CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The chapter contains relevant ideas, literature and studies that are essential and

carefully chosen to give grounds for the present study. With the purpose of justifying the

research, the researchers have conducted a thorough and in-depth research that gives

recognition to the concepts and theories from different references which were used to

provide supplementary information.

Relevant Theories

To make the study more valid and logical, theories about the variables were also

stated. The general principles or ideas of the theories are all related to a certain subject or

simply the three main variables in the research study. The sources were appropriately

cited to do crediting and the information gathered was intensively and carefully selected.

Behaviorism theory. Behaviorism theory is a theory proposed by John B.

Watson and B.F. Skinner. This theory refers to a psychological approach that emphasizes

scientific and objective ways of investigation. This theory is composed of two main

theories: Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning. Classical Conditioning says

that learning is improved through a new stimuli-response while Operant Conditioning

says that learning occurs as a result of the effect of a behavior rather than as the response

to a stimulus. The approach is only involved with noticeable stimulus-response

behaviors, and states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the atmosphere.
 11

This theory explains that a student learns because they are triggered by something. That

something could be their lesson, teacher’s and etc. (McLeod, 2017).

Cognitivism Theory. Cognitivism is another theory that is involve in teaching.

According to Feldman as cited by PB works, Cognitivism is "the psychology of learning

that emphasizes human noises or intelligence as a special endowment sanctionative man

to type hypotheses and develop logically" and it is referred to as the psychological feature

development. The underlying concepts of cognitivism involve however we tend to

suppose and gain information. Cognitivism involves examining learning, memory,

problem finding skills, and intelligence. Cognitive theorists might need to grasp however

downside finding changes throughout childhood, how cultural variations have an effect

on the approach we tend to read our own tutorial achievements, and language

development (Brandi, 2012).

Constructivism Theory. Constructivism is a learning theory found in

psychological science that explains however folks would possibly acquire information

and learn. It therefore has direct application to education. The theory suggests that

humans construct knowledge and which means from their experiences. Constructivism is

not a particular pedagogy. Based on Constructivist theory of Piaget, learning has had big

move impact on learning theories and teaching ways in education and is an underlying

theme of several education reform movements. The support for creative person strategy

are combined with a few analysis that support the strategy and different study

contradicting it. (University of Sydney, 2011,)

Connectivism theory. Connectivism is the integration of principles explored by

chaos, network, and complexity and organization theories. Learning is a process that
 12

happens inside nebulous environments of shifting core parts – not entirely below the

management of the individual. Learning is focused on connecting specialized data sets,

and the connections that enable U.S.A. to find out a lot of are a lot of vital than our

current state of knowing (Siemens, 2005).

Humanism. Humanism as an approach to education and a learning paradigm was

being developed since the 1960s as a distinction to cognitivism and experimental

psychology and also the perception of somebody's being as an object in scientific inquiry.

Humanism starts from the assumption in inherent human goodness and contrasts

Sigmund Freud's and biological approaches that claim human behavior and psychological

feature square measure determined by expertise and previous events. Most significant

humanist authors that formed this theory were psychologist and patriarch Maslow whose

works were principally oriented on understanding of temperament. This approach

believes that learning is a person’s own act to fulfil one’s potential (McLeod, 2015).

The following theories are utilized to support the researchers’ claims about the

nature of humans to learn or study. The following theories are all related to how a person

or student learns. Learning depends on many factors and with these theories as proofs of

humans’ different ways to learn that even in the digital age they still adopt and form

learning approaches.
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Related Literature

As how the related studies are important in reinforcing the research study,

gathering related literatures about the topic is significant and substantial as well. The

literatures that were gathered points out the three main variables biology, tutorial

applications and teaching strategies. The gathered data has undergone in an appropriate

and critical selection.

