a " pyramid " of Balanced
Nutrition. Not all countries use the pyramid, but it is adapted to the local culture and diet.  For
example, in Thailand in the shape of an inverted pyramid as a " flag ", and in China as a " pagoda "
with a pile of basket. Nutrition experts who joined the Indonesian Danone Institute Foundation (DII)
together with writers from the Nakita Tabloid (Kompas-Gramedia), adapted the pyramid according
to Indonesian culture , in the form of a cone with a tray which will henceforth be referred to as
" Balanced Nutrition Tumpeng ". Balanced Nutrition HYPERLINK
"https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Tumpeng_Gizi_Seimbang&action=edit&redlink=1"Tumpdesigned to help everyone choose the
right type and amount of food, according to various needs according to age
( infants , toddlers , teenagers , adults and old age ), and according to health conditions
( pregnant , breastfeeding , physical activity , illness ).
TumpengHYPERLINK "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Tumpeng_Gizi_Seimbang&action=edit&redlink=1" Balanced Nutrition demonstrates 4
principles of Balanced Nutrition:

Variety of food as needed

Cleanliness

Physical activity

Monitor ideal body weight.

Balanced Nutrition HYPERLINK "https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

title=Tumpeng_Gizi_Seimbang&action=edit&redlink=1"Tumpeng consists of several pieces of cone:

One big slice

Two medium pieces

Two small pieces

The smallest piece at the top.

Balanced Nutrition Tumpeng

The area of the piece of Balanced Nutrition HYPERLINK

"https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Tumpeng_Gizi_Seimbang&action=edit&redlink=1"Tumpeng shows the portion of food that
must be consumed by each person per day. The Balanced Nutrition HYPERLINK
"https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Tumpeng_Gizi_Seimbang&action=edit&redlink=1"Tumpeng consisting of pieces is covered by
water. That is, water is a major part and essential nutrients for life for a healthy and active life  .

Within a day, the water needs for the body at least 2 liters [ need a referral ] (8 cups). After
that, on top there is a large chunk which is a staple food group (a source of  carbohydrates ). This
group is recommended to consume 3-8 servings. Then on it again there are groups of vegetables and
fruit as a source of vitamins and minerals. Both are in different pieces to emphasize the importance
of the role and portion of each group. The size of the chunks of vegetables in the Balanced Nutrition
Guidelines are deliberately made larger than the fruit located next to them. That way, the amount of
vegetables that must be eaten every day is slightly greater (3-5 servings) than fruit (2-3
servings). Furthermore, in the third layer from the bottom there is a class of proteins, such as meat,
eggs, fish, milk and milk products ( yogurt , butter , cheese , etc.) on the right chunks, while on the
left chunks there are nuts and processed products such as tofu, tempeh, and oncom .

Finally, and occupying the top of the Nutrition Pile Balanced food in very small pieces
is oil , sugar , and salt , which is recommended for consumption as necessary. At the bottom of the
cone, there is another balanced nutrition principle, which is an active lifestyle by exercising,
maintaining cleanliness and monitoring your weight. Because the principle of balanced nutrition is
based on the need for different nutrients according to age group, health status, and type of activity,
then one kind of Balanced Nutrition Tumpeng is not enough. Several types of Balanced Nutrition
Nutrition are needed for pregnant and lactating women, infants and toddlers , teenagers, adults, and
the elderly.

Differences 4 healthy 5 perfect with Balanced Nutrition

Some things that distinguish the concept of 4 healthy 5 perfect with the concept of Balanced
Nutrition are:

First

The composition of foods consisting of 4 groups, not necessarily healthy, depends on whether the
portion and type of nutrients according to needs. For example, if our diet consists mostly
of carbohydrate (rice), a small source of protein , a small amount of vegetables and fruit as a source
of vitamins , then that diet cannot be considered healthy. Conversely, if our diet has too many
sources of fat and protein such as dishes that have a lot of meat and oil or fat, but little vegetables
and fruit, then that diet cannot be considered healthy.

In addition to the type of food, eating patterns based on the Balanced Nutrition Guidelines also
emphasize different proportions for each group that are adjusted or balanced with the body's
needs. The Balanced Nutrition Guidelines also pay attention to aspects of food hygiene, physical
activity, and its relation to other healthy lifestyles.

Second
Milk is not "perfect food" as is commonly thought. Assuming that many people, including the
government, consider milk as an "answer" to the nutritional problem  . Actually, milk is a source of
animal protein which is also found in eggs, fish and meat.

