Lab Report

ULVI AGHAYEV
Petroleum-017
March 13,2020

CONDUCTIMETRY

1 Objectives
• Learn the basics of a conductometer and how to use a conductometer. To monitor the total conductance of a solution
and to determine the endpoints of titrations that involve ions
• How to use a calibration curve to determine the unknown strength of a solution

• Getting knowledge about conductometric titrations

2 Introduction
What is Conductometric Titration?

Conductometric titration is a quantitative research laboratory procedure used to determine the concentration of a given
analyte within a mixture. Conductometric titration involves constantly applying a reactant to a reaction mixture, and mea-
suring the resulting change in the reaction mixture’s electrolytic conductivity. It can be remembered that an electrolytic
solution’s electrical conductivity depends on the number of free ions in the solution and the corresponding charge for each of
those ions.
In this method of titration, a sudden change in conductivity means that the stoichiometric point has been reached upon the
continuous addition of the titrant. The increase or decrease in electrolytic conductivity in the conductometric titration cycle
is related to the change in hydroxyl and hydrogen ion concentration (the two most conductive ions).

Principle

The theory of conductometric titration method can be described as follows One ion is replaced with another during a
titration process and the difference in ionic conductivity of these ions directly impacts the overall electrolytic conductivity
of the solution.

Also, it can be found that the values of ionic conductance differ between cations and anions. Eventually, the conductivity
is also contingent upon a chemical reaction occurring in the electrolytic solution.

Advantages of Conductometric Titration

• This method is very helpful in the titrations of weak acids and also very highly concentrated solutions.
• Compared to a few other titration techniques the endpoint of this titration system is quite sharp and precise.

• Such a method of titration refers to solutions that are colored or turbid, for which the naked eye could not detect the
endpoint of titration with usual indicators.
• Conductometric titration has various variations in titrations of acid-base, redox titrations, titrations of precipitation
and complex titrations.

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 Disadvantages of Conductometric Titration
• With the aid of this process, only a few specific redox titrations can be done. This is because the solution’s conductivity
is obscured by the relatively high concentration of hydroxide ions
• The accuracy of conductometric titration is weak when the electrolyte concentration is high, which makes the titration
method unsatisfactory.
Theory

The principle behind this method of titration states that using conductivity calculation, the endpoint corresponding to
the titration phase can be set. The addition of the base would initially lower the solution’s conductivity for a neutralization
reaction between an acid and a base. This is because the cationic component of the base will absorb the H + ions.

After hitting the equivalence point the ionic entity’s concentration would increase. This, in effect, improves solution
behavior.Hence, when the conductivity values are graphically plotted, two straight lines with opposite slopes are obtained.
The point where those two lines converge is the point of equivalence.

Apparatus

• Beaker, 150-mL (2)

• Buret, 50-mL
• Graduated cylinder, 100-mL
• Magnetic stirrer and stir bar
• Pipet with , 50-mL

• Conductivity electrode
• Small Tripod Base and Rod
• Wash bottle and waste container

• Water, distilled, 100mL

• KCl solution
• LiCl solution
• CH3 COOH stock solution

• BaCl2 solution
• Sea water
• Silver nitate solution

Safety

• Always work in an area that is well ventilated

• Follow all directions for using the equipment
• Wear safety glasses, gloves, goggles and protective clothing

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 Experimental Procedure,Graphs,Results
This part is contain 4 different tasks

1.Variation of the conductivity of a strong electrolyte with the concentration

Firstly, the LiCl solution (with 0.5 mol/L concentration) was prepared. Then by dilution 9 solution with different con-
centrations was prepared for measured conductivity. But before measuring need to calibration conductivity meter.

Calibration firstly doing with 0.1 mol/L KCl solution. Then the cell was included to beaker which contains a 75-100 ml
KCl solution.