Performances of Students in Biology. Every country has different requirements for

obtaining a high school diploma. And each school varies greatly in what type of subjects

they offer. There are, however, a number of subjects that are available, and perhaps even

mandatory, in most high schools (Witmer 2018, par 1). Since elementary school, the

introductory of science are being discussed. Basic chemistry, physics, and biology are

subjects required at most high schools. Main science classes in high schools typically

include Chemistry, Biology. Physics and Earth Science. As stated in the Department of

Education, there are the seven Senior High School subjects with absolute different

competencies and content called specialized subjects. Every students under the science,

technology, engineering and mathematics strand, general Biology is taken as a

specialized subject. It is designed to improve the understanding of the principles and

concepts of biology, such as the passing of traits and variation, and the difference and

similarity of living organisms, its function, their structure, and evolution (Guest Post,

2017).

According to Harper (1977), the population biology has grown to a great extent as

a zoological discipline. Powers of determination acting inside plant populations are talked
 14

about and biology is translated as development in action. Comprehensive inclusion of the

subject, joined with the incorporation of numerous literatures from the writing and

helpful section rundowns, make this an important reference book for both research

workers and students.

Tutorial Application. Jerry et. al., (2014), to adapt to visit overhauls of cell phones and

advancements, engineers require a reusable and cost-effective condition for testing

portable applications and a flexible framework to help huge scale test computerization.

Bro (1997) created a tutorial application about the multi-way technique PARAFAC.

PARAFAC is a speculation of PCA to higher order arrays, however some portion of the

method are quite different from the normal two-way case. An imperative preferred

standpoint of utilizing multi-path methods instead of unfolding strategies is that the

assessed models are extremely basic in a mathematical sense, and therefore more robust

and simpler to understand.

The article above mentions how a tutorial application was able to help students in

a large scale test. This justifies how technology was able to help the education

community.

Teaching Strategies. Jerri (1977), Shannon introduced the sampling theorem to

communications theory. It begins by a clear statement of Shannon's sampling theorem

followed by its applied interpretation for time-invariant systems. Jerri concluded by

searching the different recent applications of the sampling theorems in other fields,

besides communications theory.

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According to Pishghadam, Rahmani & Shayesteh (2017), they reviewed the

important writings to discover basic grounds in culture instruction strategies and, likewise

set out after acquainting a structure with bind together and sort techniques utilized in

training society regarding the feelings they incite in students. Expanding upon the

conspicuous job of feelings in different spaces of dialect instructing and learning, it was

expected that the feelings produced in the classroom may assume an essential job in

culture learning also.

Enriquez, De Oliveira & Valencia (2017) explained the significance of utilizing

teaching strategies in the execution of tasks. This examination was surrounded in a

subjective methodology and information were gathered through perception and interview.

The interview was led considering the perception delivered through recordings where the

usage of scientific errands was recorded, filling in as help distinctive occasions where

instructors utilized diverse showing systems so as to take them up again at the season of

the meetings. The outcomes demonstrated that in the utilizing of each showing system,

there is a specific significance that is expected by the educator; that implies, their

expectations are liable to various factors.

Banks (1978), encourage contemporary and future instructors achieve the

substance, techniques, ideas, and assets expected to teach near ethnic investigations and

to incorporate ethnic substance into the customary educational programs. It shows the

teaching comparative ethnic studies, objectives, key ideas for ethnic examinations

programs, and practical approaches to sort out exercises and units. Every section contains

a sequence of key occasions, an authentic review of the gathering talked about,

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illustrative key ideas and teaching strategies, a commented on list of sources for

educators, and an explained catalog for basic and secondary school students.

Education, like almost every other area of our society, has evolved by a wide

margin as of late. Traditional teaching techniques, in light of on a teacher explaining a

lesson and students taking notes, may at present be useful once in a while, however

education today revolves more around encouraging the student to stir their curiosity and

desire to learn. A number of different teaching techniques have emerged due to this

change in education (Santos 2013). Many of these teaching techniques are not actually

totally new, but an integration of both conventional teaching strategies and technology.

The use of technology in the classroom has simply given education a new lease of life

enabling us to approach old ideas in new ways.

