❏ Location

● The exact or relative spot of something on earth

● WHERE something is
● 2 types absolute and relative
❏ Absolute Location
● Uses coordinates (latitude/longitude)
● 47*N Latitude, 122* W Longitude : Seattle
❏ Relative Location
● Relationship of a place to other places
● Seattle is 800 miles North of San Francisco
● Brown County is 25 minutes East of Bloomington on SR46
❏ Place
● What’s it like there? Characteristics that describe a location
● Physical AND human features of a location
● Describing a location
● Physical - land features, bodies of water, climate, animals, plants, etc.
● Human - language, clothing, style of homes, transportation, jobs, religion, etc.
❏ Movement
● How people and things change locations and the effects of those changes
● How, and from where, people get the things that they need in their particular community
● How and why are places connected with one another
● Nashville movement - Major highways: 46, Indianapolis Airport, Bloomington public
transit, Trade, Commerce, tourism
❏ Human-Environment Interaction
● The relationship between humans and their environment
● Humans depend on the environment - food, shelter, clothing, materials, resources, etc.
● Humans modify the environment - build dams, plow and irrigate fields, dig mines, build
schools, etc.
❏ Region
● An area that has one or more common factors that make it different from surrounding
areas
● Physical - climate type, soil type, vegetation, etc.
● Human - language, religion, trade, etc.
● Sometimes regions can be clearly defined - “​political​” regions are borders of a state or a
country - everyone inside shares the same laws, government, etc.
● Sometimes regions can be more vague: corn belt , “midwest” , “Great Plains” - no
specific boundaries. These is called ​perceptual regions
● Functional Regions, made up of different places that are linked together and function
together as one unit.
● Example - city transit system many different places linked together by the flow of people,
trains, and buses.
● Example - often organized around a certain point, linked to surrounding neighborhoods,
delivery zones (newspaper, pizza, etc.)
❏ Unit 1 Map Study
● 1. North America’s highest elevation is in the Rocky Mountains. But they are not higher
than the Andes
● 2. It has many points of access. Such as the oceans and it’s connected to europe.
● 3. They are separated by elevations and the islands create natural borders. It also has
rivers.
● 4. South Africa, Peru, Sri Lanka
● 5. Miami, New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Los Angeles.
● 6. They are harder to inhabit such as being hot, cold, or having an extreme environment.
● 7. Foresting, Commercial fishing, or nothing at all .
● 8. East of Asia, West coast of South America.
● 9. Tropical Rainforest and Tropical wet/dry.
● 10. Subarctic, Tundra and high altitude, and ice cap.

❏ Tectonic Forces
● Indian subcontinent drifted northward and pushed into Asia about 50 million years ago
● Forced up mountain system called the Himalayas (World's highest mountains)
● Mountains still growing today
● Severe Earthquake
❏ Ganges Plain
● Low flat region that stretches across northeastern India
● Rich soil (irrigated by Ganges River, out of the mountains)
● People have farmed here for thousands of years.
❏ Deccan
● Peninsula, mostly a plateau
● Narrow plains on the coast of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal
● Fertile grain fields in some areas
❏ India’s Great Rivers
● Irrigation, canal, and dam systems have been built on many Indian rivers
● Important for farming rice
● Hydropower
❏ Climate
● Monsoon winds bring different rainfall/temperature, creating a wet season and a dry
season
● Mountains influence rainfall.
● Lots of rain over Ganges River (Gangetic Plain) due to the Himalayan Mountains
● Rainforest in the western part of the country, but the Deccan Plateau is mostly dry (due
to the Western Ghat mountains)
❏ Natural Disasters
● Flooding in low-lying areas during summer monsoon
● Cyclones from the Bay of Bengal or Arabian Sea
● Tsunamis (triggered by underwater earthquakes)
❏ India Map Study
● 1. One of the physical features that would isolate south east Asia would the fact that it’s
bordered by the Himalayas. One of the features that allow access would be the Indian
Ocean
● 2. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
● 3. I can assume that the climate largely varies in the region from tropical rainforests to
tundras and everything else.
