Received: 10 May 2019 Revised: 12 August 2019 Accepted: 25 August 2019

DOI: 10.1002/er.4874

SPECIAL ISSUE ‐ RESEARCH ARTICLE

Performance investigation of a small Savonius‐Darrius

counter‐rotating vertical‐axis wind turbine

Djamal Hissein Didane1 | Siti Masyafikah Maksud2 | Mohd Fadhli Zulkafli2 |

Nurhayati Rosly2 | Syariful Syafiq Shamsudin2 | Amir Khalid3

1
Department of Thermofluid Engineering,
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing
Summary
Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn This paper describes the study of a small vertical‐axis wind turbine (VAWT)
Malaysia, Batu PahatParit Raja, Johor with a combined design of Darrius and Savonius counter‐rotating rotors. The
86400, Malaysia
2
main purpose of this study is to improve the extraction capabilities of a
Department of Aeronautical
Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and single‐rotor VAWT by using two distinct rotor designs while adopting the
Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti counter‐rotating technique. Given that the conversion capabilities and opera-
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu
tional speed of the existing wind turbines are still limited, the current tech-
PahatParit Raja, Johor 86400, Malaysia
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering
nique is used to enhance the efficiency and expand the operating wind speed
Technology, Faculty of Engineering range of the VAWT. The Darrius and Savonius counter‐rotating rotors were
Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn exposed to a similar upstream wind speed using a centrifugal blower. It was
Malaysia, EDU Hab Pagoh, Parit Raja,
Johor 84600, Malaysia found that the Savonius‐Darrius counter‐rotating rotor was able to operate
effectively, particularly at the low‐speed wind. By looking at the individual
Correspondence
performance of the rotors, it was observed that the conversion efficiency of
Djamal Hissein Didane, Department of
Thermofluid Engineering, Faculty of the H‐type rotor increases as the wind speed increases. However, in the case
Mechanical and Manufacturing of the S‐type rotor, it is higher at lower wind speed and tends to decrease as
Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
the operating speed increases. Thus, the maximum efficiency of the S‐type
Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Parit Raja, Johor
86400, Malaysia. rotor was achieved at low speed, whereas the H‐type rotor has achieved its
Email: djamal@uthm.edu.my maximum efficiency at the highest operating wind speed. The average effi-
ciency of the present Savonius‐Darrius counter‐rotating rotor has been
Funding information
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia improved to reach almost 42% and 30% more efficiency in terms of torque
(UTHM), Grant/Award Number: H126 and power, respectively.

Highlights
• The effectiveness of combining S type and H type on a counter‐rotating
VAWT has been studied.
• The new combined design was able to enhance the performance of the sys-
tem significantly and was able to operate in a low‐speed wind condition.
• An average power coefficient and torque coefficient of up to 30% and 42%
were, respectively, achieved using this technique.

KEYWORDS
counter‐rotating concept, Darrius rotor, performance evaluation, Savonius rotor

