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DATA AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

FINAL PRODUCT

1. Given the frequencies listed below, calculate the corresponding periods.


a) 25 Hz
b) 10 MHz
c) 145 KHz
d) 150MHz

2. Given the following periods, calculate the corresponding frequencies.


a) 10 s
b) 16 s
c) 225 s
d) 50 s
e) 100 s

3. What is the bandwidth of a signal that can be decomposed into five sine waves with
the frequencies at 0, 15, 55, 105, and 205 HZ? All peak amplitudes are the same.
Draw the bandwidth.

4. A periodic composite signal with a bandwidth of 2100Hz is composed of two sines


waves. The first one has a frequency of 200 Hz with a maximum amplitude of 20V;
the second one has a maximum amplitude of 5V. Draw the bandwidth.

5. What is the bit rate of each of the following signals?


a) A signal in which 1 bit lasts 0.001s
b) A signal in which 1 bit lasts 3 ms.
c) A signal in which 10 bits last 25 . s

6. A periodic composite signal contains frequencies from 10 to 30 KHz, each with an


amplitude of 10 V. Draw the frequency spectrum.

7. A non-periodic composite signal contains frequencies from 10 to 30 KHz. The peak


amplitude is 10 V for the lowest and the highest signals and is 30 V for the 20-KHz
signal. Assuming that the amplitudes change gradually from the minimum to the
maximum, draw the frequency spectrum

8. A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal power is 100 W. At
point B, the power is 90 W. What is the attenuation in decibels?

9. The attenuation of a signal is -10 dB. What is the final signal power if it was
originally 5 W?

10. If the bandwidth of the channel is 5 Kbps, how long does it take to send a frame of
100,000 bits out of this device?

11. A line has a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000 and a bandwidth of 4000 KHz. What is the
maximum data rate supported by this line?

12. Ifthe peak voltage value of a signal is 20 times the peak voltage value ofthe noise,
what is the SNR? What is the SNRdB?

13. What is the theoretical capacity of a channel in each of the following cases: a.
Bandwidth: 20 KHz SNRdB =40 b. Bandwidth: 200 KHz SNRdB =4 c. Bandwidth:
1 MHz SNRdB =20

14. We have a channel with 4 KHz bandwidth. If we want to send data at 100 Kbps, what
is the minimum SNRdB? What is SNR?

15. What is the transmission time of a packet sent by a station if the length of the packet
is 1 million bytes and the bandwidth of the channel is 200 Kbps?

16. What is the length of a bit in a channel with a propagation speed of 2 x 108 mls if the
channel bandwidth is
a. 1 Mbps?
h. 10 Mbps?
c. 100 Mbps?

17. How many bits can fit on a link with a 2 ms delay if the bandwidth of the link is
a. 1 Mbps?
h. 10 Mbps?
c. 100 Mbps?

18. Draw the graph of the NRZ-L scheme using each of the following data streams,
assuming that the last signa11evel has been positive. From the graphs, guess the
bandwidth for this scheme using the average number of changes in the signal level.
a. 01010100
b. 11011010
c. 11000101
d. 00111011
e. 11011101

19. Repeat Exercise 18 for the NRZ-I scheme.

20. Repeat Exercise 18 for the Manchester scheme.

21. Repeat Exercise 18 for the differential Manchester scheme

22. Apply the exclusive-or operation on the following pair of patterns


a. (10101) (10010) 
b. (10001) (10001) (What do you infer  from the result?)
c. (11100) (00000) (What do you infer  from the result?)
d. (10011) (11111) (What do you infer  from the result?)

