 The true foundation of social order is the reciprocation of rights and duties.

Generally, a duty is
an obligation and a right is an entitlement. They may exist as a moral or legal matter. For
example, morally, a person may have a duty not to hurt another’s feelings. However, case law
and statutes provide legal framework or parameters defining when harmful communications
constitute defamation and the procedures governing obtaining redress.
 Self-actualization is the final stage in the linear growth of an individual. Maslow believed that in
order to achieve this state of personal fulfillment, the person must first satisfy the preceding
needs (i.e. physiological, safety, love & belongingness, and esteem, in that order).
 Using Filipino as a medium exemplifies sense of nationhood. To have a sense of nationhood is to
have a sense of devotion to the nation’s culture and interests in light of its independence. It is
important to be conscious of a nation’s past in order to be devoted to its present as well as its
future.
 “Teachers are duly licensed professionals who possess dignity and reputation with high moral
values as well as technical and professional competence in the practice of their noble
profession, they strictly adhere to, observe, and practice this set of ethical and moral principles,
standards, and values” (Preamble of the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers).
 Formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development
theory. It begins approximately at 12 and lasts into adulthood. At this point in development,
thinking becomes more complex and advanced. Children can now think abstract and theoretical
concepts and use logic to come up with creative solutions to problems.
 At the age of 2 up to the age of 7, children are in the first stage of Piaget’s moral development,
where they are rigid in their beliefs and moral concepts. Piaget termed this first stage as the
“Morality of Constraint”. At this stage, a child views an act as being right or wrong and no room
for change and believes that others will see it the same way. They cannot put themselves in
other shoes. Children obey rules because they have been set by adults whom they consider as
authorities and as a result are sacred and unalterable.
 Post-conventional morality is the highest stage of morality in Kohlberg’s model, in which
individuals have developed their own personal set of ethics and moral that they use to drive
their behavior.
 According to the Section 2 (1) of the Article XIV of the Philippine Constitution, the state shall
“Establish, maintain, and support a complete, adequate and integrated system of education
relevant to the needs of the people and society.”
 Distributing curriculum content fairly in each area of discipline means that the curriculum is
balanced. In a balanced curriculum, there is no overloading of content in each subject or
discipline.
 Some schools find difficulty in integrating technology, most especially computers, in the
classroom because of various factors. Some of the most common reasons for this are the lack of
computer know-how on the part of the teachers, lack of facilities because the high cost of
computer hardware, and the unavailability of computer programs needed.
 Diagnostic test is a test that helps the teacher identify problems that the students have with
regards to their learning progress. For example, at the start of the course, the teacher gives the
learners a diagnostic test to see what areas of language need to be included in her lessons.
 Conservation, according to Piaget, refers to the child’s ability to see that some properties are
conserved or invariant after an object undergoes physical transformation. Piaget proposed that
 children’s inability to conserve is due to weakness in the way children think during the
preoperational stage (ages 2-6). Conservation develops during the concrete operational stage
(ages 6-11).
 Democracy in Christian perspective is equality in all aspect and areas of the society. Democracy
and Christianity are compatible. Obviously, this means that these are not contradictory ideas. In
fact, it has been argued that democracy functions most effectively in a Christian culture.
 According to Jacob Kounin, ripple effect occurs when the teacher corrects a misbehavior in one
student, and this positively influences the behavior of the nearby students. In ripple effect,
certain conditions escalate in the classroom.
 Development proceeds from general to specific. In all areas of development, general activity
always precedes specific activity. For example, the fetus moves its whole body but is incapable
of making specific responses.
 Pupils wanting to become Americans instead of being a Filipino means that schools fail to
promote national pride among them. Patriotism and nationalism should be inculcated upon the
pupils in accordance with the provision of the Constitution.
 Scholasticism is a medieval philosophy taught by the academics of medieval universities and
cathedrals in the period from the 12th to 16th century. It combined Logic, Metaphysics, and
Semantics into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have developed our understanding
of Logic significantly. Scholasticism is best known for its application in medieval Christian
theology, especially in attempts to reconcile philosophy of the ancient classical philosophers
with Christian theology.