Int J Energy Res. 2019;1–8. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/er © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1
2 DIDANE
1 | INTRODUCTION
Many countries across the world have commenced
embracing a mix of energy sources, including the oil‐reach
Middle Eastern countries. The changing of this outlook is
coming from the various threats that fossil fuels could
bring in in both local and international horizons including
CO2 emission in order to maintain a more sustainable and
clean world.1,2 The Australian and European markets
show that the usage of more renewable energy sources
such as wind and solar actually reduces the electricity price
per kilowatt‐hour. Similarly, a recent end of the year 2018
study in the United States suggests that the attractiveness
of renewable energy sources now is because not only they
are clean and renewable but also they have become a
cheaper and less risk option to customers,3-5 thus suggest-
ing a brighter future for renewable energy.
Today, wind energy is one of the most exploited and
fastest growing sources of alternative energy globally with
high geographical diversity. A global growth rate of
approximately 16% was achieved in the last several years
based on the sector presentation. According to the World
Wind Energy Association (WWEA), a total installed
capacity of 539 GW was realized by the end of 2017 last
year compared with 487 GW in the year 2016.6 This has
come as a result of the enormous number of wind tur-
bines installed worldwide, which has been manifested
by this enormous amount of power rise in which provides
more economical solutions to consumers.7 In the wind
turbine industry, two dominant designs of wind turbine
exist. They are characterized according to their axis of
rotation as a horizontal‐axis wind turbine (HAWT) and
vertical‐axis wind turbine (VAWT). Nowadays, a
renowned interest in developing wind turbines with verti-
cal axis has emerged all over the world. The most popular
designs of VAWT are the lift‐type Darrius rotors and
drag‐type Savonius rotors. The straight‐bladed H‐type
Darrius rotor and S‐type Savonius rotor are among the
widely used wind turbine rotors in the present days. This
increased attentiveness could be owed to the fact that
VAWTs have more advantages compared with HAWTs
in terms of design, installation, operation and mainte-
nance, and overall cost.8,9
In essence, all wind turbines possess the ability to con-
vert relatively the kinetic energy from the air into useful
electrical energy or mechanical torque. However, in
terms of application, each design is favorable at a partic-
ular site than another, depending on the strength of the
wind at the site, among other factors.10 While selecting
an appropriate generator may be crucial, deciding a suit-
able rotor of a wind turbine is of ultimate significance.11-
13
This is due to the variations of the optimum working
condition for different rotor type or design. Savonius
ET AL.
rotors, for example, are typically found at sites where
the wind velocity is low and high turbulent intensity,
such as the urban environment due to their lower cut‐in
speed and capability to cope well with turbulent wind.
Moreover, they are also favorable when high starting
torque is required in applications such as grinding grain
or pumping water.14 On the other hand, the Darrius
rotors are commonly found at sites where the wind
strength is not an issue. This is because the Darrius rotors
are renowned for their inherent characteristics to work
more effectively and retain higher conversion efficiency
at higher wind velocities.15 However, they generally face
difficulty to self‐start at the low‐speed wind, and there-
fore, external devices are commonly used to resolve such
issues.16 Thus, the two distinctive rotor types are com-
bined in the prototype of the current study in order to
take advantage of the inherent characteristics of both
designs and to widen the application of the new
counter‐rotating concept in VAWTs.
Counter‐rotating wind turbine (CRWT) is a wind tur-
bine system that involves the rotation of two rotors in
