Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HEAT EXCHANGERS
Device that facilitates the exchange of heat between two
fluids that are at different temperatures without mixing
each other
Heat transfer in a heat exchanger involves
Convection in each fluid
Conduction through wall separating each fluid
Hot Fluid
• LMTD-F approach :
• known – Temperatures (ΔTlmtd ), mass flow rates,
overall heat transfer coefficient, Calculate the size
of the heat exchanger (heat transfer area)
• ϵ-NTU approach :
• Known: inlet temperatures on cold side and hot side,
type and size of the heat exchanger, calculate the
outlet temperatures, load of the heat exchanger
TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS
• COUNTER FLOW HE
• PARALLEL FLOW HE
• DOUBLE PIPE HE
Double pipe heat exchanger:
T Parallel T Counter flow
Cold fluid in
Cold fluid out
Cross-flow
(mixed)
Cross-flow
(unmixed)
Tube flow
(unmixed) Tube flow
(unmixed)
a) Both fluids unmixed b) One fluids mixed, one fluid unmixed
One shell two tube pass
Shell-side fluid
In
Tube-side fluid
Out
In
Shell-side fluid
In
Out
Tube-side fluid
Out
Out
Overall heat transfer coefficient
Ai – Inside area of the tube
Ao – Outside area of the tube Cold fluid
ln o
r
i
1 r 1 Ti Cold fluid
RTotal Ri Rwall Ro
hi Ai 2kL ho Ao Hot fluid
To
Ai Wall
Ao
ln o
r hi ho
1
1
1
ri
1 Ti
U i Ai U o Ao hi Ai 2kL ho Ao Ri
1
Rwall 1
hi Ai Ro
ho Ao
η = Fin efficiency
Typical over all heat transfer co efficient
Shell and tube type heat exchangers
U
Tube side fluid shell side fluid
(W/m2-K)
1 Gas (1 bar) Gas (1 bar) 5-35
2 Gas (200-300 bar) Gas (200-300 bar) 150-500
3 Liquid (1 bar) Gas ( 1 bar) 15- 70
4 Gas (200-300 bar) Liquid 200-400
5 Liquid Liquid 150-2000
6 Liquid Superheated vapor 300-2000
Evaporators
U
Steam on Tube side fluid
(W/m2-K)
1 Natural convection 300-900
2 Forced convection 600- 1700
Condenser
U
Tube side fluid shell side fluid
(W/m2-K)
1 Cooling water Organic vapour 300-1200
2 Steam- turbine condenser 1500-4000
Gas heaters
U
Tube side fluid shell side fluid
(W/m2-K)
Steam /Hot water Gas
a free convection 5-12
b forced flow 15-20
Double pipe heat exchanger
Tube side U
shell side fluid
fluid (W/m2-k)
1 Gas (1 bar) Gas (1 bar) 10-35
2 H.P gas L.P gas 20-60
3 H.P gas H.P gas 15-500
4 H.P gas Liquid 200-600
5 Liquid Liquid 300-1400
Fouling
Phenomenon of deposition of material on surfaces from the
fluids in form of scales, layered sediments or biological
agents
U i Ai U o Ao hi Ai Ai 2kL Ao ho Ao
ln o R
r
1
1
1
R f ,i
ri
f ,o
1
U i Ai U o Ao hi Ai Ai 2kL Ao ho Ao
26.54 10 3 8.493 10 3 2.491 10 3
1.675 10 3 13.96 10 3
53.159 10 3 0C / W
Ui = 399.4 W/m2 oC; Uo = 315 W/m2 oC
Conduction resistance of copper tube
=
ln
ro
i
r ln
1.9
1.5 0.094 10 3 (negligibly small)
2kL 2 400 1
ANALYSIS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
Assumptions:
•Steady flow
•KE and PE changes neglected
•Thermophysical properties contant over entire length
•No heat loss to surrounding
•H.T.C is constant over entire length
Applying energy balance
Q m c Cp c Tc ,o Tc ,i m h Cp h Th ,o Th,i
Heat capacity rate,
C c m c Cp c C h m h Cp h
FLUID- Large heat capacity rate – small ΔT
Doubling m - 1/2 ΔT
Cc Tc,o Tc,i Ch Th ,o Th,i
Th,in
From Energy balance,
dTh
T1 .