The general standards, teaching method and the executives methodologies utilized

for classroom guidance is alluded to as Teaching Method. Teaching methods varies

depending on the teacher’s educational philosophy, classroom demographic, subject

area(s) and school mission statement. Teaching theories is divided into four categories

based on two criteria: a teacher-centered approach versus a student-centered approach,

and high-tech versus low-tech (Teach, n.d.). Improvement in technology have pushed the

education sector in the past few years to have high tech approaches in learning that uses

different technology to help students in their learning. Nowadays, most teachers use

computers and tablets in presenting in the classroom, and others may use the internet to

distribute homework and quizzes. Internet is beneficial inside the classroom as it give

unlimited resources.
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Videos in high education setting is starting to bloom in departments across all

subjects and courses, even humanities, sciences, and arts to continued professional

module. Video can be utilized not only for teaching, but also for studying and learning in

and outside the classroom. Video in particular is often stimulating as a means to capture

lecture content and present direct instruction. It is usually the most visible and the most

resource intensive. It allows for students to work at their own pace if that is how the

teacher chooses to use instructional videos. In few cases, teachers assign the same video

to the students, while in others, teachers choose to allow students to watch new videos as

they master the topic (taking on a more “differentiated” approach).It is simple at that

point to expect that it will be the most effective (NYU, n.d.).

Videos can be a powerful medium, but as with anything else, video must be made

with an eye for solid instructive decisions in order to be most effective. In like manner,

similarly as video is one tool in the media toolbox, lecture is one strategy on the

instructional palette. Furthermore, video can also be intended for presenting case studies,

interviews, digital storytelling, directed projects, and more. Video can also be used to

provide instructional material as an additional aid or an alternative to live class lecture. It

makes use of the subject and expertise of the teacher while also allowing the teacher to be

“a guide on the side” in an active learning environment.

According to Xu (2016), there are an assortment of teaching strategies that

teachers can use to enhance understudy learning. It is of great importance to choose

suitable encouraging systems in nurse education to make the preparation all the more

engaging and progressively powerful. It will be acquainted with help educators figure

out how to include the teaching strategies in the medical caretaker instruction. In the
 18

event that utilizing these procedures well, understudies are bound to remember the data

related with the exercise. Choice of teaching strategies suitably is of incredible

significance for nurse educators to convey fantastic instruction.

This study is similar to other researches in terms of their method in using the

technology as a tool for learning. This research is also focused on using tutorials since

now it is the hot issue in learning using the technology to stimulate students’ interest in

learning rather than just watching and listening to the teachers talking all day with their

visual aids. This research will be a great hell in providing new, fun and interesting ways

of learning with or without the teacher.

The following literatures discuss the different teaching strategies and how

teachers incorporated them for the students, what are its characteristics and the benefits it

does to a learner. There are also new media introduced in terms of how the digital era

helps teachers in teaching using many mediums.

Altogether the following literatures will tell the natures and behaviors of the main

points in this study, with this further explanation we can easily understand each points’

distinctiveness and will be able to comprehend their essence in the future

Related Studies

In order to find and gain knowledge about the study and the variables biology,

tutorial applications and teaching strategies, a background information about the three is

essential. The listed studies were carefully selected in gathering related logical
 19

information about the variables and the study. The researchers cited the sources properly

to make an appropriate credit to the publishers and authors of the studies.

This investigation expected to portray the use of PC based learning instructional

exercise models in introducing learning materials. The methodology utilized in this

investigation is a subjective methodology as task to understudies about the utilization of

PC based learning instructional exercise display as a vehicle of learning by utilizing

portfolio evaluation. This exploration was led on understudies of Islamic religious

training (PAI) in class III A, B and C odd semester 2014/2015 who take courses learning

media. Evaluation utilized in this investigation is an appraisal portfolio due to: 1) the

appraisal ought to be founded on the work/understudy work, 3) appraisal incorporate

intellectual, full of feeling and psychomotor understudy. Gives a diagram of research

results by applying a PC based learning instructional exercise models are progressively

propelled understudies in accepting and conveying the material since it is increasingly

differed and not dreary at an address course, notwithstanding the understudies to be

progressively inventive in the introduction of the material. With the instructional exercise

models are conceptual ideas that can pictured increasingly concrete so learning turns out

to be progressively important. (Lestari, 2015).