For measuring the conductivity of distilled water 75-100 ml distilled water was added to beaker then conductivity of
distilled water was got 3.7 S × cm−1

So, conductivity meter is ready for measuring of solution(S0 -S9 )

√
S C(M) X(mS × cm−1 ) λ(S × cm2 × mol−1 )( C
S9 0.0005 0.06 112.5 0.022
S8 0.001 0.115 111.74 0.032
S6 0.005 0.55 109.56 0.07
S5 0.01 1.08 107.51 0.1
S4 0.02 2.09 104.76 0.141
S3 0.05 5.003 100.06 0.224
S2 0.1 9.47 94.746 0.316

The strong electrolytes are almost completely ionized in aqueous solution at all concentrations. Hence, the values of their
λm are generally high even at high concentrations. However, in concentrated solutions of strong electrolytes the density of
ions is quite high which results in the significant inter − ionic interactions. Such inter-ionic attractions effectively reduce
the speed of the ions and are responsible for a relatively lower value of λm at high concentrations. On increasing dilution,
the ions move apart and inter-ionic attractions are decreased. As a result of the value of λm increases.The mathematical
relationship between λm and λ0m for strong electrolytes was developed by Debye Huckel and Onsager and is known after their
name as Debye Huckel Onsager equation. The equation in its simplified form can be written as :
√
λm =λ0m - b × C

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 where
λm =Molar conductivity
λ0m =Limiting molar conductivity
b=A constant which depends upon the viscosity and dielectric constant of the solvent
C=Concentration of solution

The line equation is f(x)=-60,44x+113,65.From graph our actual value=λ0 =113,65. ν+ = ν− = 1 ⇒ λ0LiCl = λ0Li+ + λ0Cl−
⇒ λ0LiCl = 38.7 + 76.3 = 115 S × cm2 × mol−1 is theoretical value.
Calculation of Percentage error :

Percentage Error= T heoroticalV alue−ExperimentalV alue

T heoroticalV alue × 100= 115−113.65
115 × 100=1.17%

2.Variation of conductivity of a weak electrolyte with the concentration

For this task 0.5 Mol/L stock solution of CH3 COOH

Weak electrolytes, haves low degrees of ionization.Hence they have poor ionization in aqueous solution which is respon-
sible for their low values of λm .As the dilution increases, the degree of ionization of weak electrolytes also increases causing
more and more ionization.As a result of the value of λm also increases significantly.

When the concentration approaches zero, the degree of ionization approaches unit, the electrolyte almost undergo com-
plete ionization.This causes a steep rise in the value of λm near the infinite dilution.

Infinite dilution-A solution which is so dilute that it has a maximum or limiting value of molar conductivity which does
not increase or further dilution.

For this reason, the conductivity of water was considered for all stock solutions.

√ 1
S C X-Xdw λm C λm C × λm α K
S9 0.0005 0.0483 96.6 0.022 0.01 0.048 0.25 3.125 ×10−5
S8 0.001 0.0605 60.45 0.032 0.02 0.06 0.155 2.4 ×10−5
S7 0.002 0.0653 32.65 0.045 0.03 0.065 0.084 1.41 ×10−5
S6 0.005 0.1083 21.66 0.07 0.05 0.108 0.056 1.56 ×10−5
S5 0.01 0.1614 16.14 0.1 0.062 0.161 0.041 1.68 ×10−5
S4 0.02 0.2343 11.72 0.141 0.085 0.234 0.03 1.8 ×10−5
S3 0.05 0.3783 7.57 0.224 0.132 0.38 0.019 1.805 ×10−5
S2 0.1 0.5563 5.56 0.316 0.18 0.56 0.014 1.96 ×10−5
S1 0.2 0.7883 3.95 0.447 0.25 0.8 0.010 2 ×10−5

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From this graph λ0 couldn’t find.Hence for find λ0 ( λ0 depends on C ×λm graph) will drawn.