T2
Th ,out Q m c Cpc d Tc m hCph dTh ,
T Q
Tc ,out
dTc Re writing
Tc ,in T1 Th,in Tc ,in Q
T2 Th,out Tc ,out d Tc (1)
m c Cpc
1 2 As
Cold fluid out
Q
Tc ,out dTh , (2)
m hCph
Th ,out
Hot fluid in Hot fluid out
in alternate form
Th,in
Q c Cpc Tc ,o Tc ,i
m hCph Th ,i Th ,0
m
Q
Th ,,o Tc,o Tc ,o Tc ,i Th ,o Th ,i
ln UAs
T
h , ,i Tc ,i Q Q
Rearranging
( Th ,i Tc ,i ) ( Th ,o Tc ,o ) ( Th ,o Tc ,o ) ( Th ,i Tc ,i )
Q UAs UAs
Th ,,o Tc,o Th ,,o Tc,o
ln ln
T T
Th ,,i Tc,i h ,,i c ,i
T1 T2
Q UAs
T1
ln
T2
T1 T2
For parallel flow HE TLMTD where ΔT1=Th,o-Tc,o
T1
ln ΔT2=Th,i-Tc,i
T2
Q UAs TLMTD
Cold fluid out Cold fluid in
Hot fluid in Hot fluid out Hot fluid in Hot fluid out
Th ,,o Tc ,i 1 1
ln UAs
T
h , ,i Tc ,o h h
m Cp m c Cp c
c Cpc Tc ,o Tc ,i
Since Q m hCph Th ,i Th ,0
m
Q
Th ,,o Tc,o Th ,o Th ,i Tc ,o Tc ,i
ln UAs
T
h , ,i Tc ,i Q Q
( Th ,i Tc ,o ) ( Th ,o Tc ,i )
Finally we get Q UAs
Th ,,i Tc,o
ln
T
h ,,o T c ,i
For counter flow HE where ΔT1=Th,i-Tc,o
T1 T2
Limiting case TLMTD ΔT2=Th,o-Tc,i
T1
Th,in ln
T2
Tc ,out
Th ,out
• Cold fluid is heated to inlet
Tc ,in Temperature of hot fluid
Tc,o can never exceed Th,i
Cold fluid in
• Violation of 2nd law of
thermodynamics
Hot fluid in Hot fluid out
H2 O
30C 40.2C
0.2 kg s
60C
0.1 kg s
• Counter flow HE
• Water flows through the inner tube
• Oil Flows through annulus
Find Surface area
Oil Water
Tmean= (100+80)/2=60oC Tmean ̴ 35oC
Cp=2.131 kJ/kgK Cp=4.187 kJ/kgK
μ = 3.25 10-2 Pa-s μ = 725 10-6 Pa-s
k = 0.138 W/m-K k = 0.625 W/m-K
Pr=501.87 Pr= 4.85
Solution:
Tc,o = 40.2 oC
ΔT1=Th,i-Tc,o =100-40.2 = 59.8 oC
ΔT2=Th,o-Tc,i= 60 - 30 = 30 oC
59.8 30
TLMTD 43.2 oC
59.8
ln
30
Water side
4 m 4 0.2
Re D 14050
Di 25 10 725 10
3 6
hi Di
NuD 0.0023 Re D Pr 0.4 90 hi 2250 W / m 2 K
0.8
k
Oil side Dh=Do-Di = 45 - 25 = 20 mm
VDh 4m Dh 4 0.1 0.02
Re D 56
2
2
D0 Di ( 0.045 0.025 ) 3.25 10
2 2 2
For Do/Di=0.56 NuD = 5.56 = hoDh/k
Q=UAsΔTLMTD
8520 = 37.76 π 0.025 L 43.2
L= 66.54 meter
Comments:
•ho controls over all h.t.c
•hi >> ho Wall temp. follows coolant water temperature
•Hence uniform wall temperature assumption
Heat exchanger with same specific heats and mass flow rates
Th,in .