● 4. It helps because it shows that the areas where nomadic herding occurs is in dry areas
● 5. The parts of India that have highest population is in the north east area, I think it’s like
that because that area is a deciduous forest.
● 6. The population is much greater in India than in the surrounding countries.
❏ Hinduism
● 80% of India’s people (almost 1 billion in total)
● Polytheistic - believe in many gods and goddesses
● Brahma - “the creator”
● Vishnu - “the preserver”
● Shiva - “the destroyer”
● Reincarnation: the soul is born again and again in different forms
● Dharma: importance of doing one's duty according to place in life
● Karma: those who follow dharma can be rewarded with higher status in next life
● Ritual bathing - in waters considered to be holy, especially the Ganges river
● For maintaining purity
● Before festivals, after deaths
❏ The Caste System
● Brahmins - priests, only people who can read or write
● Kshatriyas - warriors
● Vaisyas - traders, merchants, landowners
● Sudras - farmers, laborers, servants
● Dalits - untouchables

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❏ India - History
● The “Aryan” people settled across northern India about 3600 years ago
● They came from Central Asia
● Spoke early language called “Sanskrit”
● India’s language today (Hindi) comes from Sanskrit
● Himalaya means “Home of Snows”
● The Aryans brought their beliefs and customs
● Strict social system that people in 4 “castes”
● Polytheism (belief in many gods)
● The Vedas are their holy text
● Invasions by Muslim armies
● 1520s - invaded by ​Mughal Empire ​led by B ​ arbur ​“the tiger”
● Later his grandson, ​Akbar, ​expanded the empire into modern day central India
● Most Mughals (especially the rulers) were Muslim, thiugh many people in the region still
practiced Hinduism
● Empire grew rich thanks to the fertile land and large population
● Shah Jahan​ eventually took over the empire - during this time the famous Taj Mahal
was built
● His son, ​Aurangzeb​, ended religious tolerance, taxed Hindus and destroyed many of
their temples
● In 1707, when he died, weak empire was prime for European takeover
● Europeans came to South Asia as early as the 1490’s to ​trade​, ​expand​ empires, spread
Christianity
● First the Portuguese, later the Dutch, French, British, and Spanish
● Britain defeated France for control of India in the 1700s
● Britain's East India Company controlled the subcontinent for Britain
● 1857 rebellion
● Sepoys​ - India troops under command of British officers
● Killed the officers and their families, but rebellion was eventually crushed by the British
● In 1858 India became an official British colony
● Included modern day Pakistan, Bangladesh, & Sri Lanka
● “Jewel in the crown” of the British Empire
● Flow of Indian products such as cotton, jewels, tea
● Establish English language and English systems of education, law, and government
❏ Independence Demands
● Poor treatment by British
● They viewed the Indian people as culturally and racially inferior
● Alliances with “elite” Indians alienated most of the population
● Indian National Congress asked for more rights (Such as larger share of government
jobs) but was refused
● Increasing demands for independence in the early 1900s, led by young lawyer -
Mohandas K. Gandhi
● Believed in nonviolent protest
● Peaceful protest marches, boycotts of British goods
● Was thrown in jail - went hunger strikes
❏ Independence
● India was granted independence after WW2
● However, conflict and hostility grew between Hindus and Muslims (Muslims wanted
separate county)
● Resulting division called ​partition ​of India
● India - Hindu
● Pakistan - Muslim
● Pakistan eventually split into West and East, which later became the separate countries
of Pakistan and Bangladesh
❏ India Population
● 1. What are the main characteristics of India’s population?: One of the main
characteristics of India’s population would be that one third of the population is young.
Also the biggest part of the population is 4 year olds and under.
● 2. Why does India have such a young large population: Because the majority of the
population is having kids.
