STEEL AND TIMBER DESIGN

CE-506

SUBMITTED BY:
ESGUERRA, ALFA ROMEO C.
QUITO, FRANCES NICOLE

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. BRYAN DALE P. YU, MSCE

BEAM-COLUMN

1. A steel column W 300 mm 203 kg/m

section is subjected to an axial load of
2670 kN and moments from framing
beams as follows:
Mx at the top=108 kN.m.
Mx at the bottom= -108 kN.m.
Effective length factor, K=1.0
Find the critical buckling load (kN) Sidesway is prevented

π 2 EI
P α=
( KL)2

π 2 ( 200000 ) (1.65 x 108 )

P α=
(1 x 3000)2

Pα = 36188550 N
Prop. Of Pα = 36189 kN
the WF
Column

A= 2570 mm2 tr= 32 mm

d= 340 mm Ix= 5.16x108 MPa
br= 315 mm Iy= 1.65x108 MPa
tw= 20 mm E= 200 GPa
Fy= 345.6 MPa
Unbraced column length= 3m
2. A W12 x 106 beam-column connection
shown is pin-connected at both ends. It is
subjected to an axial load of 1338 kN and
a mment of 122 kN.m. at the top of a
moment of 163 kN.m. at the bottom.
Bending is about the strong axis.
Sidesway is not prevented and K=1.18.
Use A36 steel with Fy= 248 MPa.
Unsupported height of the column is 4.27
m.
Determine the allowable bending stress
about the strong axis if only bending is
acting.
Prop. Of W12 x 106
A= 20129 mm2 tf= 25.15 mm
d= 327.41 mm Ix= 388x106 mm4
bf= 310.39 mm Iy= 125x106 mm4
tw= 15.49 mm Sx= 2376x103 mm3
rx=138.94 mm Sy= 808x103 mm4
ry=78.99 mm
L
b

4270 mm

200 b f
L c=
√ Fy
200(310.39)
L c=
√ 248
Lc= 3942
137900
L u=
Fyd
bftf

137900
L u=
248 (327.41)
( 310.39 ) ( 25.15)

Lu=13258 mm

Lb>Lc
Lb<Lu

Use Fbx=0.60Fy
Fbx= 0.60(248)
Fbx=148.8MPa
3. A W310 x 79 column of A36 steel L/r 57.23
= =0.455
supports a vertical load of 178 kN. The Cc 125.66
length is 3.6 m. and K=1.0 with respect to
L 2
both axes. Sidesway is prevented by
bracing. Fy= 250 MPa, E= 200,000 MPa.
Determine the allowable compressive
[ ]
Fa= 1 −
( )
r
2
Fy
2 Cc FS
stress if only axial load is acting

L L 3
3( ) ( )
5 r r
FS= + −
3 8Cc 8 Cc3
3
5 3(0.455) (0.455)
FS= + −
3 8 8

FS=1.83

Prop. Of W310 x 79 (0.455)2 250

A= 10100 mm2
d= 306 mm
tf= 14.6 mm
Ix= 177x106 mm4
[
Fa= 1−
2 ]1.83

bf= 254 mm Iy= 39.9x106 mm4 Fa=122.47 MPa allowable compressive

tw= 8.8 mm Sx= 1160x103 mm3 stress
rx=132 mm Sy= 314x103 mm3
ry=62.9 mm

KL 1(3600)
= =27.27
rx 132

KL 1(3600)
= =57.23
ry 62.9

L
Use =57.23
r

2 π 2( 200,000)
Cc=
√ 250

Cc=125.66>57.23
4. A W310 x 58 beam-column carries an 2 π 2( 200,000)
axial load of 1338 kN and a moment of
122 kN.m at the top and 163 kN.m. at the
Cc=
√ 250

bottom causing a reverse curvature. Cc=125.66

Bending is about the strong axis.
L/r 62.81
Sidesway is not prevented by adequate = =0.50
Cc 125.66
bracings. Use K=1.18 and A36 steel
Fy=250 MPa. Length of column is 4.2 m. L 2
Determine the allowable compressive
strength if only axial load is acting. [ ]
Fa= 1 −
( )
r
2
Fy
2 Cc FS

