HMT - Expt - July-Nov 2019 PDF

K. J.
Somaiya College of Engineering

(An Autonomous College Affiliated to University of Mumbai)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
TY B.Tech (MECH), V Semester

Heat and Mass Transfer
July – Nov. 2019
List of Experiments
Expt. Name of Experiment CO No.
No
1. Determination of thermal CO1: After successful completion of the course students should
conductivity of metal rod be able to understand three different modes of heat transfer and
to estimate heat transfer by using classical laws and apply the
knowledge of mathematics, science and heat transfer to
develop mathematical model.
2. Determination of thermal CO1: After successful completion of the course students should
conductivity of insulating be able to understand three different modes of heat transfer and
powder to estimate heat transfer by using classical laws and apply the
3. Determination of CO1: After successful completion of the course students should

efficiency of circular pin be able to understand three different modes of heat transfer and
fin to estimate heat transfer by using classical laws and apply the
4. Experiment on unsteady CO1: After successful completion of the course students should
state heat transfer be able to understand three different modes of heat transfer and
to estimate heat transfer by using classical laws and apply the
5. Determination of CO2: After successful completion of the course students should

emissivity of test surface be able to analyze heat exchange through radiation.
6. Determination of heat CO3: After successful completion of the course students should
transfer coefficient for be able to evaluate heat transfer through convection and to
natural convection heat design, analyze heat exchangers.
transfer
7. Determination of heat CO3: After successful completion of the course students should
transfer coefficient for be able to evaluate heat transfer through convection and to
forced convection heat design, analyze heat exchangers
transfer
8. Experiment on Heat pipe CO3: After successful completion of the course students should
demonstrator be able to evaluate heat transfer through convection and to
design, analyze heat exchangers.
9. Determination of overall CO3: After successful completion of the course students should

Page No. HMT LAB /July-Nov. 2019
Prepared by: Prof. Abhishek P. S. Bhadauria
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering
heat transfer coefficient be able to evaluate heat transfer through convection and to
and effectiveness of design, analyze heat exchangers.
parallel & counter flow
tube in tube heat exchanger
10. Diffusion Coefficient of CO4: After successful completion of the course students should
Mass Transfer be able to understand mechanism of mass transfer.

Name:
Batch: Roll No.: Experiment No.:
Marks:
Signature of Lab Teacher with date:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD
CO1: After successful completion of the course students should be able to understand three
different modes of heat transfer and to estimate heat transfer by using classical laws and
apply the knowledge of mathematics, science and heat transfer to develop mathematical
model.
OBJECTIVE
1. To determine the thermal conductivity of given metal rod.
2. To study the variation of thermal conductivity with respect to temperature.
THEORY
Thermal conductivity is the physical property of the material denoting the ease with
a particular substance can accomplish the transmission of thermal energy by molecular
motion.
It can also be defined as “The amounts of energy conducted through a body of unit
area and unit thickness in unite time when the difference in temperature between the faces
causing heat flow is unity”. Mathematically,
Qdx
k=
Adt
Thermal conductivity of a material is due to flow of free electrons in case of metals
and lattice vibration waves in case of fluids.
Thermal conductivity in case of metals is the highest. It decreases with increase in impurity.
The range of k for other materials is as follows.
Alloys: k = 12 – 120 W/m˚C.
Heat insulating and building materials: k = 0.023 – 2.9 W/m˚C.

Liquids : k = 0.2 – 0.5 W/m˚C.

Gases and vapours : k = 0.006 – 0.05 W/m˚C.
DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of a metal rod, one end of which is heated by an electric
heating coil while the other end projects into the cooling water jacket. The rod is insulated
with glass wool to minimize the radiation and convection loss from the surface of the rod
and thus ensure nearly constant temperature gradient throughout the length of the rod. The
temperature of the rod is measured at five different locations. The heater is provided with a
dimmer stat for controlling the heat input. Water is circulated through the jacket and its flow
rate and temperature rise can be measured.

SPECIFICATIONS
Specimen material : Brass rod
Size of the Specimen : 20 mm, 430 mm long
Cylindrical shell : 300 mm long
Voltmeter : Digital type, 0-300 Volt, AC
Ammeter : Digital type, 0-20 Amp, AC
Dimmer for heating Coil : 0-230 V, 12 Amps
Heater : Band type Nichrome heater, 250 W
Thermocouple used : 11 nos.
Temperature indicator : Digital type, 0-400, Cr-Al
Radial distance of thermo
couples in insulating shell : ro = 80 mm ri = 40 mm
PRODEDURE
1. Power supply is given to the apparatus.
2. Give heat input to the heater by slowly rotating the dimmer and adjust the voltage to
say 25 V, 50 V,60V etc
3. Start the cooling water supply through the jacket and adjust its flow rate so that the
heat is taken away from the specimen constantly.
4. Allow sufficient time for the apparatus to reach steady state.

5. Take readings of voltmeter and ammeter.

6. Note the temperatures along the length of the specimen rod at 5 different locations.
And also surrounding temperature.
7. Note down the inlet & outlet temperatures of cooling water and measure the flow
rate of water.
8. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
9. Wait until steady state is reached.
10. Note down the values of following parameters:
Temperature at the various points on the metal rod i.e. T1 to T5
11. Temperature of the insulation between the section A –B as T6 and T8.
12. Temperature of the insulation between the section B – C as T7 and T9.
13. Inlet and outlet temperature of jacket water as T 10 and T11.
14. Mass flow rate of water as m.
15. Plot graph of temperature of the rod Vs distance along the rod.
 dT 
16. Measure the slope of the curve at sections A-A, B-B and C-C as   ,
 dx  A A
 dT   dT 
 dx  &  dx 
  BB   C C
OBSERVATION TABLE
1. Mass flow rate of water = ________ lit/min.
2. Temperature of water at Cooling water jacket inlet T10 = ______ ˚C.
3. Temperature of water at Cooling water jacket outlet T 11 = ______ ˚C.
4. Temperature along the length of the bar.

Voltmeter Ammete Heat Water temp Volume

Metal rod thermocouple reading
Reading r inpu (0 C) flow
( C)
0
„V‟ Reading t rate of
(volt) VxI Inlet Outle water,
„I‟
(W) t V
(A) cc/min
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11
CALCULATIONS
a) Thermal conductivity at section C-C.

After section C-C, metal rod enters the cooling jacket. Hence the heat conducted
through section C-C must be equal to the heat carried away by water. According to
Fourier‟s Law, the heat conducted through section C-C is given by,
 dT 
Q1 = k c-c × A ×   . . . (1)
 dx  c c
Heat carried away by jacket water is given by
Q2 = m × Cp × (T11 – T 10 ) . . . (2)
Equating eqn (1) and (2),

(T11  T 10 )
k c-c = m × Cp × … (3)
 dT 
A 
 dx  cc
b) Thermal conductivity at section B-B.

The heat balance equation for the rod between section B-B and C-C can be written as
Heat conducted through Heat + Heat lost in radial

section B-B = conducted direction through the
through insulation by the rod
section C-C between section B-B and
C-C.
Let heat conducted through section B-B = Q3

 dT 
Q3 = k B-B × A ×   . . . (4)
 dx  B  B
Let the radial heat lost through insulation between sections B-B to C-C be Q4.
(T7  T9 )
Q4 = 2 ×  × L × k insulation × …(5)
r
ln o
ri
L = distance between section B – B and section C-C.
Q3 = Q1 +Q4 = Q2 +Q4 As Q1 = Q2 . . . (6)
Substituting equation (6) in equation (4), we get,
kB-B =
Q2  Q4  . ..(7)
 dT 
A 
 dx  B  B
c) Thermal conductivity at section A-A.
Q3  Q5 
KA-A = …(8)
 dT 
A 
 dx  A A
Here, Q5 = radial heat loss between section A-A and B-B.

