BÀI THI GIỮA KỲ MÔN XỬ LÝ TIẾNG

Họ và tên sinh viên: Đặng Việt Cường.

Lớp Đ07ĐTA1
Mssv: 407190003

Chương 2
Câu 1: thực hiện ghi âm và lưu file
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% date: 30-11-2010 %
% File: record.m %
% Editor: cuong %
% Email: dangvietcuong85@gmail.com %

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

function record(op)
% global variables
global H_RECORD F_RECORD AXIS_RECORD ai data z_data R_fs R_samp_len
global ZOOM_HISTORY

if nargin == 0 % used to check input, init 0 to draw figure follwing

op = 0;
end

%spec = 'wideband';
spec = 'narrowband';
wideband_time = 4e-3;
narrowband_time = 25e-3;
window_width = 200; % window width for FFT
step_size = 100; % window movement
fft_pts = 2048; % # of points in the FFT

switch op
case 0 % Draw figure
 clear global data % erase any previously recorded data

width = 950;
height = 700;

F_RECORD = figure('Position',[25 50 width height],... % return the handle

to the figure object
'NumberTitle','off',...
'Color',[.8 .8 .8],...
'Name','Record');

H_RECORD(1) = uicontrol('Style','pushbutton',... % record button

'Units','normalized',...
'Position',[190/width (height-75)/height 80/width 30/height],...
'ForegroundColor',[1 0 0],...
'FontWeight','bold','String','Play','String','Record','Visible','on',...
'CallBack','record(1)');

H_RECORD(2) = uicontrol('Style','text',...
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[190/width (height-45)/height 80/width 20/height],...
'BackgroundColor',[.8 .8 .8],...
'String',' ');

H_RECORD(3) = uicontrol('Style','pushbutton',... % play button

'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[300/width (height-75)/height 80/width 30/height],...
'ForegroundColor',[.2 .4 .2],...
'FontWeight','bold',...
'String','Play',...
'Enable','off',...
'CallBack','record(2)');

H_RECORD(4) = uicontrol('Style','Slider',... % user selects time length

'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[60/width (height-70)/height 100/width 20/height],...
'Min',1,'Max',10,'Value',2,...
'SliderStep',[1/5-0.000001 1/5],...
 'Callback','record(3)');

H_RECORD(5) = uicontrol('Style','text',... % diplays time length

'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[50/width (height-45)/height 120/width 20/height],...
'BackgroundColor',[.8 .8 .8],...
'String','Length - 2 sec');

H_RECORD(6) = uicontrol('Style','pushbutton',... % Zoom in on data

'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[(width-240)/width (height-72.5)/height 75/width
25/height],...
'ForegroundColor',[.2 .4 .2],...
'FontWeight','bold',...
'String','Zoom In',...
'Enable','off',...
'CallBack','record(4)');

H_RECORD(7) = uicontrol('Style','pushbutton',... % Zoom out

'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[(width-135)/width (height-72.5)/height 75/width
25/height],...
'ForegroundColor',[.2 .4 .2],...
'FontWeight','bold',...
'String','Zoom Out',...
'Enable','off',...
'CallBack','record(5)');

H_RECORD(8) = uicontrol('Style','pushbutton',... % Load data from wav file

'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[(width-395)/width (height-72.5)/height 75/width
25/height],...
'ForegroundColor',[.2 .4 .2],...
'FontWeight','bold',...
'String','Load',...
'Enable','on',...
'CallBack','record(6)');
 H_RECORD(9) = uicontrol('Style','pushbutton',... % Save data to wav file
'Units','normalized', ...
'Position',[(width-500)/width (height-72.5)/height 75/width
25/height],...
'ForegroundColor',[.2 .4 .2],...
'FontWeight','bold',...
'String','Save',...
'Enable','off',...
'CallBack','record(7)');

case 1 % record button

% Set sampling and length info
%R_fs = 11025;

R_fs = 16000; % sample rate 16 khz

R_samp_len = get(H_RECORD(4),'Value'); %time to do sample

% get handles for sound input and output

ai = init_sound(R_fs,R_samp_len);
R_fs = get(ai, 'SampleRate'); % in case actual rate doesn't match desired