23. What is the Hamming distance for each of the following codewords:
a. d (10100, 011000)
b. d (10101, 10010)
c. d (11111,11111)
d. d (01100, 11000)

24. Using the code in Table 10.2, what is the dataword if one of the following codewords
is received?
a. 01011
b. 11111
c. 00000
d. 11011

25. Show that the Hamming code C(7,4) of Table 10.4 can detect two-bit en-ors but not
necessarily three-bit error by testing the code in the following cases. The character
"V" in the burst en-or means no en-or; the character "E" means an error.
a. Dataword: 0100 Burst error: VEEVVVV
b. Dataword: 0111 Burst error: EVVVVVE
c. Dataword: 1111 Burst error: EVEVVVE
d. Dataword: 0000 Burst en-or: EEVEVVV

26. . Show that the Hamming code C(7,4) of Table 10.4 can correct one-bit errors but not
more by testing the code in the following cases. The character "V" in the burst error
means no error; the character "E" means an error.
a. Dataword: 0100 Burst error: EVVVVVV
b. Dataword: 0111 Burst error: VEVVVVV
c. Dataword: 1111 Burst error: EVVVVVE
d. Dataword: 0000 Burst error: EEVVVVE

27. Answer the following questions:


a. What is the polynomial representation of 101110?
b. What is the result of shifting 101110 three bits to the left?
c. Repeat part b using polynomials.
d. What is the result of shifting 101110 four bits to the right?
e. Repeat part d using polynomials

28. Which of the following CRC a.x 3  x  1


generators guarantee the b. x 4  x 2
detection of a single bit error? c.1
d .x 2  1
29. Assuming even parity, find the parity bit for each of the following data units.
a. 1001011
b. 0001100
c. 1000000
d. 1110111

30. Given the dataword 1010011110 and the divisor 10111,


a. Show the generation of the codeword at the sender site (using binary division).
b. Show the checking of the codeword at the receiver site (assume no error).

31. Repeat Exercise 30 using polynomials.

32. A sender needs to send the four data items 0x3456, 0xABCC, 0x02BC, and 0xEEEE.
Answer the following:
a. Find the checksum at the sender site.
b. Find the checksum at the receiver site if there is no error.
c. Find the checksum at the receiver site if the second data item is changed to 0xABCE.
d. Find the checksum at the receiver site if the second data item is changed to 0xABCE
and the third data item is changed to 0x02BA

33. This problem shows a special case in checksum handling. A sender has two data
items to send: 0x4567 and 0xBA98. What is the value of the checksum?

34. Given the dataword 1011011 and the divisor 1101,


a. Show the generation of the codeword at the sender site (using binary division).
b. Show the checking of the codeword at the receiver site (assume no error).

35. A sender needs to send the four data items 0x466F, 0x726F, 0x757A, and 0x616E.
Answer the following:
a. Find the checksum at the sender site.
b. Find the checksum at the receiver site if there is no error.

36. What is the difference between half-duplex and full-duplex transmission modes?
37. Name the four basic network topologies, and cite an advantage of each type
38. What are some of the factors that determine whether a communication system is a
LAN or WAN?
39. What is the maximum number of characters or symbols that can be represented by
Unicode?
40. For each of the following four networks, discuss the consequences if a connection
fails.
a. Five devices arranged in a mesh topology
b. Five devices arranged in a star topology (not counting the hub)
c. Five devices arranged in a bus topology
d. Five devices arranged in a ring topology

41. You have two computers connected by an Ethernet hub at home. Is this a LAN, a
MAN, or a WAN? Explain your reason
42. What is the relationship between period and frequency?
43. What does the amplitude of a signal measure? What does the frequency of a signal
measure? What does the phase of a signal measure?
44. Name three types of transmission impairment.
45. What does the Nyquist theorem have to do with communications?
46. What does the Shannon capacity have to do with communications?
47. How does a single-bit error differ from a burst error?
48. Discuss the concept of redundancy in error detection and correction.
49. Distinguish between forward error correction versus error correction by
retransmission.
50. What is the definition of a linear block code? What is the definition of a cyclic code?
51. What is the Hamming distance? What is the minimum Hamming distance?
52. How is the simple parity check related to the two-dimensional parity check?
53. In CRC, show the relationship between the following entities (size means the
number of bits):
a. The size of the dataword and the size of the codeword
b. The size of the divisor and the remainder
c. The degree of the polynomial generator and the size of the divisor
d. The degree of the polynomial generator and the size of the remainder
54. What kind of arithmetic is used to add data items in checksum calculation
55. What kind of error is undetectable by the checksum?
56. Can the value of a checksum be a llOs (in binary)? Defend your answer. Can the
value be a ll1s (in binary)? Defend your answer.

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