Therefore, in the Balanced Nutrition Guidelines, milk is placed in one group with another source of
animal protein. In terms of protein quality, eggs in nutrition are known to be better than milk
because egg protein digestibility is higher than milk.

Third

The slogan 4 is perfectly healthy 5 is no longer considered in accordance with the development
of nutritional science and technology , as the slogan "Basic Four" in America which is the initial
reference 4 healthy 5 perfect at that time, but, after being evaluated in the 1970s, it turns out the
slogan did not improve the pattern eating American population, which is accompanied by an
increase in nutritional-related degenerative diseases . Since then, the slogan "Basic Four" has been
updated and refined as "Nutrition Guide for Balance Diet" with visual pyramid.

In Indonesia the "Nutrition Guide for Balance Diet" is translated into the Guidelines for Balanced
Nutrition which also uses the visual pyramid. In contrast to the US Nutrition Guide which is valid for
ages over 2 years, in Indonesia the Guidelines for Balanced Nutrition apply from infancy by
including exclusive breastfeeding as Balanced Nutrition.

Nutritionist
A nutritionist or dietitian is a medical professional who specializes in dietetics, namely the
study of nutrition and the use of special diets to prevent and treat disease. According to the Decree
of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 374 / MENKES / SK / III / 2007, it is
said that a nutritionist is someone who has attended and completed academic education in the field
of nutrition in accordance with applicable regulations, has duties, responsibilities and full authority
to carry out activities functional in the field of nutrition, food and dietetic services in the community,
individuals or hospitals.

Nutritionists can act as owners, consultants or as employees of catering services. As an

employee of a food service business, a nutritionist has the ability to be a manager of daily food
service business activities, such as in the fields of planning, procurement, production, distribution or
in the field of quality control.In addition, nutritionists also play a role in providing consultation and
counseling about good diet in order to prevent or in the process of healing degenerative diseases.
Nutritionists can also work in hospitals as dietitians. Nutritionists can also work in the field of food
journalism and nutrition where they can publish scientific articles and tips on good nutrition. The
experience, knowledge and skills of the Nutrition Academy graduates will be able to provide
information to prospective customers regarding supplements. In addition, many private sectors and
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that carry out nutrition programs are in line with programs
launched by the Ministry of Health.Nutritionists' knowledge and skills are highly sought after to
operate the program, both as data seekers / processors, consultants / instructors or implementing
staff.

Due to Malnutrition

1. Interrupted growth

Before discussing this we should know, that children do not grow because of ability, but are
influenced by various things. One of them is that adequate nutrition in children affects the child's
growth. So, children who have good nutrition will grow well too, and vice versa. Especially, if the
protein nutritional needs are met, the protein has an effect as a good combustion agent for growth.

2. Lack of Energy Production

The energy that we get from everyday comes from food that is produced by the body. So, if
someone "rarely eats", he will automatically lack energy, thereby causing him to become weak, feel
weak and ultimately lazy.

3. Decreased immunity

Nutrition or nutrition that we get comes from the food consumed, so if the food is not good,
then the nutrition will also be lacking. The food consumed earlier will be produced into energy and
vitamins that are good for the body, good for the immune system. Thus, it does not cause immunity
or decreased immune system which can cause the child to be easily attacked by diseases. Like
coughing, runny nose, fever and so on.

4. Disruption of Brain Structure and Function

Lack of nutrition or nutrition in the body can also cause disruption of mental development in
the child's brain. You need to know, it turns out the brain undergoes a maximum shape at the age of
2 years, so it is better for children to be given adequate nutrition while still in its infancy.

Due to Excess Nutrition

Overweight

Disturbed joints
Sleep disturbance,Cardiovscular

2. Kinds of Nutritions

Macro Nutrition 

Macro Nutrition is a nutrient that provides calories or energy for our body. Nutrition is an
element needed for body growth, body metabolism and also bodily functions. Macro nutrients are
needed in large quantities by our body, and we can provide everything from food. Classified as
macro nutrients are carbohydrates, protein, and fat .

From each type containing different calories, the calories contained in each component varied.

Carbohydrates contain 4 calories per gram.

Protein contains 4 calories per gram.

Fat contains 9 calories per gram.

For example if we look at the nutrition table on a product and it says 6 grams of protein.  This means
that these foods contain 24 calories (6 × 4 calories).