% gets an array named data from the microphone

nogo=0;

while not (nogo)

set(H_RECORD(1),'String','Recording');
set(H_RECORD(2),'String','Speak now...');
start(ai); % starts count timer
try
data = getdata(ai);
nogo=1;
catch
disp('10 seconds elapsed... try again!');
stop(ai);
end
end
delete(ai);
 set(H_RECORD(1),'String','Record');
set(H_RECORD(2),'String',' ');

% Make "Play", "Zoom In/Out", and "Save" buttons available

set(H_RECORD(3),'enable','on');
set(H_RECORD(6),'enable','on');
set(H_RECORD(7),'enable','on');
set(H_RECORD(9),'enable','on');

% normalize sound data to 99% of max

data = 0.99*data/max(abs(data));
z_data = data;%storage data used to play again following
% displays the time graph of the voice signal
AXIS_RECORD(1) = timedata(F_RECORD,data,R_fs,0.06,0.50,0.88,0.30);
xlims = get(AXIS_RECORD(1),'XLim');
ylims = get(AXIS_RECORD(1),'YLim');
ZOOM_HISTORY = [];
ZOOM_HISTORY = push(ZOOM_HISTORY,[xlims ylims]);

% Sampling rate dependent window width

if strcmp(spec,'narrowband')
window_width = round(R_fs*narrowband_time);
step_size = round(window_width/8);
elseif strcmp(spec,'wideband')
window_width = round(R_fs*wideband_time);
step_size = round(window_width/2);
end

% calculates the spectrum of the voice signal

X = specgram(data,fft_pts,1,hamming(window_width),window_width-step_size);
X = abs(X);
% displays the spectrum of the voice signal
AXIS_RECORD(2) =
spectdata(F_RECORD,X,R_fs,step_size,window_width,0.06,0.11,0.88,0.30);
axis([xlims get(gca,'YLim')])

case 2 % Play recording

 % sends an array named z_data to the speakers/headphones
if length(z_data) ~= 0
sound(z_data,R_fs) % send signal to the specker
end

case 3 % Display time length text

% Allow the user to set the time length of sample

num = get(H_RECORD(4),'Value');
set(H_RECORD(5),'String',['Length - ' num2str(num) ' sec']);

case 4

% Zoom in on the data

axes(AXIS_RECORD(1))
% Allow the user to draw a rectangle on the area
% they would like to zoom in on
RECT = getrect;

xmin = RECT(1);
xmax = RECT(1) + RECT(3);
ymin = RECT(2);
ymax = RECT(2) + RECT(4);

% Set maximum zoom limits to the data edges

xaxis_limits = get(AXIS_RECORD(1),'XLim');
yaxis_limits = get(AXIS_RECORD(1),'YLim');

if xmin < xaxis_limits(1)

xmin = xaxis_limits(1);
end

if xmax > xaxis_limits(2)

xmax = xaxis_limits(2);
end

if ymin < yaxis_limits(1)

ymin = yaxis_limits(1);
 end

if ymax > yaxis_limits(2)

ymax = yaxis_limits(2);
end

% if the choosen zoom range is acceptable...

if ~((ymin > ymax) | (xmin > xmax))

% zoom in on the time data

axis([xmin xmax ymin ymax]);
% define the last limits
last_axis_limits = [xaxis_limits yaxis_limits];
ZOOM_HISTORY = push(ZOOM_HISTORY,last_axis_limits);

% zoom in on the frequency data by adjusting the xaxis

% limits to be the same as those of the time data
axes(AXIS_RECORD(2))
yaxis_limits = get(AXIS_RECORD(2),'YLim');
axis([xmin xmax yaxis_limits(1) yaxis_limits(2)]);

% define the zoomed in data (for playback purposes)

imin = round(xmin*R_fs)+1;
imax = round(xmax*R_fs)+1;
z_data = data(imin:imax);

end

case 5

zoom_level = length(ZOOM_HISTORY);

if zoom_level > 1
[ZOOM_HISTORY,axis_limits] = pop(ZOOM_HISTORY);
else
axis_limits = ZOOM_HISTORY{1};
end
 % zoom out to the full time data
axes(AXIS_RECORD(1))
axis(axis_limits);