C h mh C ph
T1
Tc ,out .
Th ,out Cc mc C pc
.
T2 Q Cc Tc ,out Tc ,in
T
T T1 T2 Constant Tc ,in .
Q Ch h ,in Th ,out
Inlet Outlet
Ch = Cc
ΔT1 = ΔT2 = Constant
Condenser and Boiler
T T
Condensing fluid
.
.
Q
Q
Boiling fluid
Condenser Ch Boiler Cc
Q m
hCph T finite
Rate of heat transfer in HE
Q UAs TLMTD
U = Over all h.t.c
As = Heat transfer surface area
ΔTLMTD= Appropriate temperature difference
MULTI-PASS AND CROSS FLOW HEAT EXCHANGERS
Cold fluid in
T1 T2
where Tlm ,CF
ln T1 T2
F is obtained by charts
T1 .
m CP
t2 T T tube side
R 1 2 .
t 2 t1
t1 m CP
1
shell side
T2
0.9
0.8
Correction factor F
0.7
0.6
0.5
0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.2 t 2 t1
P
T2 t1
One shell pass and 2,4,6 etc (any multiples of 2), tube passes
T1
t2
t1
T2
1
0.9
0.8
Correction factor F
T1 T2
R
0.6 t 2 t1
0.5
0 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t 2 t1
P
Two-shell passes and 4, 8, 12, etc, (any multiple of 4), tube passes T2 t1
1
T1
0.9
0.8 t1 t2
Correction factor F
0.5
0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0.2 t 2 t1
P
Single pass cross-flow with both fluids unmixed T2 t1
1
T1
0.9
0.8
Correction factor F
t1 t2
R=4 3 2 1.5 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.7
T2
T1 T2
R
0.6 t 2 t1
0.5
0 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
t 2 t1
P
Single pass cross-flow with one fluid mixed and other unmixed T2 t1
The Condensation of steam in a Condenser
Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to condensed at a temperature of
30 C with cooling water from a near by lake, which enters the tube of the
condenser at 14 C and leaves at 22 C. The surface area of the tube is 45 m2,
and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 w/m2. C . Determine the mass
flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation of the steam
in the condenser.
Assumptions: 1) Steady operating conditions exsist. 2) The heat exchanger is
well insulated so that heat loss to the surrounding is negligible and thus heat
transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3)
Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid stream are negligible. 4)
There is no fouling. 5) Fluid properties are constant.
Solution: Steam is condensed by cooling water in the condenser of a power
plant. The mass flow rate of the cooling and the rate of condensation are to be
determined.
Cooling water
14 C
22 C
30 C
Analysis: The condenser can be treated as a counter flow heat
exchanger since the temperature of one of the fluids ( the steam)
remains constant.
The temperature difference between the steam and the
cooling water at the two ends of the condenser is
T1 Th,in Tc ,out 30 22 C 8C
T2 Th,out Tc ,in 30 14 C 16C
That is, the temperature difference between the two fluids varies
from 8 C at one to 16 C at the other. The proper average
temperature difference between the two fluids is the logarithmic
mean temperature difference (not the arithmetic), which is
Steam
determined from 30 C
Cooling
water
14 C
22 C
30 C
T1 T2 8 16
Tlm 11.5o C
T1 8
ln ln 16
2T
This is a little less than the arithmetic mean temperature difference of (8+16)/2 =
12C. Then the heat transfer rate in the condenser is determined from
Q m C p Tout Tin coolingwater
m h fg
Q 1087 Q 1087
m 32.6 kg / s ; m
steam 0.45 kg / s
C p Tout Tin 4.18422 14 h fg 2431
HEATING WATER IN A COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
A counter flow double pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20C to 80C at a
rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal water available at
160C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin walled and has a diamater
of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger is 640 W/m2,
determine the length of the heat exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.