the opposite direction to one another. The main differ-
ence between the existing and widely spread horizontal‐
axis CRWT and the current vertical‐axis CRWT apart
from the position of the rotation is that it involves the
rotation of the generator together with one of the
counter‐rotating rotors (bottom rotor) in wind turbines
with a vertical axis as shown in Figure 1. This is because
one of the rotors is literally attached to the generator.
Such innovative technique is also known as shell rota-
tion. Counter rotation is a recognized technique in
enhancing the output of a single‐rotor wind turbine sys-
tem considerably. It has shown to work effectively and
has the ability to improve the conversion efficiency of a
wind turbine significantly in both wind turbine design
with the vertical axis17,18 and horizontal axis..19-23
Although the counter‐rotation concept is widespread
in HAWTs, only limited literature is recently starting to
appear in VAWT applications. A recent experimental
study performed by Didane et al17 indicated that an
improvement of up to 43% and 40% of torque coefficient
and power coefficient was, respectively, attainable using
the counter‐rotating technique in VAWT. A similar out-
come was also achieved by Didane et al18 using a numer-
ical simulation approach. Such significant improvements
in the performance of the VAWT have motivated the cur-
rent study. However, prior studies have revealed that the
operation range of the existing CRWT with vertical axis is
still limited to moderate and higher wind speeds.17 There-
fore, this study is set out to expand the operating speed
range in order to cover a lower operating speed by com-
bining the Darrius and Savonius rotors while improving
the performance of the single‐rotor VAWT.
DIDANE ET AL.
FIGURE 1 Actual counter‐rotating model [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
This is also in an effort to respond to the facts that the
average wind speed in many countries such as Malaysia
and Chad is less than 5 m/s and also, the harnessing
capabilities of a single‐rotor VAWT are still low in gen-
eral.24-27 Thus, such an appropriate design is needed in
order to satisfy the need for such locations while enhanc-
ing the output of the single‐rotor VAWT using the
counter‐rotating technique. The main objective of this
study is, therefore, to enhance the performance of the
single‐rotor VAWT, particularly at low‐speed wind using
the counter‐rotating technique.
2 | EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
The current prototype of the Savonius‐Darrius CRWT is
built by combining the Savonius S‐type rotor and Darrius
straight‐bladed (H‐type) rotor, as shown in Figures 1 and
2. The S‐type rotor shape was positioned on the top,
where it is fixed to the shaft, while the H‐type rotor shape
was placed at the bottom side where it is fixed to the gen-
erator shell. Different materials were used to fabricate
each rotor while paying attention to suitability and
3
FIGURE 2 A,B, Schematic diagram of counter‐rotating model
[Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
convenience in terms of design and fabrication. Thus,
pinewood material was selected to fabricate the H‐type
Darrius rotor for its light, relatively robust, cheap, and
customizable characteristics. Meanwhile, galvanized steel
is used for the S‐type rotor shape for its capability to with-
stand high vibration and shock.
Moreover, the blade profile of the H‐type bottom rotor
is fabricated based on NACA0021 aerofoil profile section
with 21‐mm thickness. A total of three wooden blades
were fabricated and painted where the height of the blade
is 50 cm and the chord length is 10 cm, as shown in
Figure 3. However, in the case of the S‐type rotor, a total
of three blades were fabricated since the rotor is a three‐
blade rotor, as shown in Figure 4. Furthermore, the S‐
type rotor is designed with the dimension of 12‐cm blade
height and 27‐cm blade radius. More geometrical details
on the two types of rotors selected are presented in
Table 1.
The S‐type rotor is chosen for its inherent capability to
operate at lower upstream wind compared with other
4 DIDANE ET AL.