● 3. What are the consequences of this population and structure:?: It increases poverty
rates and also it is harder to provide social services. There also wouldn’t be enough jobs
for everyone.
● 4. How might its young growing population benefit India’s future?: It would benefit them
because they could help fuel India’s economy.
● 5. How is India responding to its population situation?: They are trying to get
contraceptives to more people and benefit the people who don’t have children by paying
them.
● 6. How are governments in India important in controlling population growth?: They are
important because they’re the ones who can enforce rules and make new laws. They
also can distribute birth control and contraceptives.
❏ East Asia map Study
● 1. The Gobi Desert
● 2. Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, Shanghai
● 3. Humid Continental
● 4. Commercial Farming, Forest
● 5. Yes because they have many high population cities
● 6. It is much lower
❏ Buddhism
● Founded by Siddartha Gautama
● Over 2,500 years ago in northern India
● Prince of a northern kingdom, he journeyed from home and discovered symbols of
human suffering, old man, sick man, dead man
● He was moved by the suffering of the world and gave up his lavish lifestyle
● Is said to have found enlightenment while meditating for 30 days under a Bodhu tree
● Became known as the Buddha (which means teacher or enlightened one)
● Spent the rest of his life traveling and others how to achieve his spiritual state
● No supreme god/deity
● Focus is on achieving “enlightenment” (inner peace and wisdom, also referred to as
“nirvana”
● Meditation - often used to help “awaken truth”
● The embrace dharma, karma, and reincarnation
● Worship in temples or in homes
● Four noble truths
● Truth of suffering
● The causes of suffering is desire
● The end of suffering comes from getting rid of desire
● To do this, must follow eightfold path
● Eightfold path
● Understanding
● Thought
● Speech
● Action
● Livelihood
● Effort
● Mindfulness
● Concentration
● Around 268 BC, a man named ashoka became king of the Mauryan Empire in India
● He expanded his kingdom over the years
● One war for the kingdom of Kalinga caused mass death and destruction
● He was horrified and converted o a life of Buddhism
● Ashoka sent missionaries all across Asia (including China) o spread Buddhism
● Built Buddhis monasteries and stupas all across his kingdom
● Over the next few centuries, Buddhism spread beyond India and began to diversify
● Three major branches
● Theravada Buddhism (Thailand, Sri Lanka)
● Mahayana Buddhism (China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea
● Tibetan Buddhism (Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, northern India)
● Tipitaka - early texts of Buddhism, a collection of Buddhist writings and Siddartha’s
teachings
● Dalai Lama - leading monk in TIBETAN Buddhism - believed to be a reincarnation of
previous lama’s
❏ China’s Growing Energy Demands
● 1. Why is China consuming more energy resources - Because the population is
increasing steadily along with industrialization which requires more energy
● 1. How can China meet the growing demand for energy - To find alternative energy
sources that are more efficient
● 2. How can China ensure continued economic growth - They would need to provide
enough energy for the increasing population
● 1.What challenges does China face in supplying its future energy needs - The
challenges would be that they could possibly run out of resources to fuel its growing
population
● 2. How could developing new energy sources help China meet its energy demands - It
could help by being more efficient so they would have enough energy for everyone
❏ East Asia Physical Geography
● China is the world’s third-largest country
● Mountains & Plateaus in the west
● Plains and river valleys in the east
● Plateau of Tibet lies between Himalayas & Kunlun Shan
● World's highest plateau (about 16,00 feet)
● Extremely cold and dry conditions
● Gobi Desert (north-central China)
● Massive desert with frequent dust storms and less than 3 inches of rain per year.