Prop. Of W250x58 L L 3
3( ) ( )
A= 20100 mm2 tf= 25.1 mm 5 r r
FS= + −
d= 327 mm Ix= 386x106 mm4 3 8Cc 8 Cc3
bf= 310 mm Iy= 125x106 mm4 3
5 3(0.50) (0.50)
tw= 15.5 mm Sx= 2360x103 mm3 FS= + −
3 8 8
rx=139 mm Sy= 805x103 mm3
ry=78.9 mm FS=1.84

(0.50)2 250
Fa= 1−[ 2 1.84 ]
Fa=118.89 MPa allowable compressive
stress

KL 1.18(4200)
= =36.65
rx 139

KL 1.18(4200)
= =62.81
ry 78.9

L
Use =62.81
r
5. A W14x90 column in a building frame for 200(368.81)
L c=
a 7m. story height supports a 1160 kN √ 250
axial compression load and a moment at
Lc= 4665
the top Mx1=+136 kN.m. and a moment of
137900
Mx2=+163 kN.m. at the bottom ends as L u=
Fyd
shown. The column is braced against
bftf
sidesway in the weak bending plane of
the column (x-z plane) but with possible 137900
L u=
sidesway in the strong bending plane (yz 250(356.11)
plane). Use A36 steel. ( 368.81 ) (18.03)
Calculate the allowable bending stress
Lu=10300 mm

Lb>Lc
Lb<Lu

Use Fbx=0.60Fy
Fbx= 0.60(250)
Fbx=150 MPa

Prop. Of
W14x90
A= 17097 mm2 tf= 18.03 mm
d= 356.11 mm bf= 368.81 mm
tw= 11.18 mm Sx= 2343x103 mm3
rx=155.96 mm Sy= 818x103 mm3
ry=93.98 mm Ky=1.0
Kx=1.20 Fy=250 MPa

Lb= 7000

200 b f
L c=
√ Fy
6. A W360x134 steel is used to support KL 1.3(4200)
= =58.09
an axial load of 1248 kN and a weak ry 156
axis moment of 80 kN.m. The member
KL
is a part of a frame in which sidesways Use =58.09
r
is not prevented. The length is 4.2 m.
and K is estimated to be 1.3. 2 π 2( 200,000)
Fy=350MPa. Cc=
√ 350

Cc=106.21>58.09

KL/r 58.09
= =0.547
Cc 106.21

KL 2

[ ]
Fa= 1 −
r
()
2
Fy
2Cc FS

KL KL 3
3( ) ( )
5 r r
FS= + −
3 8 Cc 8 Cc3
Prop. Of W360x134 3
5 3(0.547) (0.547)
d=369 kk A=17100 mm 2
FS= + −
3 8 8
bf=369 mm Sx=2330x103 mm3
tf=28 mm Sy=817x103 mm3 FS=1.85
tw=11.2 mm rx=156 mm
(0.547)2 350
ry= 94 mm Fa= 1−[ 2 ]1.85
Determine the allowable bending stress if
Fa=160.89 MPa allowable compressive
only bending moment alone existed.
stress
Fb=0.75Fy (along weak axis)
Fb=0.75(350)
Fb=263.50 MPa

Determine the allowable bending stress if

only axial load is acting.