Darrius rotor is equipped with three semicircle polyvinyl

FIGURE 3 A,B, Dimensional details of NACA0021 airfoil
[Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
chloride (PVC) tubes in an effort to assist the rotor to
self‐start. The diameter and length of each PVC are
10.5 and 23 cm, respectively, while the thickness is 2
mm. Moreover, the H‐type rotor was predetermined to
rotate in a counter‐clockwise direction only while the
S‐type rotor was fixed to rotate in a clockwise direction
only. Such a mechanism was achieved with the help of
single‐direction bearings on top of the shaft and below
the generator for the S‐type rotor and H‐type rotor,
respectively.
The prototype design, as shown in Figure 1, was set up
and tested using a centrifugal blower with the capacity of
10 hp and 2880 rated rotational speed per minute (RPM)
to generate the required airflow. The counter‐rotating
prototype was positioned at the blower's outlet while
testing.

2.1 | Instrumentation and measurement

The performance evaluations were established in terms of

electrical power (Equation 1), torque (Equation 2), power
coefficient (Equation 3), and torque coefficient (Equa-
tion 4). The model was set up and placed in the open
FIGURE 4 A,B, Dimensional details of S‐type rotor [Colour
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] air at the outlet of the wind tunnel facility. In order to
achieve a flow uniformity and fully developed free‐stream
flow, three layers of metallic meshes were placed at the
TABLE 1 Main geometrical parameters of the counter‐rotating
outlet of the tunnel. Furthermore, the position of the pro-
model totype has been adjusted to ensure that any instability of
the flow would not affect the pressure as well as the
Features Darrius Rotor Savonius Rotor velocity distributions in the direction of the rotation.
Rotor type H type (NACA0021) S type Thus, five different positions were tested before deciding
Position Bottom Top on the optimum position at a constant speed. The dis-
tance that ensured a uniform velocity distribution for
No. of blades 3 3
both the top rotor and bottom rotor was 55 cm away from
Diameter, D 80 cm 54 cm
the outlet of the wind tunnel at 5‐m/s constant wind
Height, H 50 cm 12 cm speed.
Rotation Counterclockwise Clockwise In order to evaluate the performance of the present
Chord 10 cm ‐ technique, the counter‐rotating model was exposed to a
wide range of wind speed conditions, starting from as
Axial distance 0.10
low as 2‐m/s up to 9‐m/s wind speed. These speeds were
Wind speed condition, v 2‐9 2‐9
measured using a vane anemometer with the accuracy of
±1%, while a tachometer with the accuracy of ±0.03%
was used to measure the rotational speed or the RPM of
designs of VAWT. The selection of the two different the two counter‐rotating rotors. In each wind speed con-
rotors was decided after performing a critical literature dition, the performance of the model is assessed in terms
review and concluded that the S‐type rotor has inherent of both electrical power and torque output. Thus, the
capability to start at low speed while H‐type rotor to be electrical current and voltage were measured using a dig-
more efficient at higher speed. Thus, the two rotors were ital multimeter (±0.5% accuracy) alongside the RPM in
selected to take advantage of both rotors.28 order to reveal the electrical power that this Savonius‐
On the other hand, a 1.2‐cm cylindrical aluminum bar Darrius counter‐rotating prototype can generate. More-
was used for central shaft material. In addition, the over, the present generator used has the capacity of 100‐
DIDANE ET AL.
W rated power at 750 rated RPM, and it weighs 3.5 kg.
P ¼ V × I; (1)
where V and I are, respectively, the voltage (V) and
current (A).
30P
T¼ ; (2)
πN
P
Cp ¼ ; (3)
0:5ρAv3
T However, by observing the total output from the two
CT ¼ ; (4)
0:5ρAv2 r
where N represents the rotational speed of the rotor (in
min) and ρ is the density of air, while r, A, and v repre-
sent the radius of the rotor, the swept area that is
projected by the wind turbine rotors in the wind direc-
tion, and the free‐stream wind speed, respectively.
3 | R E S U L T S AN D D I S C U S S I O N
3.1 | Rotational speed of the model
Figure 5 demonstrates the relationship between the rota-
tional velocity of the two counter‐rotating rotors and
wind speed. The prototype has been tested with the range
of wind speed starting from 2 to 9 m/s. It has been
noticed that the rotational speed of the rotors has a direct
variation with wind velocity. The rotational speed of both
rotors kept increasing as the wind speed increases, as
shown in Figure 5. Unlike the H‐type rotor, the S‐type
FIGURE 5 Variation of rotational velocity of wind velocity
[Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
5
rotor was able to start to rotate from 2 m/s due to its
inherent self‐starting capabilities. However, the H type
was able to start rotating only from 5 m/s. Moreover,
the RPM value for the S‐type rotor is higher than the
RPM value of the H‐type rotor due to the smooth rotation
of the S‐type rotor and absence of associated weight of the
generator. The S‐type rotor was attached to the shaft and
not on the generator as the case with the H‐type rotor,
which required less torque to spin this rotor. Moreover,
since higher rotational speed means more power output,
prominent increased performance in terms of RPM was
realized from the two counter‐rotating rotors as in
Figure 5.
rotors, it could be deduced that the counter‐rotating sys-
tem is much more advantageous than a single‐rotor
VAWT. The performance of CRWT has been improved
significantly in terms of rotational speed due to the com-
bination of the two rotors. In addition, the presence of S‐
type rotor has also enabled the CRWT system to generate
power output as low as 2 m/s of wind speed, which sug-
gests a broader application of this concept in many sites
including the urban environment. However, although
the counter‐rotating system is connected to a generator
to produce the electrical power needed, the RPM
recorded from current mechanism will reduce signifi-
cantly in the presence of nonzero load conditions. This
will eventually affect the total power produced as well
as the torque output. Nevertheless, the deficiency
emerged due to the load could be compensated by intro-
ducing a higher output direct current (DC) generator,
which ultimately requires a larger rotor.
3.2 | Evaluation of mechanical torque and
power output
Figures 6 and 7 illustrate and bring together the perfor-
mance of the two rotors with regard to torque and power
outputs against the whole operating wind speed range
covered in this study. It is clear from the two figures that
H‐type Darrius rotor starts to rotate only from 5 m/s,
unlike S‐type Savonius rotor, which was able to rotate
from 2‐m/s wind speed. The rotation of the two
counter‐rotating rotors is a result of pressure difference
on the surfaces of the blades due to the upstream wind,
which was blown against the two rotors. Moreover,
although the rotational speed of the S‐type rotor was
high, as seen in Figure 5, the total torque output and
power outputs obtained were low as illustrated in Fig-
ures 6 and 7. This is because there is an inverse variation
between the torque and rotational speed and a directly
proportional relation with power. It was also revealed
6 DIDANE ET AL.

a wind speed below 5 m/s. However, the new concept has

created a tangible benefit with regard to torque and
power output, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.