Q5 = 2×  × L × kinsulation ×
T6  T8 
r 
ln  o 
 ri 
RESULTS
Set-up Thermal Conductivity at different sections
No. kA-A kB-B kC-C
1
2
3
GRAPHS
1. Variation of Temperature along the length of the bar.
2. Thermal conductivity at different sections with respect to temperature at the
corresponding section.
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER
model.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the thermal conductivity of given insulating powder.
THEORY
Thermal conductivity is one of the important properties of the materials and its
knowledge is required for analyzing heat conduction problems. Physical meaning
of the thermal conductivity is how quickly it passes through a given materials,
thus, the determination of this property is of considerable engineering
significance, there are various methods of determination of thermal
conductivity but it is suitable for finding out the thermal conductivities of the
material in the powdered form.
Consider the transfer of heat by heat conduction through the wall of a
hollow sphere formed by a insulating powdered layer paced between two
thin copper spheres.
let,
ri = Radius of inner sphere in mtr.
ro = Radius of outer sphere in mtr.
Ti = Average Temperature of Inner Sphere o C
To = Average Temperature of Outer Sphere o C

Where,
T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 + T10
To =
6
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
Ti =
4
Note that T1 to T10 denote, the temperature of thermocouples 1 to 10. From the experimental
values of q , Ti and To the unknown thermal conductivity K can be determined as,
q (ro - ri)
K =
4 x  x ri x ro x (Ti -To)
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The apparatus consists of two thin walls concentric copper spheres. The
inner sphere houses the heating coil, the insulating powder (Asbestos
Powder, as lagging material) is packed between two shells. The powder
supplied to the heating coil is by using a dimmerstat & is measured by
Voltmeter & Ammeter.
Copper constant thermocouples are used to measure the temperatures,

thermocouples 1 to 4 are embedded on inner sphere and thermocouples
5 to 10, are embedded on the outer shell. Position 1 to 10, are as shown
on change over switch of temperature indicator. Under
steady state condition, the temperatures 1 to 10 are rated and also the
voltmeter and ammeter readings are recorded. These readings, in turn
enables us to find out the thermal conductivity of the insulating powder
packed between two shells like assume the insulating powder as are
isotropic material and the value of thermal conductivity to be constant. The
apparatus assume one dimensional radial heat conduction across the
powdered layer and thermal conductivity can be determined as above
under steady state condition.

Consider the transfer of heat by heat conduction through the wall
of a hollow sphere formed by a insulating powdered layer paced
between two thin copper spheres.
let,
ri = Radius of inner sphere in mtr
ro = Radius of outer sphere in mtr.
Ti = Average Temperature of Inner Sphere
o C
To = Average Temperature of Outer Sphere
o C
Where,
T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 + T10
To =
6
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
Ti =
4
Note that T1 to T10 denote, the temperature of thermocouples 1 to 10
From the experimental values of q , T i and To the unknown thermal

conductivity K can be determined as,
q (ro - ri)
K =


SPECIFICATION
1. Radius of Inner Copper Sphere ri = 50 mm.
2. Radius of Outer Copper Sphere r o = 100 mm.
3. Voltmeter = 0 to 300 V.
4. Ammeter = 0 to 3 A.
5. Digital temperature Indicator = 0 to1000 0 C
6. Thermocouples ( Copper Constant) = 10 Nos.
7. Dimmerstat = 0 to 2 Amp.
8. Heating Coil (Mica Type) = 400 watts.
9. Insulating Powder = Asbestos.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. Start main switch of control panel.
2. Increase slowly the input to the heater by the dimmerstat, starting from 0
volt position.
3. Adjust input equal to 40 watts maximum with help of voltmeter and
ammeter.
4. See that, this input remains constant throughout the experiment.
5. Wait till fairly steady state condition is reached. This can be checked by
reading temperatures of thermocouples and not change in their readings with
time.
6. Note down the readings in the observation table as given below,
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep dimmer stat to zero volt position before and after the experiment. Check
this before switching on the supply.
2. Handle the changeover switch of temperature indicator gently.

OBSERVATION TABLE
1. Voltmeter reading (V) = V
2. Ammeter reading (I) = A
3. Heater input (V  I) = Watts
Sr. Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Ti To

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
CALCULATIONS
1. Heat input (q) :
q = VI .........(Watts)
Where,
V = Input voltage.
I = Input Ampere.
2. Mean Temperature of Outer Sphere (TO) :
T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 + T10
To =
6
3. Mean Temperature of Inner sphere (Ti) :
T1 + T2 + T3 + T4
Ti =
4
4. Thermal conductivity of insulating material:
q (ro - ri)
K =
RESULT
No of Thermal conductivity of Insulating Powder (k) By Theoretical

Observation in W/m2 Experiment
I
II
III
IV
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
CO3: After successful completion of the course students should be able to evaluate heat transfer through
convection and to design, analyze heat exchangers.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the surface heat transfer co – efficient for a vertical tube losing heat by
natural convection.
THOERY
Natural convection phenomenon is due to the temperature difference between the
hot surface and the atmosphere and it is not created by any external agency. If the solid
surface is hotter then its surrounding, its immediate surrounding is heated up, its density
decreases and it moves in an upward direction under the action of buoyancy forces.
When a hot body is kept in a still atmosphere heat is transferred to the surrounding
fluid by natural convection. The fluid layer in contact with the hot body gets heated; rise up
due to the decrease in its density and the cold fluid rushes in to take place. The process is
continuous and the heat transfer takes place due to the relative motion of hot and cold fluid
particles.
The heat transfer co – efficient is given by:
Q
h=
As Ts  Ta 
where h = Average surface heat transfer co – efficient (W/m2 º C)

Q = Heat transfer rate (Watt)
As = Area of the heat transferring surface (m) 2

d = diameter of the tube

L = Length of the tube
Ts = Average surface temperature (C º)
T  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6  T7
= 1
7
Ta = Average ambient temperature (ºC)
The surface heat transfer co – efficient of a system transferring heat by natural

convection depend on the shape, dimension and orientation of the fluid and the temperature
difference between heat transferring surface and the fluid. The dependence of “h” on all the
above mentioned parameter is generally expressed in term of non – dimensional groups as
follows:
 gL3 t C p 
n
hL
=C  .  ………. (2)
 
2
k k 
hL
Where = Nusselt number.
k
 gL3 t 
 . = Grashof Number.
 