KL 1.3(4200)
= =35
rx 156
 BOLTED CONNECTIONS
1. An eccentrically loaded bolted connection
is shown. Diameter of A325 bolts in
standard holes is 20 mm. The applied load
is 100 kN. Determine the polar moment of
inertia of the group of bolts.
∑(x2+y2) =6(75)2+4(100)2
∑(x2+y2) =73750 mm2
2. A lapped, bolted tension member is
shown. Diameter of bolts are 18 mm ø
and the plate material is A36 steel
Fy=250 MPa., Fu=400 MPa. Assume the
fasteners are adequate and do not
control the tensile capacity. Diameter of
hole is 3mm bigger than the diameter of
the bolt.
a. Determine the tensile capacity of the
lapped joint based on gross area.
P=0.60FyAg
Ag=Width x thickness
P=0.60 (250) (300) (12)
P=540kN
b. Determine the tensile capacity of the
lapped joint based on net area.
P=0.50FuAn
An= 300(12)-3(21)(12)
An= 2844 mm2
P=0.50(400)(2844)
P=568.8 kN
3. A double shear butt connection is
connected by 9-22mm dia. Bolts
Thickness of the outer plate is 12.5 mm
while the main plate is 22 mm. Spacing of
bolts is 75 mm with an edge distance of
37.5 mm. A36 steel is used. Fy=248 MPa,
Fu= 400 MPa.
Allowable shear stress of bolts= 117 MPa
Allowable bearing stress of bolts= 1.2 Fu
Dia. Of hole= 3mm greater than bolt
diameter.
4. An eccentrically loaded connection is
subjected to an axial vertical load P acting
at an eccentricity “e”. The bracket is a
structural tee having a web thickness of 6
mm. A325 high strength bolts is connected
in two vertical rows and has a diameter of
20 mm. The bolts are in standard holes
having a diameter of 22 mm ø and are
spaced at 90 mm vertically. Assume that
the column and brackets are adequate.
Allowable shear stress of bolts= 145 MPa

a. Determine the capacity of the connection

based on the strength of the bolts
SHEAR OF BOLTS

a. Compute the value of P based on the

allowable shear stress.
fv= P/A

T=AvFv
π
T = ( 22 )2( 2)¿
4
T= 800559 N

BEARING OF BOLTS
T= AbFp
Fp=1.2Fu
T= 22(22)(9)(1.2)(400) P
fv=
T=2090880 N π
( 20 )2 (8)
4
Use T= 800.56 kN P=328.89 kN
5. Two plates each with thickness t=18mm
are bolted together with 6 – 22 mm ø
bolts forming a lap connection. Bolts
spacing are as follows: S1= 40 mm, S2= 80
mm, S3=100 mm. Bolt hole diameter= 25
mm.
Allowable stress:
Shear stress of the bolt: Fv=100 MPa
Bearing stress of the bolt= Fp=1.2Fu
6. The bracket shown is a structural tee. It is
subjected to an eccentric load of 112 kN
at an eccentricity of 200 mm. Diameter
of A325 N high strength bolts is 19 mm.
The bolts are placed in two vertical rows
and are spaced 75 mm vertically.
Assume the column and brackets are
adequate. Allowable shear stress is 145
MPa.

a. Calculate permissible tensile load P based

on shear capacity of bolts
π
P= ( 22 )2 (2)(6)(100)
4
P= 228.08 kN

b. Calculate permissible tensile load P based

on bearing capacity of bolts
P= AbFp
P= 18(22)(6)(1.2)(400)
P=1140.48 kN
Determine the max. tensile stress of the Mc
f t=
bolt. I
I=Ad2 22.4 x 106 (112.5)
f t=
π 2 2 2 15.95 x 10 6
I¿ ( 19 ) [ 4(112.5) + 4(37.5) ]
4 ft =158 MPa
I=15.95x106 WELDED CONNECTIONS
M=112000(200) 1. Two plates 300 mm x 16mm is to be
M=22.4 x106 N.mm connected using butt weld connections.
Use A36 steel. Fy=250 MPa, Fu= 400 MPa
and electrodes E70 with Fu=485 MPa.

a. Determine the capacity of the plate

connection assuming the butt weld is
adequate. Use a reduction factor of
0.85 for the Net Area.

Based on gross area:

T=0.60FyAg

T=0.60(250)(300)(16)

T=720 000 N

Based on net area:

T= 0.50FuAe

T=0.50(400)(0.85)(300)(16)

T=816 000 N

T=720 kN

2. A welded bracket shown is required to

assist a load of 90 kN. The steel is A36
(Fy= 250 MPa) and the welding is to be
performed by using E70 electrodes
(SMAW) Fu= 485 MPa. J=10.4 x 106 mm4
Determine the force on the weld due to
torsional moment
3.
R=√ (470.55)2 +(352.91)2
R=588.19 N/mm
A plate used as a tension member is
connected to a gusset plate, as shown in
Figure 7.40. The welds are 3/16 – inch
fillet welds made with E70XX electrodes.
The connected parts are A36 steel/
Assume that the tensile strength of the
member is adequate, and determine the
availability strength of the welded
connection.