% zoom out to the full frequency data

axes(AXIS_RECORD(2))
ymin = 0;
ymax = R_fs/2000;
axis([axis_limits(1:2) ymin ymax]);

% define the zoomed in data (for playback purposes)

imin = round(axis_limits(1)*R_fs)+1;
imax = round(axis_limits(2)*R_fs)+1;
z_data = data(imin:imax);
%z_data = data;

case 6 % Load button

[filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.wav','Select Data File');

if filename ~= 0

cd(pathname);

% Get data and sampling rate

[data,R_fs] = wavread([pathname filename]);
if min(size(data))>1
error('Can''t load stereo data')
end
% Make "Play", "Zoom In/Out", and "Save" buttons available
set(H_RECORD(3),'enable','on');
set(H_RECORD(6),'enable','on');
set(H_RECORD(7),'enable','on');
set(H_RECORD(9),'enable','on');

z_data = data;
% displays the time graph of the voice signal
AXIS_RECORD(1) = timedata(F_RECORD,data,R_fs,0.06,0.50,0.88,0.30);
 xlims = get(AXIS_RECORD(1),'XLim');
ylims = get(AXIS_RECORD(1),'YLim');
ZOOM_HISTORY = [];
ZOOM_HISTORY = push(ZOOM_HISTORY,[xlims ylims]);

% Sampling rate dependent window width

if strcmp(spec,'narrowband')
window_width = round(R_fs*narrowband_time);
step_size = round(window_width/8);
elseif strcmp(spec,'wideband')
window_width = round(R_fs*wideband_time);
step_size = round(window_width/2);
end

% calculates the spectrum of the voice signal

X = specgram(data,fft_pts,1,hamming(window_width),window_width-
step_size);
X = abs(X);
% displays the spectrum of the voice signal
AXIS_RECORD(2) =
spectdata(F_RECORD,X,R_fs,step_size,window_width,0.06,0.11,0.88,0.30);
axis([xlims get(gca,'YLim')])

end

case 7 % Save waveform

[filename, pathname] = uiputfile('*.wav', 'Save Data to Wave File');

if filename ~= 0
wavwrite(z_data,R_fs,[pathname filename])
end

end

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% SUBFUNCTION
function H = timedata(Fig,x,fs,left,bottom,width,height)
% This function plots time data at location specified by user
% Left, bottom, width, height are relative locations less than 1

figure(Fig);

samp_len = length(x)/fs;
delta_t = 1/fs;
t = 0:delta_t:(samp_len-delta_t);

% display the signal

H = subplot('position',[left bottom width height]);
plot(t,x), xlabel('Time [sec]'), ylabel('Amplitude')
axis([0 t(length(x)-1) -1 1 ]);

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% SUBFUNCTION
function H = spectdata(Fig,x,fs,step,ww,left,bottom,width,height)
% This function plots spectral data at location specified by user
% Left, bottom, width, height are relative locations less than 1

figure(Fig);

% frequency axis vector

y_len = size(x,1); % num of rows
f = [0:y_len-1]*fs/y_len/2;
f = f/1000; % kHz scale

% time axis vector

x_len = size(x,2); % num of columns
%t = [0.5:1:x_len+0.5]*step/fs;
%t = [(ww-1)/2-0.5:step:step*x_len+(ww-1)/2-1.5]/fs;
t = [(ww-1)/2:step:(x_len-1)*step+(ww-1)/2]/fs;

% display the signal

H = subplot('position',[left bottom width height]);
log_data = -log10(x+0.0001);
imagesc(t,f,log_data), xlabel('Time [sec]'), ylabel('Frequency [kHz]')
set(gca,'YDir','normal')

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% SUBFUNCTION
function ai = init_sound(fs,samp_len)
% Function 'init_sound' initializes microphone input for voice
% 'fs' is the sampling rate, 'samp_len' is the time to record
% in seconds.