2

C p
= Prandtle Number.
k
where L = A characteristic dimension of surface.
k = Thermal conductivity of fluid.
ν = Kinematics viscosity of fluid.
μ = Dynamic viscosity of fluid.
Cp = Specific heat of fluid.
β = Co – efficient of volt metric expansion for the fluid.
g = Acceleration due to gravity.
C = constant
 1  Ts  Ta
for gases β =   & Tf =
 T f  273  2
for a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, the constant C and n of equation (2)
have been determined and the following empirical correlation obtained.
hL
= 0 ∙ 59 (Gr. Pr) 0 ∙ 25 for 10 4 < Gr. Pr. < 10 9 . . . . . (3)
k
hL
= 0 ∙ 13 (Gr Pr) ⅓ for 10 9 < Gr. Pr < 10 12 . . . . . (4)
k
L = Length of the cylinder.
All the properties of the fluid are determined at the film temperature (Tf )
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The present experimental set up is designed and fabricated to study the natural
convection phenomenon from a vertical cylinder in terms of the variation of local heat
transfer co – efficient along the length and also the average heat transfer co – efficient and its
comparison with the value obtained by using an appropriate correction.
The apparatus consists of a copper tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical
fashion. The duct is open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the
purpose of undisturbed surrounding. One side of the duct is made up of for visualization.
An electric heating element is kept in the vertical tube which in turn heats the tube surface.
The heat is lost from the tube to the surrounding air by natural convection. The temperature
of the vertical tube is measured by seven thermocouples. The heat input to the heater is
measured by volt and ammeters and is varied by dimmer stat. The vertical cylinder with the
thermocouple positions are shown in fig. while the possible flow pattern and also the
expected variation of local heat transfer co – efficient is shown in fig. The tube surface is
polished to minimize the radiation losses.

SPECIFICATION
1. Diameter of the tube : 42 mm.
2. Length of tube (L) : 50 cms.
3. Duct size : 20 cm × 175 cm. × 55cm.
4. No. of thermocouples = 7 and are shown as (1) to (8) and marked on temperature
indicator. Thermocouple No. 8 reads the ambient temperature & is kept in the duct.
5. Temperature indicator multichannel type calibrated for iron Chromel Alumel
thermocouples.
6. Voltmeter and ammeter – 1 No. each
7. Dimmerstat 0 – 2A
8. Heater 400 W.

PROCEDURE
1. Put on the supply and adjust the variac to obtain the required heat input (say 100 W.,
150 W, 200 W.)
2. Wait till the steady state is reached which is confirmed from temperature readings
(T1 to T7 ).
3. Measure surface temperature at the various points T 1 to T7 .
4. Note the ambient temperature Ta .
5. Repeat the experiment at different heat input.
(Do not to be exceeded 200 W.)
SPECIFICATION
1. O. D of cylinder = 42mm.
2. Length of cylinder = 500mm.
3. Input to heater V × A = Watts.
Setup Time V I Q= T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8
No. (Volts) (Amp) V ×I
I
CALCULATIONS
1. Calculate the value of average surface heat transfer co – efficient neglecting any
losses using equation (1).
2. Calculate and plot (fig.4) the variation of local heat transfer co – efficient along the
length of the tube using T = T1 to T7 .

PRECAUTIONS
1. Adjust the temperature indicator to ambient level.
2. Keep dimmer stat to zero volt position and increases it gradually.
3. Use the proper range of wattmeter.
4. Operate the change over switch gently from one position to other. i.e. from 1 to 8
position.
5. Never exceed 200 watts.
RESULTS
The heat transfer co – efficient is having a maximum value at the beginning as
expected because of the just starting of the building of the boundary layer and it decreases as
expected in the upward direction due to thickening of layer and which is laminar one, this
trend is maintained up to half of the length (approx) and beyond that there is little variation
in the valve of local heat transfer co – efficient because of the transition and turbulent
boundary layers. The last point showed some what increase in the value of h which is
attributed to and loss causing a temperature drop.
The comparison of average heat transfer co – efficient is also made with predicated values
by using (3) and (4). It is found that the predicted values are some what less than
experimental value due to the heat loss by radiation.
Setup Heat Input (W) Heat transfer coefficient

(W/m2 K)
I
II
III
IV
CONCLUSION

Name:
Marks:
PARALLEL FLOW/ COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
CO3: After successful completion of the course students should be able to evaluate heat transfer
through convection and to design, analyze heat exchangers.
OBJECTIVE
To study and compare temperature distribution, heat transfer rate, overall heat
transfer co – efficient and effectiveness of parallel flow & counter flow arrangement of heat
exchanger.
THEORY
Heat exchanges are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another.
The necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial application.
Common examples of heat exchanger are:
The indicator of a car, consider at the back of a domestic refrigerator of steam boiler of
a thermal power plant, heat exchangers are analyzed in the categories:
1. Transfer type.
2. Storage type.
3. Direct contact type.
A transfer type of heat exchanger is one in which both fluids pass simultaneously through
the device & heat is transfer through operating valves.
In practice most of the heat exchangers used are transfer tube ones.

The transfer tube exchanger further classified according to flow arrangement as:
1. Parallel flow in which fluids flow in the same direction.
2. Counter flow in which fluids flow in opposed direction.
3. Cross flow in which fluids flow at right angle to each other.
A simple example of transfer tube heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube in
tube type arrangement. One fluid flowing through the inner tube & the other through the
annulus surrounding it. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the inner tube.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type concentric tube heat exchanger.
The hot fluid is hot water which is obtained from on electrical geyser & it flows
through the inner tube. While the cold fluid is cold water, flowing through annulus. The
hot water flows in one direction & the flow rate of which is collected by means of a
wall. The cold water can be admitted at one end enabling the heat exchanger to run as a
parallel flow apparatus or a counter flow apparatus this is done by wall operations.
The main of this experiment is to study & compare
1. Temperature distribution in parallel flow & counter flow heat exchanger.
2. Heat transfer rates in parallel flow & counter flow.
3. Overall heat transfer coefficient in parallel & counter flow.
4. To obtain the effectiveness in both cases.
The experiments are conducted by keeping identical flow rates while running the
unit as parallel & counter flow. The temperature measured by digital temp.
indicator & the flow rates by a rotameter. The readings are recorded when steady state is
recorded. The outer tube is provided with adequate thermocouples insulation to minimize
the heat losses.

SPECIFICATION
1. Inner tube material : G.I.
Internal dia. of inner tube = di = 26 mm.
Outer dia. of inner tube = do = 34 mm.
Length of inner tube = Li = 1.2 m.
Thickness of inner tube = ti = 4 mm.
2. Outer tube material : G.I.
Internal dia. of outer tube = Di = 68 mm.

Outer dia. of outer tube = Do = 76 mm.
Length of outer tube = Lo = 1.2 m.
Thickness of outer tube = to = 4 mm.
3. Specific heat of water = 4.186 kJ/Kg K
PROCEDURE
1. Start the flow on the hot water side
2. Start the flow through anulus & the exchanger as parallel flow unit.
3. Put ON the geyser.
4. Adjust the flow rate on hot water side between the rates of 1.5 - 4 LPM.
5. Adjust the flow rate on cold water side between range of 3 - 8 LPM.
6. Keeping the flow rate some wait till the steady state conditions are
reached
7. Record the temperature on hot water & cold water side & also the flow rates
8. Repeat the experiment with a counter under identical flow conditions.
OBSERVATION TABLE
1) Outer dia. Of Pipe = 34 mm = 0.034 m
2) Inner dia. Of Pipe = 26 mm = 0.026m Inner Tube
3) Length of Pipe = 1.2 m = 1.2 m
4) Thickness of Pipe = 4 mm = 0.004 m