37.5+e=150+250

e=362.50 ɵ=0°
M=90000(362.5) Fnw = 0.60FEXX
M=32.625x106N.mm

My
f x= Rn= 0.707wFnw = 0.707(3/16)(0.6 x 70)
J
= 5.568 kips/in.
32.625 x 106 (112.50)
f x=
10.4 x 106
fx=470.55 N/mm
The allowable strength of the weld is

Rn/Ω = 5.568 / 2.00 = 2.784 kips/in.

The shear yield strength is

Rn/Ω = 0.6Fyt / 1.50 = 0.6(36)(1/4) /
1.50 = 3.6 kips/in.

The shear rupture strength is

Rn/Ω = 0.6Fut / 2.00 = 0.6(58)(1/4) /

2.00 = 4.35 kips/in.

The weld shear strength controls. For the

connection,

Rn/Ω = 2.784 kips/in. x (4 + 4)in =

22.3kips

Allowable strength of the weld is 22.3

kips
4. A double fillet lap joint is shown in the x=47.5 mm
figure. The steel is A36 steel Fy=250 MPa
5. The 150mm x 18 mm plate is welded to a
and the electrode used was E70 (Fu=480
300 mm x 18 mm plate by a 10 mm fillet
MPa) The fillet weld is 8 mm and the
weld. The steel is A36 and the electrode
shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) as
use was E70 (SMAW) shielded metal arc
used.
welding.
For welding:
Fu=483.8 MPa
For steel plate:
Fy= 248 MPa, Fu= 400 MPa

a. Determine the allowable tensile load

that may be applied to the connection
based on shear capacity of the fillet weld.

T=0.707tL0.30Fu
T=0.707(8)(200+200)(0.3)(480)
T=325785.6 N
T=325.8 kN a.
Determine the tensile load of the welded
b. Determine the allowable tensile load lap joint based on shear capacity of fillet
that may be applied to the connection
based on gross area of the plate T=0.707tL0.30Fu
T=0.707(10)(125+125)(0.3)(483.8)
T= 0.60FyAg T=410 456 N
T=0.60(250)(200)(9.5) T=410.46 kN
T=285 000 N
T= 285 kN a. Determine the tensile load of the
welded lap joint based on gross area of
c. Determine the minimum length of the plate.
lap
T= 0.60FyAg
x= 5(9.5) T=0.60(248)(150)(18 )
(5x the thinner part joined but not less T=401 760 N
than 25 mm) T= 401.8 kN
6. The bracket carrying a load P is 14 mm
thick. It is welded. Allowable weld stress,
Fv= 145 MPa, weld thickness=9.5mm

a. If P =200 kN and it acs at the centroidal

axis of the weld group, calculate the force
per unit length (kN/m) on the weld.

F=P/L
F=200/ (0.125(2)+(0.25))
F= 400 kN/m
SHEAR IN BEAMS

1. A W 420 x 85 steel is fully restrained with

a uniformly distributed superimposed 215.28 x 106 ( 420)
fb =
load of 25 kN/m. The beam has a span of 2(310)106
10 m. fb = 145.83 MPa
Properties of W420x85
b. Compute the maximum web shear
A = 10839 mm2 d = 420 mm stress in MPa.
tw = 11 mm Ix = 310 x 10⁶ mm⁴
tf = 18 mm bf = 180 mm V
fv =
dtw
a. Compute the bending stress in MPa. 2R = 25.834(6)
R = 77.50 KN
Bending stress in MPa. V = 77.50 KN
V
85(9.81) fv =
W = 25 + dtw
1000 77500
W = 25.834 KN/m fv =
420(11)
fv = 16.77 MPa
W L2
Ma =
12
25.834(10)2
Ma =
12
Ma = 215.28 KN.m