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 δy
λ0 =slope= δx = 0.132−0.085
0.38−0.234 × 1000=322

then α can calculated with :

α= λλm0

Graph of α depend on C :

At the end K(pH) value of CH3 COOH calculated with : K = α2 × C

λ0CH3 COOH = λ0H + + λ0CH3 COO−

T heoretical value : ⇒ λ0CH3 COOH = 349.6 + 40.9 = 390.5 S × cm2 × mol−1
T heoretical value−Experimental value 390.5−322
P ercentage error = T heoretical value ⇒ 390.5 × 100% = 17.5%

3.Determination of Sulfate ions in water by conductometric titration

a)Introduction

In an undergraduate quantitative analysis laboratory, the classic sulfate analysis technique involves precipitation as the
barium salt with barium chloride, processing of the precipitate by gravity filtration using ashless filter paper, and removal
of the filter paper by charring over a Bunsen burner. This procedure is time-consuming, dangerous, and often performs
poorly.Titrimetric methods are much quicker, but a reliable indicator for sulfate titrations has not been identified. Moreover,
because the relative ion concentrations in the solution change during a titration period, measuring conductivity during the
titration progress provides a signal that can be used to show the equivalence point.

b)Procedure and Results

175 ml distilled water and 50 ml sample water wad added to 250 ml beaker.Cell introduced in beaker and start the
stirring.After filled the burette with 5 × 10−2 M ol/L BaCl2 then BaCl2 slowly added into the beaker.

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V (BaCl2 ) X(mS × cm−1
0 0.54
0.5 0.55
1 0.56
1.5 0.58
2 0.59
2.5 0.6
3 0.6
3.5 0.6
4 0.61
4.5 0.61
5 0.61
5.5 0.62
6 0.62
6.5 0.62
7 0.62
7.5 0.63
8 0.63
8.5 0.63
9 0.64
9.5 0.64
10 0.64
10.5 0.68
11 0.69
11.5 0.72
12 0.73
12.5 0.73
13 0.75
13.5 0.76
14 0.78
14.5 0.79
15 0.8
15.5 0.82
16 0.84
16.5 0.86
17 0.89
17.5 0.91
18 0.92
18.5 0.94
19 0.97
19.5 0.99
20 1.01
20.5 1.03
21 1.05
21.5 1.07
22 1.09
22.5 1.11
23 1.13
23.5 1.15
24 1.17
24.5 1.2
25 1.21

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From graph we get Veq =VBa2+ =10.62 ml=0.01062 L

VSO2− =50 mL=0.05 L

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CBa2+ =0.05 M(Mol/L)

MSO2− =96.02 g/mol

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Reaction of sulfate with with BaCl2

SO42− + Ba2+ + 2Cl− → BaSO4 ↓ +2Cl−

SO42− + Ba2+ → BaSO4 ↓

then concentration and massic concentration of SO42− ions was calculated :

nSO2− =nBaCl2
4
CSO2− × VSO2− = CBa2+ × VBa2+
4 4
CSO2− × 0.05 =0.05 × 0.01062
4
CSO2− =0.01062 M(Mol/L)
4
Cmassic =CSO × MSO =0.01062 × 96.02=1.020 g/L=1020 mg/L → This is Experimental Value
2− 2−
4 4
Theorotical value=1121 mg/L
P ercentage Error= T heoroticalV alue−ExperimentalV alue 1121−1020
T heoroticalV alue = 1121 × 100=9 %

Existance of ions depends on concentration of BaCl2 :

VBaCl2 =0 mL → SO42− + other ions

VBaCl2 < Veq → SO42− + Cl−1 + other ions
VBaCl2 =Veq → Cl− + other ions
VBaCl2 > Veq → Ba2+ + Cl− + other ions

Titration of Chloride ions in sea water

The burette was filled with 0.28 Mol/L silver nitrate solution.

Conductivity cell was introduced to the beaker then silver nitrate solution added slowly to the beaker(while stirring).

