Advanced SQL

Mayank Singh

CSE, IITGN

February 7, 2020

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Outline

How to access SQL from a general-purpose programming language

How extend the SQL language to support procedural actions
How to allow functions defined in procedural languages to be executed
within the database
Triggers, recursive queries and advanced aggregation features

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Accessing SQL From a Programming Language

Not all queries can be expressed in SQL

No support for printing a report, interacting with a user, or sending the
results of a query to a graphical user interface, etc.

Two approaches
Dynamic SQL: A general-purpose program can communicate with a
database using a collection of functions at runtime.
Embedded SQL: SQL statements are identified at compile time using a
preprocessor which submits the statements to the database system for
precompilation and optimization.

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Python DB-API

The Python standard for database interfaces. It supports:

GadFly
mSQL
MySQL
PostgreSQL
Microsoft SQL Server 2000
Informix
Interbase
Oracle
Sybase
http://wiki.python.org/moin/DatabaseInterfaces

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MySQLdb

Interface for connecting to a MySQL database server from Python.

Importing module
#!/usr/bin/python
import MySQLdb

Installing module
$ sudo apt-get install python-dev libmysqlclient-dev [Linux]
or
pip install MySQL-python [Python command prompt]

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MySQLdb

Connecting Database

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MySQLdb

Creating Database Table

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MySQLdb
Insert Operation

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MySQLdb

Read Operations
fetchone(): fetches the next row of a query result set
fetchall(): fetches all the rows in a result set
rowcount(): returns the number of rows that were affected by an
execute() method

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MySQLdb

Fetchall()

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More Resources

A great tutorial
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_database_access.htm

A detailed introduction
http://structure.usc.edu/mysqldb/MySQLdb-3.html

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Embedded SQL

A general template

An example

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Embedded SQL

Declaring a cursor

The open statement

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Embedded SQL

Fetching tuples

Delete the temporary relation

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