● The mountains, plateaus and deserts of China kept its inhabitants isolated from land
invasion for thousands of years
● The eastern lowland plains contains most of China’s population, as the land allowed
farming and settlement
● Huang He (Yellow) River
● River valleys rich in loess, makes great farmland for wheat and soybeans
● Major flooding (nicknamed “China’s sorrow”)
● Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River
● Longest central River
● Most of China’s rice and grain farming
● Also transportation and hydroelectricity
● Xi River
● Largest major river in southern China
● Winter and summer monsoons of Asia affect China
● Eastern part of the country tends to get the most rainfall
● Northern/Western China: cold and dry
● Gobi Desert in northern China
● Map and question on page 683
● 1. The winter monsoons bring cold dry air
● 2. The summer monsoons would bring the farms rain and warm heat.
● Paddy fields (wet lands for rice) along the major rivers
● Many types of crops
● Wheat, soybeans, sorghum in the colder north
● Rice, citrus fruits, tea, sugarcane in the warmer south
● Other activities include:
● Nomadic herding
● Aquaculture
● Silk export
● As China’s manufacturing and industry boomed during the late 20th century, air and
water pollution became (and still are) major environmental problems
● 1.3 billion people
● Majority are “Han” Chinese
● They speak Mandarin
● Written Chinese uses characters, pictograms
● Major Religions:
● Buddhism
● Daoism/Taoism
● Live simply, in harmony with nature
❏ Confucianism
● Codes of ethics centering on family, loyalty, duty, and education
● Basics: He was an influential Chinese philosopher, teacher, and political figure
● lived from 551 - 479 B.C.E
● Confucianism: based on his teachings
● Goal: education teaches values. The people will behave well if the leader demonstrates
proper conduct. Do the right thing
● Confucius’ political beliefs were based on the concept of self-discipline
● He believed that a leader needed to exercise self-discipline, remain humble, and treat
his followers with compassion
● Lead by a positive example
● 5 Major Human Relationships
● Relationships based on rank
● People of higher rank are RESPONSIBLE for CARING for those of lower rank
● People of lower rank should RESPECT and OBEY those of higher rank.
● Ruler/Ruled
● Father/Son
● Husband/Wife
● Older Brother/Younger Brother
● Friend/Friend
● The Analects - a book of Confucius’s famous sayings and teachings
● No gods, but there are temples dedicated to confucius throughout China
● Yin-Yang
 ● Symbolizes harmony
● The light represents Yang - creative, firm and strong
● The dark represents Yin - receptive, yielding, and weak
● -------------Absent-----------
❏ One Child Policy
● Put in place in the late 1970’s and early 19’80s, by the central government of China
● Goal was to reduce China’s enormous population growth rate
● China’s fertility and birth rates dropped throughout the 1980’s and 1990’s
● Male/Female ratio has become very skewed
● Male child typically preferred to carry on the family name, take care of parents, etc.
● Rise in sex-selective abortions
● Higher rates of abandonment, orphaning and even female infanticite
● Growing proportion of elderly people
● Up to several million “hidden children”
● No employment, schooling, licenses, etc.
● Early exceptions for minority population or families whose first-born was handicapped
● Eventually allowed rural families to have 2-3 children
● Starting in 2016, all families in China were allowed to have 2 children
❏ China Population Limits
● 1.Q:Why might Chinese people hesitate to speak out against China’s one-child policy.
● 1.A:Because they may feel threatened by the government or they might be afraid of
getting taxed.
● 2.Q:According to critics of the one-child policy, what are the risks of keeping the policy
as is.
● 2.A:That there would be to many jobs for the shrinking population and there wouldn’t be
enough people to take care of elders.
● 3.Q:Why might Chinese people in urban areas and Chinese people in rural areas have
different opinions on the one-child policy.
● 3.A:People in rural areas may want to have more children to help them on farms while
people in urban areas may not care as much.

NOTEBOOK CHECK
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❏ 358-364 Map Questions
● 1.Q:How would you describe the elevation of the region? What impact would it have on
human settlement patterns
● 1.A:The elevation is mostly low with higher elevation in the north-east. An impact it would
have would be that most people would settle on the lower elevations.
● 2.Q:Which countries have areas that are a part of the African Transition Zone?