Q m
C p Tout Tin
water
1.2 4.18 80 20 301 kW
Noting that all of this heat is supplied by the geothermal water, the outlet
temperature of the geothermal water is determined to be
Q m C p Tin Tout
geothermal
Tout Tin
Q
m C p
160
301
2 4.31
Tout 125o C
Q 301000
Q UAs Tlm As 5.11m 2
UTlm 64092
As 5.11
As DL L 108 m
D 0.015
Discussion: The inner tube of this counter flow heat exchanger (and thus the heat exchanger
itself) needs to be over 100 m long to achieve the desired heat transfer, which is impractical.
In cases like this, we need to use a plate heat exchanger or a multipass shell and tube heat
exchanger with multiple passes of tube bundles.
Heating of Glycerin in a Multipass Heat Exchanger
A 2 shell passes and 4 tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin from 20C
to 50 C by hot water, which enters the thin walled 2 cm diameter tubes at 80 C and
leaves at 40 C. The total length of the tubes in the heat exchanger is 60 m. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2. C on the glycering (shell) side and
160 W/m2. C on the wataer (tube) side. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the
heat exchanger (a) before any fouling occurs (b) after fouling occurs with a fouling
factor of 0.0006 m2. C/W occurs on the outer surfaces of the tubes.
Cold glycerin
20 C
40 C
Hot water
80 C
50 C
Solution: Glycerin is heated in a 2 shell passes and 4 tube passes heat exchanger by
hot water. The rate of heat transfer for the cases of fouling and no fouling are to be
determined.
Assumptions: 1. steady operating conditions exist. 2. the heat exchanger is well
insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer
from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3. Changes in the
kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4. Heat transfer
coefficients and fouling factors are constant and uniform 5. Thermal resistance of the
inner tube is negligible since the tube is thin walled and highly conductive.
As DL 0.02 60 3.77 m 2
The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger can be determined from
Q UAs FTlm ,CF
where F is the correction factor and Tlm,cF is the log mean temperature difference
for the counter flow arrangement. These two quantities are determined from
90 C
Air 40 C
(unmixed)
20 C
Water flow
(unmixed)
65 C
Solution: During an experiment involving an automotive radiator, the inlet and exit
tempertures of water and air and the mass flow rate of water are measured. The
overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner surface area is to be determined.
Assumptions: 1. steady operating conditions exist. 2. the heat exchanger is well
insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer
from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3. Changes in the
kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4. Heat transfer
coefficients are constant 5. Fluid properties are constant.
Properties : The specific heat of water at the average temperature of (90+65)/2 =
77.5C is 4.195 kJ/kg. C
Analysis: The rate of heat transfer in this radiator from the hot water to the air is
determined from an energy balance on water flow.
Q m
C p Tout Tin
water
0.6 4.195 90 65 62.93 kW
The tube side heat transfer area is the total surface area of the tubes, and is
determined from
As nDi L 40 0.005 0.65 0.408 m 2
Knowing the rate of heat transfer and the surface area, the overall heat transfer
coefficient can be determined from Q
Q U i Ai FTlm ,CF U
Ai FTlm ,CF
t t 65 90
P 2 1 0.36
T2 t1 20 90
F 0.97
T1 T2 20 40
R 0.80
t 2 t1 65 90
62930
U 3341 W / m 2 oC
0.408 0.97 47.6
Note that the overall heat transfer coefficient on the air side will be much lower
because of the large surface area involved on that side.
LMTD approach