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156 [Difficulty: 3]
Find: Jet speed to stop cart after 1 s; plot speed & position; maximum x; time to return to origin
Assumptions: 1) All changes wrt CV 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Constant jet area
kg 2 m
The given data is ρ = 999 ⋅ M = 100⋅ kg A = 0.01⋅ m U0 = 5⋅
3 s
m
dU
where arf = u 1 = −( V + U) and u2 = u3 = 0
dt
2
ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A d ( V + U) ρ⋅ A
= −⎛⎜ ⋅ dt⎞
dU 2 dU
Hence − ⋅ M = ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A or =− which leads to
dt dt M
( V + U)
2 ⎝ M ⎠
V + U0
Integrating and using the IC U = U0 at t = 0 U = −V +
1+
(
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⋅t
M
To find the jet speed V to stop the cart after 1 s, solve the above equation for V, with U = 0 and t = 1 s. (The equation becomes a
quadratic in V). Instead we use Excel's Goal Seek in the associated workbook
m
From Excel V = 5⋅
s
dx V + U0
For the position x we need to integrate = U = −V +
dt
1+
(
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⋅t
M
M⎡ (
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⎤
The result is x = −V⋅ t + ⋅ ln⎢1 + ⋅ t⎥
ρ⋅ A ⎣ M ⎦
This equation (or the one for U with U = 0) can be easily used to find the maximum value of x by differentiating, as well as the time for x
to be zero again. Instead we use Excel's Goal Seek and Solver in the associated workbook
From Excel x max = 1.93⋅ m t( x = 0 ) = 2.51⋅ s
V + U0 M ⎡ (
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⎤
The complete set of equations is U = −V + x = −V⋅ t + ⋅ ln⎢1 + ⋅ t⎥
1+
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0
⋅t
( ) ρ⋅ A ⎣ M ⎦
M
The plots are presented in the Excel workbook:
2.0
1.5
x (m)
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
t (s)
4
U (m/s)
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
-1
-2
-3
t (s)