5) Outer dia. of Pipe (Do) = 76 mm = 0.076 m
6) Inner dia. of Pipe (Di) = 68 mm = 0.068 m Outer Tube
7) Length of Pipe (L2) = 1.2 m = 1.2 m
8) Thickness of Pipe (To) = 4 mm = 0.004 m
9) Sp. Heat of water at = 4.18 kJ/kg K

const. pressure
(I) PARALLEL FLOW CONDITION:
Sr. Hot Cold Hot water Hot water Cold Cold

no. water water Inlet Outlet water water
Flow rate Flow rate Temp. temp. Inlet Outlet
Qh lpm Qc lpm Thi (T1 ) Tho (T2 ) Tci Tco
(T3 ) (T4 )
1
2
3
4
5
CALCULATION :- Reading no.
1) Hot Water flow rate (mh) :-
= LPM
= kg/sec.
2) Cold water flow rate (mc) :-
= LPM
= kg/sec
3) Heat Transfer rate from Hot water (qh) :-

qh = mh .cph .( Thi - Tho )

= kW
4) Heat Transfer rate to cold water (qc ) :-
qc = mc .cpc .( Tco – Tci )
= kW
5) Average Heat Transfer Rate ( q ) :-
qh + qc
q =
2
= kW
6) Logarithmic Mean Temp. Diffn. ( L.M.T.D.) :-
Ti - To
Tm = where Ti = Thi - Tci
ln ( Ti / To)
To = Tho - Tco
= K
7) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Based on Internal Area Of Tube Ui :-
q = Ui Ai ( Tm) where, Ai = di L

= (0.026)x1.2
= 9.801 X 10 -2 m2
q=
Ui = W/m2 K
8) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient based on External Area of Tube Uo :-
q = Uo x Ao (Tm) where, Ao = doL
Uo = W/m2 K
9) Effectiveness :-
Cmin ( Thi - Tho )

=
Cmin ( Thi - Tci )
Or
Cmin ( Tco - Tci )

=
Cmin ( Thi - Tci )
Result Table :
Sr. No qh qc AVERAGE LMTD U (INNER) U (OUTER) EFFECTIVENESS
(kW) (kW) Q (kW) (K) W/m2 K W/m2 K
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
(II) COUNTER FLOW CONDITION:
Sr. Hot Cold Hot water Hot water Cold Cold

no. water water Inlet Outlet water water
Flow rate Flow rate Temp. temp. Inlet Outlet
Qh lpm Qc lpm Thi (T1 ) Tho (T2 ) Tci Tco
(T5 ) (T6 )
1
2
3
4
5
6

CALCULATION :- Reading no. 1
1) Hot Water flow rate (mh) :-
= LPM
= kg/sec
2) Cold water flow rate (mc) :-
= LPM
= kg/sec
3) Heat Transfer rate from Hot water (qh) :-
qh = mh . cph . ( Thi - Tho )
= kW
4) Heat Transfer rate to cold water (qc ) :-
qc = mc . cpc . ( Tco – Tci )
= kW
5) Average Heat Transfer Rate ( q ) :-
qh + qc
q =
2
= kW
6) Logarithmic Mean Temp. Diffn. ( L.M.T.D.) :-
Ti - To
Tm = where Ti = Thi - Tco
ln ( Ti / To)
To = Tho - Tci

= K
7) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Based on Internal Area of Tube Ui :-
q = Ui Ai ( Tm) where Ai = di L

= (0.026)X1.2
Ui = W/m2 K
8) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient based on External Area of Tube Uo :-
q = Uo x Ao (Tm)
Uo = W/m2 K
9) Effectiveness :-
Cmin ( Thi - Tho )
=
Cmin ( Thi - Tci )
Or
Cmin ( Tco - Tci )
=
Cmin ( Thi - Tci )
10) Result Table :
Sr. no qh qc AVERAGE LMTD U (INNER) U (OUTER) EFFECTIVENESS

(kW) (kW) (kW) (K) W/m2 K W/m2 K
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT
CO2: After successful completion of the course students should be able to analyze heat
exchange through radiation.
OBJECTIVE
1. To measure the emissivity of a non – black test plate surface at various temperatures.
2. Plotting a graph of emissivity against temperature.
THEORY
An ideal black surface is one which absorbs all the incident radiation with reflectivity
and transmissivity equal to zero. The radiation per unit time per unit are from the surface of
the body is called as emissive power. The emissivity of a surface is the ratio of the emissive
power of the surface to the emissive power of a black surface at the same temperature.
When radiant energy falls on a body, part may be absorbed, part reflected, and th e
reminder transmitted through the body. In mathematical from ‫׃‬
α+ ρ+ τ=1
Where α = absorptivity or the fraction of the total energy absorbed.
ρ = reflectivity of the fraction of the total energy reflected.
τ = transmissivity or the fraction of the total energy transmitted through the body.
For the majority of opaque solid materials encountered in engineering except for extremely
thin layers, practically none of the radiant energy is transmitted through the body. if the
discussion is limited to opaque bodies the above mathematical from becomes ‫׃‬
α+ ρ =1
An arrangement which will absorb all the radiant energy at all wavelengths and reflect
none is called perfect black body. Actually no material with α = 1 and ρ = 0 exists. Even the
blackest surface occurring in nature still have reflectivity of about 1% (ρ = 0.01). The
physicist G. Kirchhoff, however, conceived the following possibility of making a practically
perfect black body. If a hollow body is provided with only one small opening, and is held at
uniform temperature, then any beam of radiation entering by the hole is partly absorbed,
and partly reflected inside. The reflected radiation will not find outlet, but will fall again on
the inside wall. There it will be only partly reflected and so on. By such a sequence of
reflections the entering radiation will be weakened so much that almost no part of it will
leave the hole. Thus the area of the hole is like a perfectly absorbing surface, and an
arrangement of this kind will act just as a perfect black body. It may be considered a
measure by which the absorptivity of any substances may be determined.
Any hot body maintained by a constant heat source, loses heat to surroundings by
conduction, convection and radiation. If two bodies made of same geometry are heated under
identical conditions, the heat loss by conduction and convection can be assumed same for
both the bodies, when the difference in temperatures between these two bodies is not high. In
such a case, when one body is black & the other body is gray from the values of different
surface temperatures of the two bodies maintained by a constant power source emissivity can
be calculated. The heat loss by radiation depends on:
a) Characteristic of the material
b) Geometry of the surface and
c) Temperature of the surface
The heat loss by radiation when one body is completely enclosed by the other body is
given by
Q= σ A1 (T4 1 –T4 2 )
1 + A1 1 – 1
ε1 A2 ε2
If a body is losing heat to the surrounding atmosphere, then the area of atmosphere A 2
>> area of body A1 . Thus if any body is loosing heat by radiation to the surrounding
atmosphere equation (1) takes the form.
Q = σ A1 ε (T4 1 – T4 2 )

where, σ = Stefan Boltzman constant = 5.6697 x 10-8 W/m² K 4
A1 = Surface area in m²
ε = Emissivity
T1 = surface temperature of the body in K and
T2 = surrounding atmospheric temperature in K
Let us consider a black body & a gray body with identical geometry being heated
under identical conditions, assuming conduction & convection heat loss to remain the same.
Let Q b and Q g be the heat supplied to black & gray bodies respectively.
If heat input to both the bodies are same,
Qb = Qg
Assuming, heat loss by conduction and convection from both bodies to remain same.
Heat loss by radiation by the black body = heat loss by radiation by the gray body
σ x Ab x εb x (T4 b –T4 a) = σ x Ag x εg x (T4 g –T4 a)
As geometry of two bodies are identical,