Carbohydrate

Carbohydrates are macro nutrients that are needed in the largest quantities by our
body. Based on the USDA, our body needs about 45-65% of the total daily nutritional needs of
carbohydrates. We need large amounts of carbohydrates because carbohydrates are the main
source of body fuel. Carbohydrates are very easy to use by the body as energy. All thin layers and
cells of the body can use glucose from carbohydrates as energy. Carbohydrates are needed by the
nerve center, brain and also muscles.Carbohydrates are found in a lot of starchy foods such as rice,
wheat, beans, vegetables, grains and fruit. Kitchen sugar that we often use is also included in the
category of carbohydrates.
Protein

Based on the USDA, our body needs about 10-35% of daily sources of calories from
protein. Protein is the second main source after carbohydrates because it has an important role for
the body of which is for growth, especially when still a child, teenagers and for pregnant
women. Protein is useful for repairing muscle cells, and even helps in terms of muscle division so
that our muscles can get bigger and fat free. In addition, by consuming a lot of protein, our body's
immune function will increase.

Protein is very much found in red meat, fish, milk, nuts, and some plants even in small
amounts. Actually our body can make its own protein in the form of nonessential amino acids but it
will not be enough so we need essential amino acids which we will supply by consuming animal
protein.

Fat

Fats have a very bad reputation because they can cause weight gain, but some fat is
essential for the body to survive. Based on the USDA, our bodies need fat around 20-35% of total
daily calories. We need fat because fat is used for body growth, energy (because fat molecules
contain twice the energy of protein and carbohydrates), fat can help absorption of vitamins such as
vitamins A, D, E, K and also carotenoids.The best sources of fat come from olive oil , avocados, nuts
and canola oil.We need to regulate the intake of foods that contain fat, in order to avoid the risk of
heart disease, because of the effects of the large amount of fat stored in the body potentially
affected by heart disease.
Mikro Nutrition

Vitamins

Vitamins are a group of organic substances (containing carbon atoms) while minerals are inorganic
substances (do not contain carbon atoms).Classification of vitamins can be seen among others based
on their solubility, for example vitamins A, D, E dam K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins, while
vitamins B and C are groups of water-soluble vitamins.

Even since it is still in the womb, the vitamins contained in baby food are essential for the body to
grow and develop normally. Vitamins in baby food are also important nutrients for maintaining
healthy cells, tissues and organs. Another function is to maintain the body's metabolic balance in
processing chemical energy efficiently obtained from food, including helping the processing of
proteins, carbohydrates and fats.Below is a list of vitamins that are essential for growth and
development and some examples of baby foods that contain these vitamins:

1.Vitamin A is needed for good immunity, healthy eyesight, as well as health and beauty of the
skin. Can be found in wheat, beans, seeds, eggs, meat, corn, pods, carrots. If the shortage can cause
farsightedness of the chicken. And if excess can lead to hypervitaminosis A

2.Vitamin B1 (thiamin) helps carbohydrate metabolism and the normal functioning of the nervous
system. Food sources that contain this vitamin are milk and other products made from milk, eggs,
liver, green vegetables, wheat, beans. If vitamin B1 deficiency can cause beriberi disease. And if
excess can result in extreme sleepiness and severe muscle relaxation.
3.Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) helps release energy from food and the process of transporting iron in the
body, also keeps skin healthy. Can be found in liver, lean red meat, fortified cereals, eggs, dark green
leafy vegetables, milk and other dairy products. If the deficiency can cause Ariboflavinosis.

4.Vitamin B3 (niacin) helps the normal functioning of the nervous system and maintains healthy
body cells. Found in apricots, green leafy vegetables, carrots, liver, fish oil, eggs, butter, cheese,
cereals, oatmeal. Vitamin B3 deficiency can cause Pellagra diseasewith symptoms of diarrhea,
inflammation of the skin, loss of cognitive ability or dementia and death. And if excess can cause
liver failure and other problems.

5.Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) forms / maturation of red blood cells, increases energy, increases
concentration, and maintains nervous system function. Found in fish, milk and other dairy products,
meat, eggs, poultry, soy products, fortified cereals B12. If the body is deficient in vitamin B12, it can
cause Megaloblastic anemia or red blood deficiency. And if the body has excess vitamin B12 it can
cause inflammation of the skin.

6.Vitamin C is important for healthy skin, bones, muscles; cure and protect from viruses, allergies
and poisons; helps the body absorb iron. Found mostly in fresh fruit - especially types of oranges and
berries, vegetables, potatoes, herbal leaves. If deficiency can cause canker sores, but if excess
vitamin C will be removed through urine.

