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The compatibility between the lithium-lead eutectic and different Cr-Mn steels has been studied in the temperature range
723 K in capsules in a rotating furnace for times up to 9500 h and in a thermal convection loop for 4200 h with a z~Tof 50 K.
The corroded specimens have been examined by metallographic and SEM analysis.
It is shown that the corrosion mechanism consists essentially of the dissolution of Mn in Pb-17Li with the formation of a
porous ferrite layer in which penetration of Pb and Li has been observed.
No grain boundary attack has been observed. The behaviour of the different steels is reported together with semiquantita-
tive analysis of corrosion layers.
Table 1
Main constituents of the different alloys studied
Type Cr Mn Ni Mo C N Si V W
AMCR 0033 10.12 17.50 0.10 - 0.105 0.19 0.555 - -
AMCR 0035 14.09 19.88 0.265 0.060 0.029 0.048 0.63 - -
IF-A 13.59 11.04 1.950 0.030 0.110 0.045 0.165 0.75 1.4
IF-B 12.39 10.43 0.228 0.022 0.31 0.033 0.2 0.622 1.465
IF-C 12.98 17.42 2.081 0.041 0.11 0.04 0.22 0.022 2.2
IF-D 10.20 17.51 0.132 0.025 0.305 0.07 0.445 0.03 2.1
IF-E 17.95 10.5 2.084 0.045 0.085 0.052 0.28 0.75 2.09
The alloy AMCR-0033 comes from a batch of about 3. Experimental apparatus and procedure
1600 kg, A M C R 0035 of about 500 kg and the others
from batches of about 300 kg. 3.1. Capsule tests
The composition of the various alloys is given in
Table 1. The alloys of the 00 series were delivered in the The specimens were introduced in AISI 316 L stain-
form of hot-rolled, flat bars, mill annealed at 1373 K less steel containers, filled with Pb-17Li. The capsules
for 1 h. and water quenched. A M C R 0035 contains 15 were then sealed by electron beam welding. The oper-
vol% ferrite as a second phase dispersed in an austenite
i
matrix [4].
The alloys of the series IF have optimized composi-
tions in order to minimize long lived radioactivity.
Detailed information on their fabrication and metal-
lurgical characteristics can be found in ref. [5].
Briefly: alloys I F - A and I F - C contain Ni up to 2% to
stabilize the austenite while IF-B and I F - D have a high
C content (0.3%). The composition of I F - E was bal-
anced to obtain intentionally, for purpose of compari-
-L~ 1
son, a duplex austenite + ~ ferrite microstructure.
Discs (15 mm diameter) were cut from all the alloy - 2
2.2. Pb-17Li
/~-3
ations were carried out in a stainless steel glove box welding device. T h e c o n t a i n e r s were t h e n h e a t e d in a
which can b e o p e r a t e d u n d e r either high v a c u u m or resistance furnace, u n d e r v a c u u m ; they were frequently
pure argon a n d is e q u i p p e d with a n electron b e a m rotated.
Fig. 2a. SEM micrograph of cross-section of AMCR 0033 heat treated at 673 K in Pb-17Li for 9245 h in 316L capsule (long face).
wt% Mn Cr Pb Ni Fe Si
MATRIX
Chem. Analysis 17.50 10.12 - 0.10 71.43 0.555
POINT A
Semi-quantit. 1.5 11.5 8.4 3.4 74.5 0.8
EDX-Mieroanal.
312 V. Coen et al. / Corrosion of Cr-Mn based austenitic stainless steels
Li9CrN 5 only at a nitrogen partial pressure of > 1012 magnitude than that of A I S I 316. The same should thus
Pa. The free energy of the corrosion reaction, in the case apply to the nitrogen pressure above Pb-17Li.
of the C r - M n steels, should be in the same order of If we examine the corroded zones we observe that
Fig. 3. SEM micrograph of cross-section of AMCR 0035 heat treated at 673 K in Pb-17Li for 9245 h in 316L capsule (long face).
wt~ Mn Cr Pb Ni Fe Si
MATRIX
Chem. Analysis 19.88 14.09 - 0.265 65.0 0.63
POINT A
Semi-quantit. 2.5 12.5 5.6 2.9 75.7 0.8
EDX-Microanal.
314 V. Coen et al. / Corrosion of C r - M n based austenitic stainless steels
Fig. 5. SEM micrograph of cross-section of AMCR 0033 heat treated in Pb-17Li at 723 K for 4200 h in AISI 316L TC loop. AT= 50
K (long face).