Librarians are leading guidance sessions outside the customary classroom setting

utilizing on the web instructional exercises with expanding recurrence. Online

instructional exercises appear as though a conspicuous answer for meet the developing

requirement for guidance to clients in a period when assets are contracting. Could

bookkeepers adequately encourage library aptitudes utilizing an online instructional

exercise? Roughly 300 understudies enlisted in an undergrad brain science course at the
 20

University of South Florida Tampa Campus went to either a library examine class or

finished an online instructional exercise as a component of their coursework. Members

were given a post-test and were reviewed about their certainty levels and favored strategy

for library guidance. Investigation of the test scores demonstrated that there was no huge

contrast in the learning results between face to face and online library guidance. The

dominant part of understudies showed an inclination for online guidance over classroom

guidance. An ascent in certainty levels was noted crosswise over the two gatherings.

(Silver, 2007)

This thesis consider inspected a wide inquiry of whether PC based sentence

structure instructional exercises are powerful and welcome devices to survey punctuation

for dialect students by researching impacts of three distinct methods of such instructional

exercises on students' information and fulfillment. For this examination, I created test

instructional exercises in three distinct modes (a static content with a voice-over

portrayal, an energized content with a voiceover portrayal, and an account of a genuine

educator) for two target structures of German punctuation (ordinary action word

conjugation and distinguishable prefix action words). Altogether, there were in excess of

100 Elementary German understudies at two open Midwestern colleges, who took an

interest in various phases of the examination. The members spoke to a for the most part

homogeneous gathering with attributes that are basic for school level students. There

were two parallel examinations in this investigation that utilized indistinguishable

techniques however centered on two diverse target structures. In this way, the two tests

analyzed the impact of the three investigation instructional exercises on students'

information and fulfillment, however Experiment 1 concentrated on the normal action

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word conjugation, though Experiment 2 concentrated on the detachable prefix action

words. For each examination, the members finished a pre-test, worked with the doled out

instructional exercise mode, finished a post-test, and rounded out various surveys. The

consequences of the investigation showed that the examination instructional exercises

helped students to essentially enhance their insight into syntax; in any case, the method of

the instructional exercise did not have any kind of effect. In like manner, all methods of

instructional exercise got comparable fulfillment appraisals; notwithstanding, extra

subjective investigation recommended that an extensive number of the members favored

the energized mode. The discoveries of the examination show that PC based punctuation

instructional exercises can be powerful and welcome devices to audit sentence structure

for dialect students. Additionally, 2 instructional exercises of this sort can be a reasonable

strategy for accomplishing the ideal harmony between the shape and importance centered

exercises in dialect classrooms. Additionally, such instructional exercises claim to

students since they bolster progressively individualized learning. (Kolesnikova, 2011)For

18 years, we have occupied with a program of research intended to enhance the education

of poor socially and semantically assorted understudies and English dialect students

(ELL) in urban grade schools. Intercession look into has tended to the issue of what

works best, how it very well may be connected and continued school-wide, and how PC

and data the board innovation can enhance quality and lessen instructors' remaining tasks

at hand. The net result of this examination is the Class Wide Peer Tutoring Learning

Management System (CWPT-LMS). In this article, we give an account of utilization of

the CWPT-LMS in the education guidance of basic dimension ELL. Five ELL educators

and 117 understudies in a multiracial/multiethnic urban primary school, incorporating

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understudies with inabilities, partook in the investigation. Results demonstrated that ELL

gained impressive ground in acing the educational programs over periods extending from

15 to 21 weeks of school crosswise over educators, instructors actualized CWPT to

elevated requirements of constancy, understudies' and educators' fulfillment with the

CWPT program was high, and interview enhanced program usage and understudy results

of everything except one classroom. Ramifications of these discoveries are examined.