● 2.A:Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, Eritrea, Burkina Faso
● 3.Q:Which types of climate cover most of the region? Why will these climates create
challenges for the people.
● 3.A:Desert. This climate would challenge people because there wouldn’t be water and
they would be unable to grow crops.
● 4.Q:Compare the vegetation map with the economic activity map. Which type of
vegetation supports livestock farming?
● 4.A:Tropical Grassland
● 5.Q:Which countries in the region are most densely populated?
● 5.A:Turkey, Iraq, and Iran.
● 6.Q:What are north Africa’s largest cities? Where are they located?
● 6.A:Tunis, Algiers, Rabat, Casablanca, and Fes. They are located on the coast
❏ The Middle East
● Atlas Mountains (formed by tectonic plate movement)
● Sahara Desert (largest desert in the world - 3.5 million sq. miles)
● Areas of sandy dunes
● Areas of stone/rocky plains
● Areas of sandstone plateaus
● Nile River
● Worlds longest (4,160 miles)
● Starts in Ethiopia and flows north through the desert
● Fertile land
● Early civilization settlement
● Climate defined by water scarcity
● Arid (deser) and semi-arid (steppe) climate throughout North Africa
● Some vegetation: shrubs, cacti, oasis
● Syrain Desert - mostly gravel
● Covers about 60% of Syria
● And about 80% of Jordan
● Jordan Rift Valley - 1,312 feet below sea level, on the coast of the dead sea
● Dead Sea
● Lowest surface on earth
● Value from minerals and tourism
● 8 times saltier than the ocean
● The Dead Sea is steadily disappearing
● Tectonically active area (North Anatolian Fault)
● Frequent earthquakes throughout the region
● Mountainous terrain (Taurus, Zagros, etc.)
● Arabian Peninsula - very dry, mostly silt and dust and a lack of water
● “Rub’ al-Khali” largest uninterrupted area of sand in the world
● Red Sea (opening in plate filled in with water)
● Oil is the region’s main export
● Aproximately 25% of the world's oil reserves are beneath the Arabian Desert
● Mesopotamia - one of the ancient birthplaces of settlement/civilization
● Fertile farmland between the rivers
● Lies mostly in Iraq
● Means “between the rivers” in Greek
● Tigris and Euphrates flow through the region
● Many plants & animals throughout the world were first domesticated in this region
● Irrigated fields of wheat & barley
● Sumerians built the world's first cities here in 3000 b.c
● Used Cuneiform
● Used canals to irrigate their fields
● Akkadians
● The region was often invaded due to rich resources
● Akkadins became the first major empire of Mesopotamia
● Babylonians
● Around 1900 b.c, the Babylonian civilization emerged and eventually dominated
Mesopotamia
❏ The Region Today
● Majority of people are Muslims (Islam)
● Major ethnic groups include the Turks, Iranians, Arabs, and Kurds
● Common languages (depending on the country) include Arabic, Turkish, Persian, and
Kursdish
● Increased education and literacy rates in many Middle East countries
● Oil and natural gas - major economic resources
● Also farming (fruits, nuts), fishing, and hydroelectric power
❏ Pg.411 The Kurds
● 1.Q:What is a stateless nation?
● 1.A:A group that identifies as a nation because of ethnicity but does not have a state.
● 2.Q:Why are the Kurds considered a stateless nation?
● 2.A:Because they have no country for them.
● 3.Q:Who are the Kurds?
● 3.A:They are the fourth largest ethnic group in the North East.
● 4.Q:Why do the Kurds want their own state?
● 4.A:Because they do not live in a safe environment and are at risk.
● 5.Q:What is the nation-state of Kurdistan?
● 5.A:A state they want that translates to “Land of the Kurds.”
● 6.Q:What progress have Kurds made toward achieving the goal of an autonomous
nation-state?
● 6.A:The Kurds have gained a small amount of area for them to live in but they still don’t
have a state to call their own.
❏ Choke Point Suez Canal
● 1.Q:What is a choke point?