A = Ag = Ab and εb = 1 for black body.
Therefore, εg = (T4 b –T4 a)

(T4 g –T4 a)
Where,
Suffix ‘b’ stands for black body,
Suffix ‘g’ stands for gray body,
Suffix ‘a’ stands for ambient.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental set up consists of two circular brass plates of identical dimensions.
One of the plates is made black by applying a thick layer of lamp black while the other plate
whose emissivity is to be measured is a gray body. Heating coils are provided at the bottom
of the plates. The plates are mounted on asbestos cement sheet and kept in an enclosure to
provide undisturbed natural convection condition. Three thermocouples are mounted on each
plate to measure the average temperature. One thermocouple is in the chamber to measure the
ambient temperature or chamber air temperature. The heat input can be varied with the help
of variac for both the plates , that can be measured using digital volt and ammeter.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Specimen material : Brass
Specimen Size :  150 mm, 6 mm thickness ( gray & black body )
Voltmeter : Digital type, 0-300v
Ammeter : Digital type, 0-3 amps
Dimmerstat : 0-240 V, 2 amps

Temperature Indicator : Digital type, 0-300°C, K type
Thermocouple Used : 7 nos.
Heater : Sand witched type Nichrome heater,400 W

PROCEDURE
1. Switch on the electric mains.
2. Operate the dimmerstat very slowly and give same power input to both the heaters
say 50 V by using/operating cam switches provided.
3. When steady state is reached note down the temperatures T1 to T7 by rotating the
temperature selection switch.
4. Also note down the volt & ammeter reading
5. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs.
OBSERVATION TABLE
1. Diameter of the test surface plate = 0.15 m.
2. Stefan Boltzmann Constant = 5.67 ×10 –8 W/m2 K4
3. Emissivity of Black surface plate εb = 1
Sr. Temperature of Temperature of Chamber
No. Heater input black surface °C gray surface °C Temperature
°C
V I VxI T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
Watts
CALCULATIONS
1. Temperature of the black body
Tb = (T1 + T2 + T3 ) + 273 .15 K

3
2. Temperature of the gray body
Tg = (T4 + T5 + T6 ) + 273 .15 K

3

3. Ambient temperature
Ta = (T7 + 273.15) K
4. Heat input to the coils = V x I watt
5. Emissivity of gray body,
εg = (T4 b –T4 a)
(T4 g –T4 a)
RESULTS
Sr. Heat Input of Test Avg. test plate temperature Emissivity of test plate
No. surface
1
2
3
4
5
GRAPH
Plot Graph Emissivity Vs Avg. Temperature of the test plate.
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
UNSTEADY STATE HEAT TRANSFER
model.
OBJECTIVE
1. To calculate the Biot number, Fourier number and hence the heat transfer coefficient.
2. To obtain the specimen temperature at any interval of time practically &
theoretically.
THEORY
After the heat transfer process is initiated some time must elapse before steady state
is reached. During this transient period the temperature changes and the analysis must take
into account changes in the associated internal energy. Transient heat flow is to of great
practical importance in industrial heating and cooling.
In addition to unsteady heat flow when the system undergoes a transition from one
steady state to another, there are also engineering problems involving periodic variations in
heat flow and temperature, e.g. periodic heat flow in a building between day and night and
in regenerators, where the matrix is alternately heated and cooled. In periodic heat flow
systems, the temperature at a point varies periodically or cyclically.
Unsteady state or transient heat conduction is conduction heat transfer for non
generating systems in which the temperature varies not only from point to point in the
system but undergoes a continuous change with time at any local point as well.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The experimental setup consists of water heater located at the bottom of the
equipment. Specimen is hold in chuck which is at the top of water heater. Thermocouple No.
1 located inside the brass specimen. Thermocouple no 2 is located inside the stainless steel
specimen. Thermocouple no 3 measures the water temperature. Thermocouple no 4
measures atmospheric temperature.
SPECIFICATIONS
1. Heater = 1 kW
2. Digital Temperature indicator = 0 – 299.9 °C
3. Thermocouple = Cr/Al type
4. Specimen Material = Brass & S.S.
5. Dimmerstat = 0 – 300 volts
6. Ammeter = 0 – 5 Amp.

PROCEDURE
1. Fill the water tank up to 3/4 th of its height.
2. Switch „ON‟ the supply to the heater.
3. Insert thermocouple wire in the tank.
4. Water will start heating; keep watch on the water temperature.
5. Mean while switch “ON” & “OFF” the stirrer after every 5 – 10 minutes.
6. When the water temperature reaches near to 100 °C (say 98 °C ), switch “OFF” the
heater.
7. Put the buzzer switch “ON”, insert the specimen in the hot water tank.
8. Immediately record the temperature of the specimen for every buzzer beep. (Buzzer
beeps at 5 second interval).
9. Keep recording the temperature of the specimen till the specimen temperature comes
nearly to hot water temperature of the tank.
10. After this take out the specimen and keep it in the atmosphere with the help of chuck
provided.
11. Start noting down the temperature of the specimen for every buzzer beep till the
specimen temperature nearly comes to atmospheric temp.
12. After this, repeat the procedure for SS specimen.

OBSERVATION TABLE
A] BRASS
1. Thermal conductivity of brass(kb) = ____________
2. Thermal diffusivity of Brass(αb ) = ____________
3. Specimen diameter(d) = 0.0127 m
4. Specimen Length (L) = 0.07 m
Sr. Time (sec) Water Temp (°C) Specimen Temp (°C)

No.
Heating Cooling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

B] STAINLESS STEEL
1 Thermal conductivity of stainless steel(kss ) =

2 Thermal diffusivity of stainless steel (αss ) =
3 Specimen diameter (d) = 0.0127 m
4 Specimen Length (L) = 0.07 m
Sr. Time (sec) Water Temp Specimen Temp (°C)

No.
Heating Cooling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

CACULATIONS
r
1. Characteristic dimension of the cylinder L =
2
 gL3 t 
2. Grashof Number (Gr)=  .
 
2

hL
3. Nusselt number (Nu)=
k
C p
4. Prandtle Number (Pr)=
k
h.L
5. Biot Number (Bi) =
k specimen
 .t
6. Fourier Number (Fo) =
L2
Where, L = characteristic dimension of surface.

k = Thermal conductivity of fluid.
ν = Kinematics viscosity of fluid.
μ = Dynamic viscosity of fluid.
Cp = Specific heat of fluid.
β = Co – efficient of volt metric expansion for the fluid.
g = Acceleration due to gravity.
C = constant
α = thermal diffusivity (m2 /s)
t = time (s)

 1  Ts  Ta Tsi  Tsf
For gases β =   & Tmf = where, Ts =
 Tmf  273  2 2
For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection,

hL
= 0 ∙ 59 (Gr. Pr) 0 ∙ 25 for 10 4 < Gr. Pr. < 10 9
k
hL
= 0 ∙ 13 (Gr Pr) ⅓ for 10 9 < Gr. Pr < 10 12
k
Case I : If Bi < 0.1 then go for following equation.
 Ts  T f 
ln   = - hA .t
 Tsi  T f   .Cp.V
 