v = ver;
name = {v.Name};
ind = find(strcmp(name,'MATLAB'));
if isempty(ind)
ind = find(strcmp(name,'MATLAB Toolbox'));
end

v_num = str2num(v(ind).Version);

ai = analoginput('winsound');
addchannel(ai, 1);
if (v_num == 6.1) | (v_num == 6.5)
set(ai, 'StandardSampleRates', 'Off');
end
set(ai, 'SampleRate', fs);
actual_fs = get(ai, 'SampleRate');
set(ai, 'TriggerType', 'software');
set(ai, 'TriggerRepeat', 0);
set(ai, 'TriggerCondition', 'Rising');
set(ai, 'TriggerConditionValue', 0.01);
set(ai, 'TriggerChannel', ai.Channel(1));
set(ai, 'TriggerDelay', -0.1);
set(ai, 'TriggerDelayUnits', 'seconds');
set(ai, 'SamplesPerTrigger', actual_fs*samp_len+1);
set(ai, 'TimeOut', 10);
%---------------------------------------------------------------
% SUBFUNCTION
function s = push(s,new_item)
% Function 'push' adds 'new_item' to stack 's'
if ~isempty(s)
height = length(s);
s{height+1} = new_item;
else
s{1} = new_item;
end

%---------------------------------------------------------------
% SUBFUNCTION
function [s,x] = pop(s)
% Function 'pop' removes item from top of stack 's'
height = length(s);
x = s{height};
s = s(1:height-1);

Sau khi chạy chương trình thì sẽ hiện ra giao diện để ta thực hiện ghi âm
Câu 2 : Biểu diễn tín hiệu trong miền thời gian.
[xtemp,fs,bits] = wavread('nghenoi');

x = xtemp(:,1); % lấy kênh đầu tiên của tín hiệu

t= (0:length(x)-1)/fs; % t vector thời gian
plot(t,x);
legend ('Speech of waveform in time domain');
xlabel ('Times (s)');
ylabel ('Amplitude');

disp('Nhan phim bat ki de tiep tuc');

pause
 0.6
Speech of waveform in time domain

0.4

0.2

0
Amplitude

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Times (s)

Câu 3) Biểu diễn tín hiệu và phổ của nó dùng các hàm cửa sổ sau đây:
a) Tam giác:

y=triang(length(x));
y= fft(x.*triang(length (x))) ;%nhân ch?p tín hi?u v?i c?a s? r?i
chuy?n qua mi?n t?n s?
hz =5000* length (y)/fs;
f= (0:hz)*fs/length (y);
plot(f,20*log10(abs(y(1:length(f)))+eps));% v?i ph?n tín hi?u
trong mi?n th?i gian?
grid on;
legend('Cua so tam giac');
xlabel('Tan so (Hz)');
ylabel('Do lon (dB)');

disp('Nhan phim bat ki de tiep tuc');

pause
 80
Cua so tam giac

60

40
Do lon (dB)

20

-20

-40
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Tan so (Hz)

b) Cửa sổ chữ nhật

y=rectwin(length(x));
y= fft(x.*rectwin(length (x))) ;%nhân ch?p tín hi?u v?i c?a s? r?i
chuy?n qua mi?n t?n s?
hz =5000* length (y)/fs;
f= (0:hz)*fs/length (y);
plot(f,20*log10(abs(y(1:length(f)))+eps));% v?i ph?n tín hi?u
trong mi?n th?i gian?
grid on;
legend('Cua so chu nhat');
xlabel('Tan so (Hz)');
ylabel('Do lon (dB)');
disp('Nhan phim bat ki de tiep tuc');
pause

100
Cua so chu nhat

80

60

40
Do lon (dB)

20

-20

-40
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Tan so (Hz)
c) Hamming

y=hamming(length(x));
y= fft(x.*hamming(length (x))) ;%nhân ch?p tín hi?u v?i c?a s? r?i
chuy?n qua mi?n t?n s?
hz =5000* length (y)/fs;
f= (0:hz)*fs/length (y);
plot(f,20*log10(abs(y(1:length(f)))+eps));% v?i ph?n tín hi?u
trong mi?n th?i gian?
grid on;
legend('Cua so Hamming');
xlabel('Tan so (Hz)');
ylabel('Do lon (dB)');
disp('Nhan phim bat ki de tiep tuc');

pause d

80
Cua so Hamming

60

40
Do lon (dB)

20

-20

-40
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Tan so (Hz)

d) Hanming

y=hann(length(x));
y= fft(x.*hann(length (x))) ;%nhân ch?p tín hi?u v?i c?a s? r?i chuy?n
qua mi?n t?n s?
hz =5000* length (y)/fs;
f= (0:hz)*fs/length (y);
plot(f,20*log10(abs(y(1:length(f)))+eps));% v?i ph?n tín hi?u trong
mi?n th?i gian?
grid on;
legend('Cua so hanming');
xlabel('Tan so (Hz)');
 ylabel('Do lon (dB)');
disp('Nhan phim bat ki de tiep tuc');
pause