● 1.A:A choke point is a narrow channel or canal that connects two larger bodies of water.
● 2.Q:How have choke points influenced modern maritime trade routes?
● 2.A:They increase trade and allow different parts of the world to trade.
● 3.Q:Where is the Suez Canal?
● 3.A:The Suez Canal is in northern Egypt
● 4.Q:How has the purpose of the Suez Canal changed since its construction?
● 4.A:It’s now used for transporting oil.
● 5.Q:Why is the Suez Canal important?
● 5.A:Because it’s for trading oil and other things.
● 6.Q:How could conflict in one country affect an uninvolved country far away
● 6.A:The trading could be cut off if the country thats having a conflict also the country
could need the supplies.
❏ Origins of Islam
● Muhammad
● Lived in this region from about 570 ad to 632 ad, established Islam
● Born in Mecca, western part of Arabian Peninsula
● Reported that an angel told him to preach the word of god (Allah means god in Arabic)
● Spread Allah’s message to his followers called muslims
● Holy book - the Quran
● Muslims face Mecca, Islam’s holiest city, when they pray
● MAJOR BELIEFS - the 5 pillars of Islam
● 1. Declaration of faith
● 2. Daily prayers
● 3. Thanksgiving
● 4. Fasting (Ramadan)
● 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)
❏ Europe Map Questions
● 1.Q:What are the major peninsulas in Europe?
● 1.A:The Scandanavian, Iberian, and Balkan
● 2.Q:Which countries in Europe are landlocked?
● 2.A:​Andorra, Austria, Belarus, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, 
Macedonia, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, and Vatican City 
● 3.Q:Describe the relationship between land use and climate? 
● 3.A:The areas where there humid continental weather there is lots of farming 
● 4.Q:In which parts of Europe is nomadic herding practiced? 
● 4.A:The Scandanavian Peninsula 
● 5.Q:Which European countries have the highest population density? 
● 5.A:Serbia, Germany, and Poland 
● 6.Q:How does Russia’s overall population density compare to that of the rest of Europe? 
● 6.A:Russia’s population is much more sparse 
❏ Northern Europe Physical Geography 
● During the last ICE AGE, glaciers and ice filled the of Europe and carved out narrow, 
steep “fjords” 
● Plains got flatter and mountainous areas got steeper 
● Scandanavian Peninsula - very mountainous, fjords up and down the Atlantic Coast 
● Most people live in the southern lowlands, near the Baltic Sea 
● Finland - mostly flat with a few hills and mountains 
● Rugged coastline with plenty of bays and inlets 
● Thousands of small islands offshore 
● Iceland is situated on a geological hotspot 
● About 200 volcanoes on the island 
● Very active with earthquakes and volcanic activity 
● Sits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (boundary between tectonic plates) 
❏ Volcanic Eruption in Iceland p.248 
● 1.Q:What was the physical process that occured? 
● 1.A:Small earthquakes were followed by frequent intense earthquakes, the volcano then 
erupted. 
● 2.Q:How did the eruption of the volcano lead of massive flooding? 
● 2.A: It lead to flooding because the lava melted glaciers and allowed mud and water to 
come through. 
● 3.Q:How did this affect transportation systems in Europe? 
● 3.A:It stopped planes from taking off because shards of glass in volcanic ash would 
cause airplane motors to seize up 
● 4.Q:What were the resulting economic effects? 