Data and graph :

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V (Ag 2+ ) X(mS × cm−1
0 0.88
0.5 0.88
1 0.87
1.5 0.87
2 0.85
2.5 0.85
3 0.86
3.5 0.86
4 0.86
4.5 0.92
5 0.95
5.5 0.98
6 1.02
6.5 1.06
7 1.1
7.5 1.14
8 1.16
8.5 1.2
9 1.25
9.5 1.3
10 1.34
10.5 1.38
11 1.43
11.5 1.48
12 1.52
12.5 1.57
13 1.62
13.5 1.68
14 1.72
14.5 1.76
15 1.8
15.5 1.85
16 1.9
16.5 1.95
17 2.01
17.5 2.09
18 2.14
18.5 2.21
19 2.25
19.5 2.31
20 2.37
20.5 2.42
21 2.47
21.5 2.53
22 2.6
22.5 2.63
23 2.71
23.5 2.76
24 2.82
24.5 2.86
25 2.91

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 CAgN O3 =0.28 Mol/L

VCl− =10 mL=0.01 L

From graph Vequivalence =VAg+ =4.6 mL=0.0046 L

Reaction

N a+ + Cl− + Ag + + N O3− → N a+ + N O3− + AgCl ↓

Cl− + Ag + → AgCl ↓
nCl− =nAg+
CCl− × VCl− = CAg+ × VAg+
CCl− × 0.01 = 0.28 × 0.0046
CCl− =0.1288 M(Mol/L)
Cmassic =CCl− × MCl− =0.1288 × 35.453=4.57 g/L=4570 mg/L → This is Experimental Value

Seawater has a chloride ion concentration of about 19,400 mg/L(a salinity of 35.0 ppt).Brackish water may have chloride
levels between 500 and 5,000 mg/L(salinity of 1 to 10 ppt).

Theorotical value=5000(for Brackish water ) mg/L

P ercentage Error= T heoroticalV alue−ExperimentalV alue 5000−4570
T heoroticalV alue = 5000 × 100=8.6 %

Existance of ions depends on concentration of N aN O3 :

VN aN O3 =0 mL → Cl− + other ions

VN aN O3 < Veq → Cl− + N O3−1 + other ions
VN aN O3 =Veq → N O3−1 + other ions
VN aN O3 > Veq → N a+ + N O3−1 + other ions

Conclusion

The aim of this experiment is to determine the concentration of a known solution, titrating it with another strong elec-
trolyte that will react with the first substance and enter a non-ionic state. In doing so, we increase the amount of ions in the
solution and increase its conductivity thereby. Then, by evaluating the solution’s conductivity as one continues adding titrant
to and after the equivalence point, we can find the point at which the conductivity is lowest due to the lack of ions, as those
from both compounds would have completely reacted. Then, since we know the chemical composition of both compounds,
we can measure their stoichiometric ratio and then use it to determine the solution’s molarity.

Possible sources of error include

• Lack of proper measurement of the quantities of the solutions used.
• Failure to titrate beyond the equivalence point (making it difficult to evaluate the point at which the two solutes had
completely reacted).
• Failure to hold the solution mixed when titrating, the risk that the solution may not respond entirely in places, and
the risk of incorrect measurement.

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 • No adequate flushing of the titrator before beginning the experiment, either contaminating the solution or diluting it
with deionized residual water.
• Inability to treat the solutions correctly, introduce the risk of contamination and therefore interrupt measurements.
• Human error, since the laboratory does not work under ideal conditions, is always efficient. As such, the probability of
measurement inaccuracies, measurement interpretation, equipment inaccuracies and other such errors is still present.
(This is not, however, likely to be the sole cause of the inaccuracies in this experiment, although it may lead to it.)
Possible improvements

The experiment could include using a more accurate conductivity detector, using more accurate pipets, using a more
accurate titrator (the syringe could be made more precise), making sure that laboratory partners read the experiment in
advance (increasing familiarity with the technique and minimizing human error), and repeating the experiment multiple
times (to minimize the impact of an anomalous result).

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