V. Coen et al. / Corrosion of Cr-Mn based austenitic stainless steels 315
Alloy 0035 which contains - 15~ of delta ferrite is dissolution of Mn and to a M ~ extent Cr, forma-
less corroded as are the other alloys of the IF series. It tion of a ferrite layer and penetration of Pb and
is interesting to note that for alloy IF-E which has a possibly Li in this layer. Cold work enhances corro-
composition balanced to obtain a duplex austenite + sion.
delta ferrite microstructure, it clearly appears that the - The behaviour of this family of steels in Pb-17Li is
zones richer in Cr are less corroded than the zones at least similar if not better than that of AISI 316.
containing less chromium. - Some of the alloys of the series IF with optimized
composition seem to be less corroded. Further sys-
tematic analysis will be carried out once one or two
5. CondMom
of these steels are selected for further study on the
The compatibility tests on C r - M n austenitic stain- basis of considerations other than corrosion be-
less steels in presence of Pb-17Li in the temperature haviour.
range of interest for fusion applications have shown - It clearly appears that in the dual austenite, delta
that: ferrite structure the phase richer in Cr is less attacked
- The corrosion mechanism is essentially based on the by Pb17Li.
Fig. 6. SEM micrograph of cross-section of AMCR 0035 heat treated in Pb-17Li at 723 K for 4200 h in AISI 316L TC loop. A T = 50
K ( a = long face, b - s h o r t f a c e ) .
wt~ Mn Cr Ni $i
MATRIX
Semi-quantitative 19.80 14.23 0.00 0.77
EDX-microanalysis
AVERAGE VALUE
CORRODED ZONE
Semi-quantitative 0.30 7.90 2.80 0.95
EDX-microanalysis
AVERAGE VALUE
316 14. Coen et al. / Corrosion of C r - M n based austenitic stainless steels
Fig. 7. SEM micrograph of cross-section of IF-A heat treated in P b - 1 7 L i at 723 K for 4200 h in AISI 316L TC loop. A T = 50 K
(a = long face, b = short face).
wt% Mn Cr Ni Si V W
MATRIX
Semi-quantit.
EDX-microanal. 11.37 13.57 2.07 0.77 0.63 2.13
AVERAGE VALUE
CORRODED ZONE
Semi-quantit.
EDX-microanal. 0.10 8.30 1.13 1.03 0.67 2.80
AVERAGE VALUE
Fig. 8. SEM micrograph of cross-section of IF-B heat treated in P b - 1 7 L i at 723 K for 4200 h in AISI 316L TC loop. A T = 50 K
(a = long face, b = short face).
V. Coen et al. / Corrosion of C r - M n based austenitic stainless steels 317
Fig. 9. SEM micrograph of cross section of IF-C heat treated in P b - 1 7 L i at 723 K for 4200 h in AISI 316L T C loop. /iT = 50 K
(a = long face, b = short face).
Fig. 10. SEM micrograph of cross-section of IF-D heat treated in P b - 1 7 L i at 723 K for 4200 h in AISI 316L T C loop. A T = 50 K
(a = long face, b = short face).
318 V. Coen et al. / Corrosion of C r - M n based austenitic stainless steels
Fig. 11. SEM micrograph of cross-section of IF-E heat treated in Pb-17Li at 723 K for 4200 h in 316L TC loop. AT = 50 K (long
face).
wt% Mn Cr Ni Si V W
MATRIX
Dark zone
Semi-quantit.
EDX-microanal. 9.25 19.60 1.55 1.30 0.95 3.55
AVERAGE VALUE
MATRIX
Light zone
Semi-quantit.
EDX-microanal. 11.85 15.70 2.50 0.75 0.60 2.05
AVERAGE VALUE
[10] W.R. Watson and R.J. Pulham, The chemical reactions of alloys in Pb-17Li at% Li, Vol. 3, Proceedings of the 4th
Li-Pb alloys with nitrogen, lithium nitride and 316 steel, Int. Conf. on Liq. Met. Eng. and Technology, 17-21
Liq. Met. Eng. and Technology, Vol. 3, Proceedings of the October 1988, Avignon.
3rd Int. Conf. held in Oxford on 9-13 April 1984. [12] J.D. Harrison and C. Wagner, The attack of solid alloys
[11] P.F. Tortorelli, Corrosion and mass transfer of ferrous by liquid metals and salt melts, Acta Metall. 7 (1959).