● 4.A:Airlines lost hundreds of millions of dollars. Also tourism was negatively affected as 
well 
❏ Northwestern Europe Physical Geography 
● Central Uplands 
● Low hills and high plateaus, scattered forest land 
● Rich in natural resources  
● British Isles 
● Made up of 2 large islands, Ireland and Great Britain plus thousands of smaller ones 
● Rugged coastlines with rocky cliffs 
● Low hills and rolling plains 
● The UK is one country made of 4kingdoms 
● -England 
● -Scotland 
● -Wales 
● -Northern Ireland 
● Netherlands 
● 25% of the country is below sea level 
● The Dutch have built dikes in order to reclaim land from the sea (called”polders”) 
❏ Physical Geography - Southern Europe 
● Iberian Peninsula 
● Plains all along the coasts 
● Meseta: a large plateau that makes up the interior of the peninsula 
● The peninsula is separated from the rest of Europe by the Pytenees mountains 
● The country of Andorra lies high in the Pyrenees between Spain and France 
● Italian Peninsula 
● -plains cover about ⅓ of italy (largest is along the Po River) 
● Apennine Mountains 
● -Run down the peninsula 
● Alps  
● -In the North separate Italy from the rest of Europe. 
● Balkan Peninsula 
● -Mountainous region 
● -Underdeveloped region historically, but easy access to the sea 
● -Greece known for its nearly 2,000 islands that spread out from the coast into the 
Aegean Sea 
● Water 
● Spain's Ebro river 
● -Hydroelectric power 
● -Irrigation canals 
● Italy’s Po River 
● -Helps provide for Italy’s largest and most fertile farming plain 
● Fewer rivers and lakes in Southern Europe, as the glacial movement of the last ice age 
did not reach the peninsulas of southern europe 
● Danube River 
● International waterway that serves as a “commercial highway ‘ for many countries  
● Connected to main river 
● Major bodies of water impact Eastern Europe’s trade and economic development  
● Black Sea, Mediterranean, Baltic, Adriatic 
● Much of the region has a humid continental climate: cold, snowy winters and hot 
summers 
● Marine West Coast 
● Mediterranean 
● Humid Continental 
● Reserves of Natural Gas, Oil and Coal in the mountains of Eastern Europe 
● Hydroelectric power generated by the many rivers 
● Poland is famous for its amber, referred to as “Baltic Gold” 
❏ Suburban Growth and Transportation Questions p.269 
● 1.Q:What trends have contributed to the population growth in the Paris suburbs while the 
urban core population has declined? 
● 1.A:One trend is that the house prices in the urban core have raised significantly. Also 
deindustrialization is occuring in the urban core. 
● 2.Q:How has this population shift affected the transportation needs of Paris’s residents? 
● 2.A:They have had to rail lines in the Paris Metro subway to connect with the suburbs. 
Also residents are more often using cars instead of trains. 
● 3.Q:How are transportation planners responding to regional travelers’ needs? 
● 3.A:The Paris Metro system is going to get a significant upgrade for the suburban 
population. Also the railroad will become a suburb-to-suburb system instead of making 
needless trips to the city. 
❏ The British Isles 
● Ireland (Republic of Ireland) 
● Great Britain 
● Island divided into 3 political regions 
● England, Wales, Scotland 
● United Kingdom 
● Political region of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 
● Links together 4 total regions 
● England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland 
● British Empire 
● Powerful British navy 
● 1800’s: ruled over ¼ of the world 
● “The sun never set…” 
● Used colonies for many reasons 
● -To spread English 
● -To spread Christianity 
● -British laws and customs 
● -FOR RAW MATERIALS AND GOODS 
● Most parts of the British Empire eventually gained independence 
● (United States - 1776, Canada - 1867) 
● Ireland was one of the many places colonized by the British 
● The Irish people were treated poorly by their British rulers 
● -Took away gun rights, voting rights, right to own land 
● -Looked at it as “second class citizens” 
● -Religious divide 
● Irish Catholic 
● British Protestent 
● 1845 through 1849: potato famine 
● About 1 million Irish died 
● Famine combined w/ poverty and lack of economic opportunities (and combined w/ 
poor treatment by the British) led many Irish to migrate 
❏ Northern Ireland 
● Ireland won independence from Britain in 1921 
● Northern Ireland stayed under British control 
● However, conflict & violence between and Irish has continued into modern times 
● “The Troubles” of Northern Ireland (1970’s, 1980’s, 1990’s) 
● Mostly Protestent (British), by also many irish catholics (who wish to reunite w/ Ireland) 
❏ The Industrial Revolution 
● The “Industrial Revolution” began in Britain 
● This was the era of “industrialization” - began in the late 1700’s 
● Characterized by use of machines and new technologies for creating products 
● MASS production 
● Major power source was COAL 
● Important innovations included: steam engine, railroads, cotton gin, spinning jenny, 
power loom 
● Britain built the world’s first railroads in the early 1800’s 
● Also built the world’s first subway system in London 
❏ World War 1 
● War during and post-Industrial Revolution 
● Airplanes 
● -Recon 
● -Eventually mounted with guns 
● -Strategic bombing (Germans bombed Warsaw, Paris, etc.) 