A = Surface area of the specimen.
V = Volume of the specimen.
Case II : If Bi > 0.1 then go for Heisler‟s Chart.
RESULT
Plot graph of temperature difference V/s time for heating and cooling.
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
HEAT PIPE DEMONSTRATOR

CO3: After successful completion of the course students should be able to evaluate heat transfer
through convection and to design, analyze heat exchangers.
OBJECTIVE
1. To demonstrate the super thermal conductivity of heat pipe and to compare its
working with best conductor i.e. copper pipe and stainless steel pipe.
2. To plot Temperature V/s Time response of three pipes.
3. To plot Temperature distribution along length of three pipes.
THEORY
A heat pipe is basically a sealed container, normally in the form of a tube, containing
a wick lining the inside wall. It is used to transfer heat from the source to the sink by means
of evaporation and condensation of a fluid in the sealed system. The purpose of the wick is
to transport the working fluid in liquid from one end to the other by capillary action. The
heat pipe can transfer heat much more effectively than a solid conductor of the same cross
section. The thermal conductance may be 500 times the best available metallic conductor.
The sequence of operation is as follows:
1. Heat in 2. Evaporation 3. Vapour flow. 4. Condensation 5. Heat out
& 6. Liquid return in wick.
Heat pipes are extensively used for waste heat recovery, particularly in gas to gas
heat recovery. Moreover it is used in electrical and electronic systems, in air condition ing
systems, in I.C. engine and gas turbines, in manufacturing systems, in solar collectors, space
applications, snow melting, kitten cooking (heat pipe inserted into the meat speeds up the

heating process), spray drying, welding booths, pollution control, pharmaceutical, laundries,
biscuit and bread ovens brick kilns and so on.
The performance of the heat pipe as a super conducting device can be studied well in
terms of the temperature distribution along the length at a given instant and can be
compared with other two members. Nearly isothermal temperature distribution and fast rise
of temperature in heat sink tank reveals the heat pipe superiority over the conventional
conductors.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The demonstrator consists of heat pipe, a stainless steel pipe and copper pipe of
identical dimensions such as diameter and length. Heat pipe is made up of stainless steel
pipe. In heat pipe, wire of suitable size is inserted. Circumferential layers of this wire mesh
have been used. Calculated quantity (3/4th of total volume of pipe) of heat pipe is filled with
distilled water after cleaning the pipe and wire mesh using hydrochloric acid. Distilled
water is heating by making heater on. It starts evaporating and slowly the valve which is
provided on heat pipe is closed. This is done to obtain vacuum in the heat pipe. Beside heat
pipe stainless steel & copper pipes are fitted for comparison purpose. Length of three pipes
is same. Separate band type heater is used for heating each pipe. The surface temperature of
the each heat pipe is measured by suing Cr/Al type of thermocouples. Temperature of the
water in tank is measured by thermometers.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Outer diameter of all pipes. = 32 mm
2. Length of all pipes. = 450 mm
3. Condenser tank capacity = 1 litre.
4. Dimmerstat = 4 Amp.
5. Digital Voltmeter = 0 - 300 Volts.
6. Digital Ammeter = 0 – 2 Amp
7. Temperature Indicator = 0 – 299.9 °C
8. Thermocouples = Cr/Al type.
9. Heater Wattage = 400 W
PROCEDURE
1. Before using the demonstrator evacuate the heat pipe if necessary.
2. Fill equal amount of water in all condenser tanks so that the pipes are submerged
completely in water.
3. Switch „ON‟ the supply to the heater and adjust the power supply to heater.
4. Allow initial 15 minutes for warm up of the pipe.
5. Note the temperature reading of thermocouples and thermometers at 15 minute interval
till the steady state is reached.
OBSERVATION TABLE
a) Thermocouples = 12 No Cr/Al type.
b) Position of the thermocouple = 1 to 4 on heat pipe.
= 5 to 8 on Cu pipe.
= 9 to 12 on Stainless Steel pipe.
c) Th , Tc & Ts = Temperature of water in condenser tank of heat, Cu & S.S. pipe
respectively.
Sr Time Vol Curre Temperature (°C)

. tage nt
N (Vo (amp) Heat pipe Cu pipe S.S. pipe
o. lt)
V I T1 T2 T3 T4 Th T5 T6 T7 T8 Tc T9 T10 T11 T12 Ts
GRAPH
1. Temperature along the length of pipe Vs Length.
2. Temperature of pipe V/s Time response of three pipes.
3. Temperature of water in tank V/s Time for three pipes.
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
Diffusion Coefficient of Mass Transfer
CO4: After successful completion of the course students should be able to understand
mechanism of mass transfer.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the diffusion co-efficient (diffusivity) of organic vapour in air.
THEORY
Molecular diffusion is concerned with movement of individual molecules through a
substance by virtue of its thermal energy. The phenomenon of molecular diffusion
ultimately leads to completely uniform concentration of substance throughout a solution,
which may, initially have been non-uniform. The rate at which a substance (solute) moves
in a solution at any point in any direction depends on the (its) concentration gradient at that
point and in that direction. In order to express quantitatively, an approximate rate is needed.
The rates are described in terms of molar flux, moles/(area) (time). The area is measured
normal to the direction of diffusion. Two types of fluxes are often used to describe the
molecular diffusion.
J & N TYPES
J is defined as flux of a constituent relative to the molar velocities of all other constituents.
While, N is be defined as the flux of a constituent relative to a fixed point or location in
space. For example, consider a fish swimming in a stream of water. The fisherman is most
interested in the rate at which a fish swims against the flowing current towards the bait, a
fixed position. This is analogous to N while J, the flux, is analogous to the velocity of fish
relative to the velocity of up stream. If the diffusion is purely by molecular motion requiring
large time then J may be given by the equation J= - DAB ðCA / ðZ
Or, J = - CDAB ðxA/ ðZ
DAB is the diffusivity or diffusion co-efficient of constituent A in solution B. This equation is

known as Fick‟s (first) law of diffusion which is analogous to Newton‟s law of viscosity
(momentum transfer) and Fourier law of conduction (heat transfer). Two types of situations
are, often encountered in mass transfer operations: 1) constituent A diffusing in stagnant
non diffusing constituent B ex: Gas absorption where a solute gas like say NH3 in liquid
water (solvent) with no diffusion of water vapour in to the stream gaseous mixture of Air-
NH3 or Humidification operation where water diffuses in to the air stream with no air
diffusion in to the water stream. The second situation involves diffusion of both A and B in
counter- current direction (equimolal) example - Distillation operation where say Benzene
and Toulene diffuses across the interface ie Benzene (A) diffuses from vapour phase to
liquid phase while Toulene (B) diffuses from liquid to vapour phase. However, all these
diffusions are not molecular but instead, eddy diffusions (analogous to turbulent flow of
momentum transfer and connective heat transfer). The diffusion of constituents within a
phase of a solution or gas mixture is also important for the concentration to be uniform,
ultimately. Let us focus the molecular diffusion of two cases of diffusion within a phase. For
the case of „A‟ diffusing in stagnant non diffusing „B‟ the diffusivity D AB may be found by
the equation, molar flux,
N A = D ABPt (pA1 - pA2 ) / RT z pB,M kgmol/m2 s (1)
Where pB,M is log mean difference of partial pressure of B at point 1 and point 2.
pB,M =[ (pB2 - pB1 ) / ln (pB2 / pB1 )]
also, pB2 = pt - pA2 ; pB1 = pt - pA1

z = (z 1 + z 2 )/2
The flux NA can also be calculated from the quantity of liquid evaporated.
N A/A = ((z 1 - z 2 ) . ρ A ) /MAθ Kgmol / m2 Sec (2)

