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FIGURE 2: Load isolation is achieved by 1. For this discussion, single supply implies that the negative
supply pin of the operational amplifier is tied to ground and
using a buffer amplifier.
the positive supply pin is tied to +5V. All discussion in this
Yet another use of this configuration is to separate a application note can be extrapolated to other supply voltages
heat source from the sensitive precision circuitry, as where the single supply exceeds 5V or dual supplies are
shown in Figure 2. Imagine that the input circuitry to used.
R1 = 10 to 100
*Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF
*Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF R2 = 10 to 100
R1 R2 R1 R2
V2 V3
VDD V4 VDD
R1
– * R1 –
*
R1 MCP601 VOUT V1 MCP601 VOUT
V1 + V2 +
R1
R2 R2
VREF
*Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF
*Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF
EQUATION 4: EQUATION 5:
R2
R2
VOUT = V1 – V2 -------- + VR E F VOUT = V 1 + V 2 – V3 – V 4 ------
R1 R1
This circuit configuration will reliably take the difference Any number of inputs can be used on either the invert-
of two signals as long as the signal source impedances ing or non-inverting input sides, as long as there are an
are low. If the signal source impedances are high with equal number of both with equivalent resistors.
respect to R1, there will be a signal loss due to the volt-
age divider action between the source and the input
resistors to the difference amplifier. Additionally, errors
can occur if the two signal source impedances are mis-
matched. With this circuit, it is possible to have gains
equal to, or higher than one.
– *
MCP601 VOUT
+
VOUT = R2 ID1
*Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF
VDD R3 R4
– ½ * 2 (VREF - 2VR1)
MCP602 100 k 909 k
+ VDD
RL = 2.5 k
– *
VREF = 2.5V + VR1 ½
– R1 R2
MCP601
MCP602 VREF - 2VR1 VOUT
R1 R1 VIN +
+
54.9 k 97.6 k C1
IOUT RTD 470 pF
C2
100 pF
R1 = 25 k
*Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF
Second Order: 10 kHz, Low-Pass Sallen Key Filter
FIGURE 11: A floating current source can *Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF
be constructed using two op amps and a FIGURE 12: Low-pass, two-pole, active
precision voltage reference. filters are easily designed with one op amp. The
With this configuration, the voltage of VREF is reduced resistors and capacitors can be adjusted to imple-
via the first resistor (R1) by the voltage VR1. The voltage ment other filter types, such as Bessel and Che-
applied to the non-inverting input of the top op amp is byshev.
VREF VR1. This voltage is gained to the amplifier’s out-
put by two to equal 2(VREF VR1). Meanwhile, the out- On the down side, there is some overshoot and ringing
put for the bottom op amp is presented with the voltage with a step response through this filter. This may or
VREF 2VR1. Subtracting the voltage at the output of may not be an issue, depending on the application cir-
the top amplifier from the non-inverting input of the bot- cuit requirements. The gain of this filter is adjustable
tom amplifier gives: with R3 and R4.
2(VREF VR1) (VREF 2VR1), which equals VREF. Notice the similarities in this gain equation and the
The transfer function of the circuit is: non-inverting amplifier shown in Figure 3.
This type of filter is also referred to as an anti-aliasing
EQUATION 8: filter, which is used to eliminate circuit noise in the fre-
V REF quency band above half of Nyquist of the sampling sys-
I OUT = -------------
RL tem. In this manner, these high-frequency noises, that
would typically alias back into the signal path, are
removed.
The DC gain of the circuit in Figure 12 is:
EQUATION 9:
V OUT R4
------------- = 1 + ------
V IN R3
VDD
R3
VDD
C3
– R4 R5 REF
R1 ½ *
MCP602 –
C1 ½
VIN + C4 MCP602 IN+
+ ADC PIC12C509
R2 IN–
*Bypass Capacitor, 1 µF
FIGURE 13: Band-pass filters can be implemented with one op amp designed to perform the high-
pass function, and a second amplifier to perform the low-pass function.
24.9 k
24.9 k
¼ –
MCP604
+
1 mA
2.49 k
– ¼ 24.9 k 24.9 k VREF = 2.5 V
MCP604
+ 100
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ISBN: 978-1-61341-141-4