Mentoring is a powerful, fast, and effectively actualized methodology to

individualize guidance crosswise over dyads, little gatherings, or huge gatherings. Most

coaching applications have happened in school settings utilizing class-wide, cross-age, or

coordinated arrangements, with customary scholarly subjects (e.g., perusing, math,

spelling) filling in as the focused on aptitudes. Constrained locally situated applications

have likewise been accounted for, with the center remaining basically inside a scholarly

setting. This article audits how coaching frameworks have been connected crosswise over

specific branches of knowledge (e.g., music, agriculture, wellbeing and security, social

associations). The creators abridge examine discoveries, give an investigation of abilities

learned inside each coaching framework, recognize the separate systems, and report

important discoveries. Suggestions and proposals for future research endeavors are given.

(Heron 2003).

A randomized controlled investigation of a computer-generated three dimensional

anatomical ear show. The utilization of computer-generated 3-dimensional (3-D)

anatomical models to train life structures has multiplied. Notwithstanding, there is little

proof that these models are instructively successful. The reason for this investigation was

to test the instructive adequacy of a computer-generated 3-D model of the center and
 23

inward ear. We remade a completely intuitive model of the center and internal ear from

an attractive reverberation imaging sweep of a human corpse ear. To test the model's

instructive value, we directed a randomized controlled investigation in which 28

restorative understudies finished a Web-based instructional exercise on ear life structures

that incorporated the intuitive model, while a control gathering of 29 understudies took

the instructional exercise without introduction to the model. Toward the finish of the

instructional exercises, the two gatherings were solicited an arrangement from 15 test

inquiries to assess their insight into 3-D connections inside the ear. Results show that the

intercession gathering's mean score on the test was 83%, while that of the control bunch

was 65%. This distinction in methods was exceedingly noteworthy (P < 0.001). Our

discoveries remain rather than the bunch of past randomized controlled preliminaries that

assessed the impacts of computer-generated 3-D anatomical models on learning. The

obscure and negative aftereffects of these past examinations might be because of the

constraints of these investigations, (for example, little example estimate) and in addition

the restrictions of the models that were contemplated, (for example, an absence of full

intuitiveness). Given our positive outcomes, we trust that further research is justified

concerning the instructive adequacy of computer-generated anatomical models

(Nicholson 2006).

Giving learning backing to understudies has been the most difficult issue for

Universitas Terbuka (UT) in Indonesia since most understudies live in country regions

inside which qualified coaches are elusive. Going to face‐to‐face gatherings inside

customary planned occasions isn't possible for most working understudies. Thus,

spreading scholastic organization and data on time has likewise been extremely hard to
 24

do since understudies are dissipated all through the nation. These uncertain issues are

accepted to have brought about low course fulfillment. The ongoing improvement of ICT

and in addition its framework in Indonesia has opened up a plausibility for UT to give its

understudies a quick, solid and reasonable two-way correspondence channel. As per this,

UT guided the utilization of ICT (explicitly the Internet) to give online instructional

exercises to its understudies. It was normal that understudies exploiting the online

instructional exercises would add to higher fulfillment rates and accomplishment than the

individuals who did not. The task was done with the guide from the International

Development and Research Center, Ottawa, Canada. This paper reports the discoveries of

that pilot venture, which demonstrate that understudy cooperation in online instructional

exercises does without a doubt enhance course fruition rates and accomplishment

(Belawati 2006).

Altogether the following studies justify the researchers’ ideas about the

effectiveness of technology in teaching. The studies would also benefit others who seek

guidance and knowledge related to our research.

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Conceptual Framework
The framework shows a schematic representation of the relationship between the

main variables through the Input, Process and Output diagram.

Input Process Output

Instructional Videos Creation of the BIO

Biology Topic Content TEACH Application
Best mastered skill Application Testing
Deployment BIOTEACH
App Validation
Maintenance
Pretest-Post-test
Interview
Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Figure # 1. Research Paradigm

The figure above shows the process and the flow of this research. From the

instructional videos that were made the researchers which contains the different topics

that are discussed. To the different processes involve in making and testing the

application. All in all the paradigm discusses how BIOTEACH is integrated and

validated.

Hypothesis

Based on the specific problem presented, the following hypothesis was

formulated;
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1. There is a significant difference between the perception of the teachers and

students on the validity of BIOTEACH.

2. There is a significant difference between the performance of the students before

and after using the BIOTEACH.