Equating (1) and (2), we get for D AB as,
D AB = [RT( z 1 2 – z 2 2 )  l / Pt(ln pB2 / pB1 ) 2θ M]
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
AIR AIR
2
1
z1
Organic liquid
z2

Searl‟s Cell, constant temperature bath with stirrer, heater, temperature controller /
indicator, vacuum pump (50 lpm) and stop watch.
PROCEDURE
Fill the constant temperature water bath with water up to the level marked. Switch on the
stirrer and the heater. Fill the cell with the given organic liquid such that it is about the half
of the cell. Maintain a steady constant temperature by setting the controller. Note the level of
organic liquid from the datum line marking on the tube. Let this be z 1. Start the stopwatch
and note the time taken for the change in level by a known distance as seen on the Searl‟s
tube. Read this distance from datum line as z 2. Repeat the experiment at different constant
temperatures.
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION
PT , Total Pressure : (mm Hg)

P A1 , equilibrium partial pressure(vapor pressure)at 1
* : (mm Hg)
P* A2 , equilibrium partial pressure (vapour pressure)at 2 : (mm Hg)
p B1 , partial pressure of air at 1
* :=PT - P A1 =
* (mm Hg)
p* B2 , partial pressure (air)at 2 :=PT = (mm Hg)
, Density of the organic liquid, A : (kg/m )3
T, Absolute Temperature : ( C )
M, Molecular Weight :
p*A1
Sl Temp. z 1 Initial z 2 Final Time p*B1 D AB
(mm
No ( C ) Height(cm) Height(cm) (sec) (mm Hg) (m2 /s)
Hg)
Room
1
temp =
2
3
Calculation: Reading no:

NA/A = ((z 1 - z 2 ) ρ A ) /MAθ Kmol / m2 Sec
DAB = [ (NA/A ) RT (( z 1 – z 2 ) /2 ) PBM ] / PT (PA1 – PA2 )
2 2 m2 /sec
PBM = (PB1 – PB2 ) / ln (PB2 /PB1 )
RESULTS
Sl no Temperature The diffusion coefficient

To C D AB m2 /s
1 Room temperature = o C
2
3

SPECIMEN CALCULATION
Bath temperature = °C
Z1 = cm
Z2 = cm
Time taken = min.
Dia of test tube : mm
Total Pressure = Pt = mm of Hg
Vapour Pressure of Acetone at ° C = mm of Hg
At liquid – gas interface, Pa1 = mm of Hg
Partial Pressure of air Pb1 = mm of Hg
Since at the top of the tube no air is pressed, Pa 2 = 0

Pb2 = mm of Hg
Density of Acetone, δ = kg /m3

Molecular weight of Acetone, M = kg / kg mol
D AB = RT (z1 2 - z1 2 ) δ
Pt (ln Pb1 / pb2)(2€)(M)
D AB = m2 / sec
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
PIN FIN
CO1: After successful completion of the course students should be able to understand three different
modes of heat transfer and to estimate heat transfer by using classical laws and apply the knowledge
of mathematics, science and heat transfer to develop mathematical model.
OBJECTIVE
To find out efficiency of circular pin fin.
DESCRIPTION
Whenever the available surface is found inadequate to transfer the required quantity of heat with the
available temperature drop and convective heat transfer coefficient, extended surfaces or fins are used.
This practice invariably is found necessary in heat transfer between a surface and gas as the
convective heat transfer coefficient is rather low in these situations.
The finned surfaces are widely used in.

a) Economisers for stem power plant.
b) Convectors for steam and hot water heating system.
c) Radiator of automobile.
d) Air cooled engine cylinder heads.
e) Cooling coils and condenser coils in refrigerator and air conditioners.
f) Electric motor bodies.
g) Transformers and electronic equipments.
In practice, all kinds of shape and sizes of fins are employed. Some common types of fins are:
1. Uniform straight fins of rectangular, square or circular shape.
2. Tapered straight fins.
3. Splines.
It is obvious that a fin surface sticks out from the primary heat transfer surface. The temperature
difference with surrounding fluid will steadily diminish as one moves out along the fin. This
experimental set up is designed to find the efficiency and to study the temperature distribution in a
simple pin fin.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
A brass fin of circular cross section is fitted in long rectangular duct. The other end of duct is
connected to the suction side of a blower and the air flow past fin perpendicular to it’s axis. One end
of fin projects the duct and is heated by the heater. Temperatures are six points along the length of the
fin is measured by Cr/Al thermocouples. Air flow rate is measured by an orifice meter fitted on the
delivery side of blower. Schematic fig. is shown as.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Duct size = 150 × 100 × 1100 mm.
2. Diameter of the fin = 12.7 mm.
3. Length of fin = 150 mm.
4. Diameter of the orifice = 35 mm.
5. Diameter of delivery pipe = 55 mm.
6. Coefficient of discharge for orifice = 0.64
7. Centrifugal blower (1 HP) having single phase motor.
8. Thermocouples on the fin = 6 Nos.
9. Thermocouple (7) reads ambient temperature inside of the duct.
10. Fin material = Brass
11. Nichrome wire heater ( Band type ) placed Over a Pipe having capacity (500 watts).

12. Dimerstat: Heater Control Unit : 0 - 230 V, 0 - 2 Amps. single phase Auto transformer (1
No.)
13. Voltmeter 0 - 100 - 200 V.
14. Ammeter 0 - 2 Amps.
15. Temperature Indicator (digital type) 0 - 200 0 C.
PROCEDURE
1. Switch ‘ON’ the supply.

2. Start heating fin by switching on the heater and adjust dimmerstat voltage equal to 100 V to
110 V.
3. Start the blower and adjust difference of level in manometer with the help of valve provided
on the duct.
4. Note down the thermocouple readings 1 - 6 at a time interval of 15 min.
5. When the steady state is reached, record the final readings (1) - (6) & also record the
ambient temperature readings (7).
6. Note down the reading as given in the observation table.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. Time Volt Curr Heat Temperature

No. age ent Input T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 Tamb Head
V I V×I (hw)
cm
CALCULATIONS
T1  T2  T3  T4  T5  T6
1. Avg temperature of the fin Ta =
6
Ta  Tamb
2. Mean Fin Temperature Tm =
2

C d  a1  a 2  2 ghw  w  a 
3. Air volume flow rate Q =
a1  a 2
2 2
Where Cd = Coefficient of discharge for orifice = 0.64

a 1 = area of the pipe.
a 2 = area of the orifice.
g = accelearion due to gravity
h w = difference of height of water column in manometer.
ρw = density of water
ρa = density of air at ambient temperature (to be obtained from table for
properties of air).
4. Velocity of air at ambient temperature.