MC
fb =
I
2. A W 310 x 74 of A36 steel Fy=250 MPa is
on a simple span of 9m. Assume full
lateral support. The beam supports a 3. A fixed ended WF beam has a span of 6m
uniformly distributed load of 3.6 kN/m

it carries a load of 135 kN acting at 2m

Determine the maximum concentrated from B. I=91 x106 mm4, Vmax= 100 kN
load that can be placed at the mid-span so
that it will not exceed the allowable
Prop. Of WF section
shearing stress
fv= 0.40Fy d = 240 mm bf = 160 mm
tw = 20 mm tf = 20 mm
V
fv =
dtw a. Determine the max. vertical shearing
V stress of the beam
0.40Fy =
dtw
Q=160(20)(110)+100(20)(50)
V
0.40(250)= Q=452000 mm3
305(17.4)
VQ
V=530.7 kN Max. τ =
Ib
P WL Max. τ =
V= +
2 2 100000(452000)
P 3.6(9) 91 x 10 2( 20)
530.7= +
2 2
P=1029 kN Max. τ= 24.84 MPa

b. Ave. shearing stress in the web

Q=160(20)(110)
Q=352000
VQ
τ=
Ib
100000 ( 352000 )
τ=
91 x 10 2 (20 )
τ=19.34 MPa
τave=19.34 + 2/3 (5.5)
τave= 23 MPa 1457 x 106
f b=
10958 x 103
f b=134.60 MPa

b. Compute the total shear carried by the

web and the flanges.
4. For the section shown, the shear force
acting is 670 kN and the bending moment
is 1475 kN-m

VQ
F v=
Ib
a.
Compute the max. bending stress of the For the flanges:
beam shown. Q=250 ( 16 )( 549 ) +300 ( 16 ) ( 533 )
Q=4754400
10 ( 1050 )3
I=
12 VQ
3 F v=
300 ( 16 ) Ib
+ [ 12 ]
+ 300 ( 16 )( 533 )2 2
F v=
4754400 ( 670000 )
250 ( 16 )3 6103.5 x 10 6 ( 10 )
+ [ 12 ]
+ 250 ( 16 )( 549 )2 2 F v =52.19 MPa

I =6103.5 x 106 Average stress:

I
S= V
C f v=
6103.5 x 106 d tw
S= 670000
557 f v=
S=10958 x 103 1114 ( 10 )
f v =60.14 MPa
M
f b=
S Shear force carried by the two flanges:
 1.74
Ff= ( 2 ) [ 250 ( 16 ) +300 ( 16 ) ]
2
F f =15312 N
5. A W 24 x 94 beam is subjected to a shear 900000(1.52 x 106 )
fv =
force of 900 KN. 1119.7 x 106 (13.11)
Properties of W sections: fv = 93.19 MPa
A = 17870 mm2 tf = 22.15 mm
bf=230.15mm tw = 13.11 mm b. Compute the shear stress at neutral
d = 616.97 mm Ix=1119.7 x 10⁶ mm⁴ axis.

Q = 230.15(22.15)(297.41) +
286.335(13.11)(143.1675)
Q = 2.05 x 10⁶ mm3
VQ
fv =
Ib
900000(2.05 x 106 )
fv =
1119.7 x 106 (13.11)

fv = 125.69 MPa

c. Compute the shear force carried by the

a. Compute the flange.
shear stress at junctions of flange and
web. ( 2 ) 5.31
F= (230.15)(22.15)
2
VQ F = 27069 N
fv =
Ib
Q = 230.15(22.15)(297.41) d. Compute the shear force carried by the
Q = 1.52 x 10⁶ mm3 web.

F = 900000 – 27069
F = 872931 N

e. Compute the average shear stress on

web.

V
fv =
dtw
900000
fv =
616.97(13.11)
b = 230.15 fv = 111.27 MPa

VQ
fv =
Ib
b = 13.11 mm
6. A wide flange section is subject to a b. Determine the max shearing stress at
vertical of 356 kN. The moment of inertia the neutral axis.
at the neutral axis 619 x 106. Fy= 250 MPa.

a. Determine Q = 265(25)(203) + 190.5(14.9)(95.25)

the shearing stress in the flange. Q = 1615237.4mm3
VQ
F v=
IB
356 000(1615237.4)
F v=
619 x 10 6 (14.9)
Fv= 62.35 MPa

VQ
F v=
IB
Q = 265(25)(203)
Q = 1344875 mm3
VQ
F v=
IB
356000(1344875)
F v=
619 x 106 (265)
Fv= 2.92MPa