7. Vitamin D increase the absorption of calcium from food and essential for growth and
healthy bones and teeth. Found in milk and other dairy products, eggs and fish oil. If the deficiency
can cause disease in the bones and teeth. And if excess can cause hypervitaminosis D.

8.Vitamin E is needed for metabolizing essential fatty acids and protecting body cells. Food sources
that contain vitamin E include nuts, seeds, eggs, milk, wheat, oil, leafy vegetables, avocados. Vitamin
E deficiency is usually rare, but can cause anemia or blood deficiency in newborns, and if excess can
cause liver failure.

9. Vitamin K in addition to playing a role in the process of blood clotting, is also needed to help
process protein and also metabolism of bones and other tissues. Found in green leafy vegetables
such as spinach, broccoli, cabbage, cabbage, avocado, kiwi, parsley, and soy. If deficiency can cause
bleeding diathesis, and if excess can cause excess blood clotting.
 Pantothenic acid functions to maintain normal skin growth and development of the
nervous system. Food sources that contain pantothenic acid are the brain, heart, liver, kidneys,
cows, mushrooms, peanuts, soybeans. Pantothenic acid deficiency causes symptoms that are similar
to vitamin B complex, including irritability, easy quarreling, dizziness, fatigue, lack of appetite and
flatulence. As a result of excessive consumption has never been reported.

Biotin is needed, including in the formation of fatty acids. Biotin sources are mainly found in the
digestive tract because microflora can make it in quite a large amount. Biotin food sources include
liver, egg yolks, peanuts, mushrooms. Biotin deficiency causes symptoms similar to vitamin B
complex deficiency. Excessive consumption does not cause poisoning.

Folic acid functions as a coenzyme involved in amino acid changes, because it plays a role in
cells that divide rapidly such as red blood cells. Sources of folic acid are found in the liver, peanuts,
dates, cheese, spinach, wheat bran. Folic acid deficiency results in macrocytic anemia or megaloblast
which is also caused by vitamin B12 deficiency. The excess results in pernicious anemia and
interferes with the digestion of zinc (Zn).

Minerals

1.Iron (Fe)

Iron plays a role in the central regulation of hemoglobin molecules in red blood
cells.Hemaglobin is responsible for the distribution of oxygen from the lungs to all body issues. Iron
also plays a role in energy metabolism, including DNA synthesis by several enzymes, as well as in the
immune system. The sources are milk, liver, egg yolks and green vegetables such as spinach, kale,
cassava leaves, and papaya leaves.

2. Iodine (I)
 Iodine is an ingredient used to make the thyroxine hormone by the thyroid gland, which
simulates oxidation processes in the body. The function of iodine is for normal growth, burning
excess body fat, and maintaining healthy hair, nails, skin, and teeth. Sodium iodine sources are salt,
onions or other plants that are planted near the beach.

3. Manganese (Mn)

Manganese acts as a cofactor of various enzymes that help various metabolic processes.
Enzymes related to manganese play a role in the synthesis of ureum, the formation of connective
tissue and bone, as well as preventing fat peroxidation by free radicals. Manganese also plays a role
in controlling blood sugar, energy metabolism, thyroid hormone function, brain function, and for
controlling neurotransmitters. Fruits and vegetables that contain manganese include nuts, green
leafy vegetables, beets, and wheat.

4.Copper (Cu)

Copper is absorbed from the small intestine into the blood vessels and serves to help the
formation of hemoglobin. The human body's need for copper has been established since 1974. From
the research it was found that in fact humans have received enough copper from their daily
foodstuffs.

5.Zink (Zn)

Zinc plays a role in the immune process, maintaining eye health, inhibiting viruses, reducing
the risk of cancer, maintaining the health of vital male organs, and accelerating the process of
wound healing. Fruits and vegetables that contain zinc are nuts, seeds, and wheat. However, zinc in
vegetable protein is less available and more difficult for the human body to use than zinc that is
found in animal protein. Meat, poultry, sea fish, cheese, milk, and pecel (peanut butter), are good
sources of zinc.

6. Cobalt (Co)

Cobalt is part of the vitamin B12 molecule. Fermented foods contain a lot of cobalt, such as
tempeh and oncom. However, cobalt in these foods is contained in vitamin B12 in these foods.

7. Fluorine (F)

It is known that flour is important in the growth and formation of tooth structure in order to
have resistance to disease (strengthen teeth). Fluorine is found in plants, fish, egg yolks, milk, and
animal feed.