● Tanks 
● -First tank (British Mark 1) in 1915 
● -Weaponry 
● -Machine gun 
● -Anti-aircraft gun 
● -Grenades 
● -Flamethrowers 
● Ships 
● -Submarines 
● -Aircraft carriers 
● -New battleships 
● Railroad 
● -Troops could get to “the front” at a greater speed than ever before. 
● Political Cartoon Group Work 
● -Each cartoon represents one of the vocabulary terms 
● Each cartoon represents one of the key causes of the build-up to World War 1 
● Buildup and Tension 
● Imperialism- 
●  
● Nationalism- 
●  
● Militarism- 
●  
● Alliance- 
 ●  
 
● Western Front 
● August 4, 1914 - German troops invaded Belgium 
● Captured city of Liege on August 15 
● Advanced through Belgium to France 
● Brutal acts of war 
● The First Battle of the Marne 
● Sept 6-9, 1014 
● Rench and British troops drove back the German advance in Northeastern France, near 
Paris 
● Trenches were dug, and three years of warfare followed 
● Battle of Verdun (Feb - Dec 1916) had a million casualties alone 
● Eastern Front 
● In the east, Russian forces clashed with German and Austrian forces at the Battle of 
Tannenberg in August 1914 
● For more than 2 years, Russian forces attempted to break through German lines on the 
Eastern Front but were unsuccessful 
● Russian Revolution 
● Instability in Russia 
● Defeat on the battlefield 
● Economic instability 
● Scarcity of food and resources 
● 1917 - Vladamir Lenin and the Bolsheviks led a revolt against Czar Nicholas II and 
overthrew the government 
● Ended Russian Involvement in WW1 
● America 
● USA remained neutral at the beginning of the war, continued to trade with countries on 
both sides 
● However, German U-boats sunk several shops around the British Isles throughout 1915, 
including some U.S. ships 
● The Lusitania (traveling from New York to Liverpool, ENgland) was sunk in May 1915 
● Over 1200 on board mostly women and children  
● 128 Americans died 
● Germans claimed there were munitions on board 
● Some 85,000 American troops reinforced the French army in the Second Battle of the 
Marne  
● July15, 1918 
● Decisive loss for the Germans, as much of France and Belgium were regained by the 
Allies over the next several months 
● Armistice - Cease Fire 
● October 1918 - the turks (Ottoman Empire) signed a treaty w/ the Allies 
● November 4, 1918 - Austria Hungary surrenders (nationalist revolts, dwindling resources) 
 ● November 11, 1918 - Germany ends WW1 
● Treaty of Versailles 
● Signed at the end of the war 
● Germany had to pay reparations, were left out of the new “League of Nations” 
● Simmering discontent that would be counted among the causes of World War 2 
● More than 9 million soldiers were killed 
● 21 million more were wounded 
● Civilian casualties close to 10 million 
● Fore dynasties fell 
● Germany 
● Austria Hungary 
● Russia 
● Turkey 
● Massive increase of women in the workforce 
● Spanish flu became a global pandemic (killed 20-50 million people, 1918) 
● “First Modern War” 
● Machine guns 
● Tanks 
● Airplanes 
● Radio Communications 
●