3.3 | Evaluation of torque and power

coefficients

The conversion efficiency in terms of torque and power

FIGURE 6 Variation of torque as a function against wind
velocity [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
over the incoming upstream wind velocity covered is pre-
sented in Figures 8 and 9. It has been shown that signifi-
cant differences were found between the conversion
efficiency of the Darrius rotor and Savonius rotor. As
revealed in the figures, the total torque and power coeffi-
cients of the CRWT tend to have an inverse relation with

FIGURE 8 Variation of torque coefficient as a function of wind

FIGURE 7 Variation of power output as a function of wind velocity [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
velocity [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

that although the conversion efficiency of this rotor was

improved compared with the H‐type rotor, the torque
and power outputs from the S‐type rotor were still low.
Furthermore, the rate of torque and power rise for the
H‐type rotor was significant with regard to the increase of
the wind velocity. However, this rate has not changed
much while the free‐stream wind velocity increases.
Nonetheless, the total output of the CRWT was increased
considerably due to the presence of the H‐type rotor in
the system even though it could not operate below 5‐m/
s wind velocity, as shown in Figures 6 and 7.
While the current design has the advantage of operat-
ing at the wind speed of as low as 2 m/s, however, the sig-
nificant contribution of this system appears at wind speed
beyond 5 m/s. This is primarily attributed to the fact that FIGURE 9 Variation of power coefficient as a function of wind
H‐type rotor could not contribute to the overall system at velocity [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DIDANE ET AL.
FIGURE 10 Percentage torque coefficient increase with wind
velocity [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
the operating speed. It was also observed that the S‐type
rotor was able to convert better at the lower wind speeds
than higher wind speeds. However, unlike this trend, the
conversion efficiency of the H‐type rotor seems to
increase with the wind speed. This is again due to the
inherent characteristics of Darrius rotors to perform bet-
ter in higher wind conditions.
It is also interesting to note that the H‐type rotor con-
tributed less in the overall efficiency of the system com-
pared with the S‐type rotor. This is because the current
wind speed range involved is relatively low for the H‐type
rotor in which it was not able to start at 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐m/s
wind speeds. It usually operates more efficiently at a tip‐
speed ratio that is greater than 1. However, the current
maximum wind speed (9 m/s) produces less than one
tip‐speed ratio. Therefore, it failed to start rotating at
wind speed below 5 m/s. However, the collective conver-
sion efficiency of the two rotors is still significant com-
pared with a single‐rotor system alone. Thus, average
conversion efficiency of almost 42% was achieved due to
the combination of these two rotors, as shown in
Figure 10.
4 | CONCLUSION
The performance of Savonius‐Darrius CRWT model was
evaluated using an experimental approach. The prototype
was tested in the open air using a centrifugal blower of
which wind speed ranging from 2 to 9 m/s was generated.
The Savonius‐Darrius counter‐rotating rotors have shown
to work effectively at the entire wind speed range covered
particularly at the low‐speed wind. The new concept was
capable of improving the output of the single‐rotor wind
turbine substantially with an average conversion
7
efficiency of almost 42% and 30% in terms of torque and
power, respectively. From the result obtained from the
experiment, it shows that the S‐type rotor has good self‐
start with a high RPM at low wind speed. The S‐type rotor
was able to self‐start at 2 m/s while the straight‐bladed H‐
type rotor started spinning only at 5‐m/s wind speed. It
was also demonstrated that the conversion efficiency of
the H‐type rotor increases as the operating velocity rises.
However, in the case of S‐type rotor, the conversion effi-
ciency is high in lower wind speed conditions and tends
to decrease as the operating speed increases. It is to be
noted that the maximum efficiency (49%) of the S‐type
rotor was achieved at low speed (2 m/s), whereas the H‐
type rotor achieved its maximum efficiency (16%) at the
highest operating wind speed (9 m/s). It is hoped that
the current design will widen the usability and reliability
of wind turbines across the globe.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors wish to express their sincere gratitude and
gratefully acknowledge the financial support received
from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
under the research grant H126.
ORCID
Djamal Hissein Didane https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1156-
5982
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How to cite this article: Didane DH, Maksud
SM, Zulkafli MF, Rosly N, Shamsudin SS, Khalid A.
Performance investigation of a small Savonius‐
Darrius counter‐rotating vertical‐axis wind turbine.
Int J Energy Res. 2019;1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/
er.4874