 Article III, Section 4 of the Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers states that, “Every teacher
shall live for and with the community and shall , therefore, study and understand the local
customs and traditions in order to have sympathetic attitude, therefore, refrain from
disparaging the community.”
 Section 16 of the Magna Carta for public school teachers stipulates that the salary scales of
teachers shall provide for a gradual progression from minimum to a maximum salary by means
of regular increments, granted automatically after three (3) years: Provided, That the efficiency
rating of the teacher concerned is at least satisfactory. The progression from the minimum to
the maximum of the salary scale shall not extend over a period of ten years.
 The spiral curriculum is predicted on cognitive theory advanced by Jerome Bruner (1960), who
wrote, “We begin with the hypothesis that any subject can be taught in some intellectually
honest form to any child at any stage of development.” Key features of the spiral curriculum are
the following: a. the student revisits a topic, theme or subject several times throughout their
school career; b. the complexity of the topic or theme increases with each revisit; and c. new
learning has a relationship with old learning and is put in context with the old information.
 Clarisse is likely to become more focused on writing activities because she is intrinsically
motivated. Intrinsic motivation refers to the behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other
words, the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual because it is
naturally satisfying to you.
 Skinner in known for his operant conditioning theory, a learning process through which the
strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.
 The test item asks the students to classify. Classifying involves categorizing or grouping
something or someone based on certain characteristics. In the given test item, the students are
asked to group (classify) the items according to shape (characteristic).
 The most significant issue relating to learning is the relatively recent paradigm shift in education.
This change is illustrated in the way in which curriculum is defined and technology is used. The
distinct role of teachers as sole source of information shifts towards becoming facilitators of
learning. From traditional teaching strategies to more modern ones. From rigid subject matter
boundaries with knowledge as the only learning outcome to interdisciplinary approach aimed at
providing lifelong learning for all.
 In tackling topics in history that shows events portraying defeats and weaknesses of the Filipino
people, the teacher must present facts in a positive way. Instead of expressing shame for these
weaknesses, the teacher can use them to inspire the class and learn from them.
 The Constitution supports academic freedom in all institutions of higher learning. Academic
freedom means that colleges and universities have the freedom to set their own academic
standards in the selection and admission of students and teachers.
 Introspection is the examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology,
the process of introspection relies exclusively on observation of one’s mental state, while in a
spiritual context, it may refer to the examination of one’s soul.
 The best way to present the population of different cities and municipalities in NCR in the last
five years is through a graph. It can be shown using bar graph, statistical maps, or line graph.
 Article II, Section 5 states that teachers shall not engage in the promotion of any political,
religious, or other partisan interest. Article III, Section 8 states that teachers possess freedom to
attend church and worships as appropriate, but shall not use his positions and influence to
proselyte others.
 Learning to live together is vital to building a genuine and lasting culture of peace throughout
the world. It can be achieved by developing understanding of other people’s culture and their
history, traditions and spiritual values. In learning to live together, we develop a spirit of respect
for the values of pluralism and the need for mutual understanding and peace.
 It is not professional for a teacher to offer a favor to any of the promotional staff who are tasked
to review his/her promotion as this will clearly influence their decision. Promotion should be
firmly based on the teacher’s merit and performance.
 The correct answer is A. In the given situation, students engage in a simulated presidential
election complete with debates, discussion of issues and voting. This activity will not just
develop their skill to persuade but ultimately, it will develop their skill in decision-making.
 Education Act of 1982 states that parents have the right to access any official records of the
children who are only under their parental responsibility. Therefore, a parent cannot demand to
see that records, most especially grades, of other children who are clearly not under their care.
It is also prohibited for a teacher under the Code of Ethics to divulge confidential records of a
child except for their parents.
 Autocratic leadership is characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input
from group members. It involves absolute, authoritarian control over a group.
 Idealism is a philosophical approach that has its central tenet that ideas are the only true reality,
the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty and justice that is enduring and
everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning of the mind.
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