80
Cua so hanming

60

40
Do lon (dB)

20

-20

-40
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Tan so (Hz)

Câu 4) Dùng phương pháp điều chế DPCM để điều chế tín hiệu, giải mã tín hiệu và đánh giá sai
số.

predictor = [0 1]; % Ham du doan y(k)=x(k-1)

partition = [-1:.1:.9]; % Sai s? ch? n?m trong kho?ng [-1,1]
codebook = [-1:.1:1];
% Luong tu hoa y su dung DPCM
encodedy = dpcmenco(y,codebook,partition,predictor);
% Giai ma y tu tin hieu da dieu che
decodedy = dpcmdeco(encodedy,codebook,predictor);
plot(t,y,t,decodedy,'--')
legend('Tin hieu goc','Tin hieu duoc giai
ma','Location','NorthOutside');
% Danh gia sai so
distor = sum((y-decodedy).^2)/length(y)
 Tin hieu goc
Tin hieu duoc giai ma
3000

2000

1000

-1000

-2000

-3000

-4000

-5000

-6000
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
 Chương 3
Câu 2: xác định tần số cơ bản

% get a section of vowel

[x,fs]=wavread('nghenoi');

ms20=fs/50; % minimum speech Fx at 50Hz

% plot waveform

t=(0:length(x)-1)/fs; % times of sampling instants

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x);

legend('Waveform');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% calculate autocorrelation

r=xcorr(x,ms20,'coeff');

% plot autocorrelation

d=(-ms20:ms20)/fs; % times of delays

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(d,r);

legend('Autocorrelation');

xlabel('Delay (s)');

ylabel('Correlation coeff.');
ms2=fs/500 % maximum speech Fx at 500Hz

ms20=fs/50 % minimum speech Fx at 50Hz

% just look at region corresponding to positive delays

r=r(ms20+1:2*ms20+1)

[rmax,tx]=max(r(ms2:ms20))

fprintf('rmax=%g Fx=%gHz\n',rmax,fs/(ms2+tx-1));
 0.6
Waveform
0.4

0.2

Amplitude
-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)

1
Autocorrelation
0.99
Correlation coeff.

0.98

0.97

0.96

0.95

0.94
-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Delay (s)

Câu 3: xác định tần số formant

[xtemp,fs,bits] = wavread('nghenoi');

x = xtemp(:,1); % l?y kênh ??u tiên c?a tín hi?u

% resample to 10,000Hz (optional)

x=resample(x,10000,fs);

fs=10000;

% plot waveform

t=(0:length(x)-1)/fs; % times of sampling instants

subplot(2,1,1);

plot(t,x);

legend('Waveform');

xlabel('Time (s)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% get Linear prediction filter

ncoeff=2+fs/1000; % rule of thumb for formant estimation

a=lpc(x,ncoeff);

% plot frequency response

[h,f]=freqz(1,a,512,fs);

subplot(2,1,2);

plot(f,20*log10(abs(h)+eps));

legend('LP Filter');

xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');

ylabel('Gain (dB)');
% find frequencies by root-solving

r=roots(a); % find roots of polynomial a

r=r(imag(r)>0.01); % only look for roots >0Hz up to fs/2

ffreq=sort(atan2(imag(r),real(r))*fs/(2*pi));

% convert to Hz and sort

for i=1:length(ffreq)

fprintf('Formant %d Frequency %.1f\n',i,ffreq(i));

end

0.5
Waveform

0
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time (s)

60
LP Filter
50

40

30
Gain (dB)

20

10

-10

-20
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Frequency (Hz)