Q
V=
A
Where A = area of the duct.
 Tm  273 
5 .Velocity of air at mean fin temp Vm = V ×  
 Ta  273 
Vm  d
6. Reynolds number Re =
a
where d = diameter of the fin.
νa = kinematic viscosity of air at Tm
1
7. Nusselt Number Nu = 0.165 × (Re)0.466 × (Pr) 3
....... 40 < Re < 4000
1
Nusselt Number Nu = 0.174 × (Re)0.618 × (Pr) 3
....... 4000 < Re < 40000

N u  K air
8. Heat transfer coefficient h =
d
. hP
9. Mass flow rate of air m =
kA
where P = peripheral area of the pin.
k = thermal conductivity of fin material.
A = cross sectional area of the pin.
tanh( mL)
10. Efficiency of the pin η =
mL
PRECAUTIONS
1. See that the dimmerstat is at zero position before switching ON the heater.
2. Operate the changeover switch of temperature indicator, gently,
3. Be sure that the steady state is reached before taking the final readings.
GRAPH
Plot graph Temperature at pin fin Vs Distance of points of thermocouple along the length of
the pin fin from the heating end.
CONCLUSIONS

Name:
Marks:
FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
CO3: After successful completion of the course students should be able to evaluate heat transfer through
convection and to design, analyze heat exchangers.
OBJECTIVE
To calculate the forced convection heat transfer coefficient.

THOERY
In most of heat exchangers, heat transfer takes place by forced convection. In the analysis of
such equipment the information on heat transfer co – efficient is required. In the present experimental
set up , air flowing inside a pipe can be determined. Heat transfer co –efficient is a complicated
property depending on many variables and is usually expressed as function of the Reynolds Number
(Re) and Prandtls number (P r).
DESCRIPTION

The apparatus consists of Blower unit fitted with a test pipe. The test section is surrounded
by Nichrome band heater. Six thermocouples are embedded on the test section, one thermocouple is
placed in the air stream at the entrance & one at the exit of the test section to measure the temperature.
Test pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower along with an orifice to measure flow of air
through pipe. Input to the heater is given through a dimmerstat. It is to be noted that only a part of
the total heat supplied is utilized in heating the air. Air flow is measured with the help of orifice
meter & the water manometer fitted on the board.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The set up consists of an air blower to pass air through a pipe. A valve helps in control of air
flow. A test section has been provided in the straight portion considerably away from the bend so that
at test section the flow is fully developed. A flow straighter can also be provided. The test section has
an electrical heater which is insulated to reduce heat losses to the atmosphere. The test section has
thermocouples fixed to the pipe so that the variation of pipe surface temperature can be measured
along the test section.
Instrument has been provided to measure the heat flow rate (a) and air temperature at entry (room
Temp.) and exit of the test section.

SPECIFICATIONS
1. Length of the test section L = 300 mm
2. Outer Diameter of pipe Do = 56 mm
3. Inner Diameter of pipe Di = 40 mm
4. Distance between the thermocouples = 60 mm
5. Coefficient of discharge for orifice = 0.8
6. Diameter of the orifice = 35 mm
7. Heater :Nichrome wire heater (Band type) placed Over a Pipe suitable capacity (1000 watts) .
8. Blower (1HP) is used.
9. DIMMER STAT : Heater Control Unit : 0 - 230 V., 0 - 2 Amps. single phase Auto
transformer ( 1 No. )
10. Voltmeter 0 - 200 V
11. Ammeter 0 - 2 Amps.
12. Temperature Indicator ( digital type ) 0 - 200 0 C
EXPERIMENTS TO BE CARRIED OUT

To Find the
1. Average surface heat transfer coefficient for a pipe losing heat by forced convection
to air flowing through it can be obtained for different air flow & heat flow rates.
2. Reynold’s number & Nusselt number for each experimental condition .
3. To plot & comment on the surface temperature distribution along the length of pipe.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep the dimmerstat at zero position before switching ON the power supply.
2. Start the blower unit first.
3. Increase the voltmeter gradually.
4. Do Not stop the blower in between the testing period.
5. Do not disturb thermocouples while testing.
6. Operate selector switch of Temperature Indicator gently.
7. Do not exceed 200 W.
6. Operate selector switch of temperature indicator gently.

PROCEDURE
1. Start the electric supply.
2. Start the blower and adjust the flow by means of valve to some desired difference in the
manometer. (Preferably open the control valve fully).
3. Start heating of the test section with the help of the varying the current and voltage with the
help of dimmerstat at the desired value. Note this value and heater input in the observation
table .
4. Note down the reading of all thermocouples from the temperature indicator at a definite
interval of time until the steady state is reached.
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sr. Time V I Heat Thermocouple Reading (°C) Mean Air Air Mano
No. Input Temp Inlet outlet meter
Q= Tm Temp Temp Differ
V× I T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 (°C) T1 T8 ence
Watt hw
(cm)
CALCULATIONS
1. Bulk mean temperature of the air Tbm
Tbm = (T1 +T8 ) / 2
2. Properties of air at Tbm

ρa = _________
Cp= ________
3. Discharge of the air Qa
C d a1 a 2 2 ghw (  w  a )
Qa =
a1  a 2
2 2

Where, a 1 = area of the delivery pipe.
a 2 = area of orifice meter.
h w = manometer reading in meters of water.
ρa = density of air.
ρw = density of water.
Cp =specific heat of air.
.
4. Mass flow rate of air ( m )
.
m = Qa × ρa
5. Heat flow with the air (q)

.
q = m Cp (T1 – T8 )
6. Heat transfer coefficient h

q
h= W/m2 K
A(Tm  Tbm )
where, A = area of the test section

= π Di l
RESULT
Setup Heat Input (W) Height of Water Heat transfer

(cm) coefficient
(W/m2 K)
I
II
III
IV
CONCLUSIONS


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K. J.

Somaiya College of Engineering

TY B.Tech (MECH), V Semester

3. Determination of CO1: After successful completion of the course students should

5. Determination of CO2: After successful completion of the course students should

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Batch: Roll No.: Experiment No.:

Signature of Lab Teacher with date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD

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Liquids : k = 0.2 – 0.5 W/m˚C.

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

5. Take readings of voltmeter and ammeter.

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Voltmeter Ammete Heat Water temp Volume

a) Thermal conductivity at section C-C.

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b) Thermal conductivity at section B-B.

Heat conducted through Heat + Heat lost in radial

Let heat conducted through section B-B = Q3

Substituting equation (6) in equation (4), we get,

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

Batch: Roll No.: Experiment No.:

Signature of Lab Teacher with date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER

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Copper constant thermocouples are used to measure the temperatures,

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From the experimental values of q , T i and To the unknown thermal

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Department of Mechanical Engineering

1. Radius of Inner Copper Sphere ri = 50 mm.

2. Radius of Outer Copper Sphere r o = 100 mm.

5. Digital temperature Indicator = 0 to1000 0 C

6. Thermocouples ( Copper Constant) = 10 Nos.

8. Heating Coil (Mica Type) = 400 watts.

9. Insulating Powder = Asbestos.

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Sr. Time T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Ti To

1. Heat input (q) :

2. Mean Temperature of Outer Sphere (TO) :

3. Mean Temperature of Inner sphere (Ti) :

4. Thermal conductivity of insulating material:

No of Thermal conductivity of Insulating Powder (k) By Theoretical

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Batch: Roll No.: Experiment No.:

Signature of Lab Teacher with date:

FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER

where h = Average surface heat transfer co – efficient (W/m2 º C)

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d = diameter of the tube

The surface heat transfer co – efficient of a system transferring heat by natural

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Setup Heat Input (W) Heat transfer coefficient

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Batch: Roll No.: Experiment No.:

Signature of Lab Teacher with date: