Horticulture

 The branch of agriculture that deals with study of fruits, vegetable, flowers
and their management
 Latin words Hortic = Garden , Culture = Cultivate
Orchard Garden
Those area which contain mix Those area which contain fruits/
vegetation only one kind tree
It is not on large scale It is done on large scale
Branches of Horticulture

Pomology (Pome fruits)

 Production and maintenance of fruits
 More than 60% fruits are produce in Pakistan

Olericulture
 Production and maintenance of (vegetables) Herbaceous plants
According to WHO every person intake 200-250 g fruits and vegetables in a day

Citriculture
 Study and maintenance of citrus fruits

Viticulture
 Study and maintenance of grapes

Floriculture
 Production and maintenance of flowers depend on their life cycle
Annual 4 months
Biennial Complete life cycle in 2
years
Perennial 4-5 year life cycle
Landscape
 The beautification of land like garden and lawn
Medicinal plants
 Study and maintenance of plants used in medicines

Ornamental
 Combine study of Landscaping and Floriculture

Post Harvesting
 After Harvesting, processing, washing, packing, and transportation is Post
Harvesting
 30%-40% loss from Producer ---- Consumer

Arboriculture
 Deals with production technology of plants and trees and their maintenance

Fruit
 Ripened ovary is called fruit
LEAVES
↑
SEED→SHOOTS→FLOWER→FRUIT-SET→
↓
ROOTS

GROWTH→DEVELOPMENT→MATURITY→RIPPENED→
RIPPENED→ TISSUE DYING→AGING → LOSS START AT MATURITY
(Not ripened trees and they are mature like Mango, Banana, Peach)
Climacteric Non Climacteric
Fruits Not ripened on trees These fruit ripened on tree
Example: Mango, Banana, Peach Example: Grapes, Lychees, Guava
,Citrus
Sorting: Separation of fruit on basis of their weight size and look in different
categories

Evergreen Plants
 Plants remain green throughout the year
 Example: Jasmine, Guava, Mango

Succulent Plants (Watery Plants)

 A Plant having thick fleshy leaves or stems adapted to storing water
 Example: Xerophyte

Herbs
 Non Woody and Non-Succulent plants that is used for flavouring, food,
medicine, or perfume
 Example: Oregano, Coriander

Shrubs
 A woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several main stems
arising at or near the ground
 Example: Roses, Jasmine and Juniper.

Tree
 A woody perennial plant, typically having a single stem or trunk growing to
a considerable height and bearing lateral branches at some distance from
the ground.

Deciduous Plant
 Those plants that fall their leaves in autumn season and their flowers and
fruit produce in spring season
 Example: Oak, Maple, and Elm

Monoicous Dioecious
Male and Female parts on same plant Male or Female only one part on one
plant
Example : Mango, Citrus, Guava Example : Dates 40-50% females
require one male plant
Tropical plant
 A plant that grows naturally in a tropical climate. A tropical climate is
typically hot and humid, with temperatures constantly exceeding 18
degrees Celsius, with zero frost days.
 Example : Palm Trees, Peace Lilies

Temperate plants
 A plant that grows in a
 Northern area
 High rainfall area
 Long winter and short summer area
 Example : Dry fruits, Plum, Peach, Apricot ( Except Apple )

Subtropical
 A plant that grows in a
 Less rainfall
 Extreme summer
 Frost against
 Example : Dates, Guava

Climate
The usual condition of the temperature, humidity (60-65%) , atmospheric
pressure, wind, rainfall on Earth's surface for a long time.

Growth Period (Life Cycle)

 There are three Types of plant on basis of life cycle

Annuals
 Plants that complete its live cycle in one year or in one growing season like
vegetables and flowers

Biennial
  Plants that complete its live cycle in two year or in two growing seasons like
Radish, Carrot

Perennial
 Plants that complete its live cycle more than two year or growing seasons
like Mango, Guava
―――――――

Leafy vegetable
 Vegetable that’s leaves used as edible part like Mustard greens,
Collard greens, Spinach.

Root vegetable
 Vegetable that’s root used as edible part like Radish, Carrot

Bulb Vegetable
 Vegetable that’s bulb used as edible part like Onion, Garlic

Tuber Vegetable
 Vegetable that’s tuber used as edible part like Potato

Organic Horticulture ( Farming )

 Production of vegetables crops and flowers without supplying fertilizers,
pesticides and fungicides
 Only living organisms used to control disease not use any inorganic source

Hydroponic Horticulture
 Production of vegetables crops and flowers without using of soil
 In this water is use for germination

Robotic Horticulture
 Instrument used for Sowing, Harvesting, Irrigation, apply Pesticides without
use of human labor and time

Protective Horticulture
  Artificial control protection of crops, fruit, and vegetable by storm, wind and
rain by covering with different sheets (Hydroponic, Green House)

Aeroponic Horticulture
 The production of fruit and vegetables within medium of air or mist
environment without the use of soil or an aggregate medium.

Peri-Urban Horticulture
 The study of the relationship between plants and the urban environment
 It focuses on the functional use of horticulture so as to maintain and
improve the surrounding urban area.

Kitchen Gardening
A garden or area where vegetables, fruit, or herbs are grown for domestic
use in home

Fruit
 Ripened ovary and other associated part of ovary is called fruit

True Fruits
 Those fruit which ripened only from ovary
 Example; Mostly all fruits

False Fruits
 Those fruit which ripened from ovary and other associated part of ovary
 Example; Apple

Types of True Fruits

Simple Fruits
 A fruit that develops from a single ovary in a single flower
 Example; Apricot, Cherry, Olive, Peach, Plum

Aggregate Fruits
 A fruit formed from several carpels derived from the same flower
  Example; Raspberry.

Multiple Fruit
 Many flowers are involved in fruit development
 Example; Blackberry, Strawberry

Perishable Commodities
 Fruits and vegetables have short life
 They don’t easily import or export
―――――――

Layering
 A method of propagating a plant in which a shoot is fastened down to form
roots while still attached to the parent plant.
 Some trees and bushes like Blackberry layer themselves naturally as
Strawberry produce runners

Advantages of layering
 By this young plant continuous receiving nourishment from parent plant
.Carryout in late summer months or spring

Methods of Layering
 Air Layering
 A form of layering in which the branch is potted or wrapped in a moist
growing medium to promote root growth. It is commonly known as
Ghootic
 It is common for vegetative propagation of guava in the are where
humidity I high and rainfall is abundant
 It is done by incision with a knife ,a ring of very small diameter or
ordinary cut in mature growing branch
 When a small cut is made small stone is pushed in this cut that
prevent it from routing and wrapped with mixture of mud
 A pot is hung below the layering so that water drip o it and keep it
moist After 3-4 months large number of roots will emerge at
 cutting/ incision part and deattach it carefully and then plated in
pot
 Ground Layering
 In this instead of wrapping the ridges is buried in ground or soil the
shoot is kept in such position they putting weight on surface of soil
After two months half cut is made in parent branches
 Just below the layering If no wilting is notice then new layer has
developed roots The layering is separated as individual plant
 Serpentine layering
 In this method some space which give out long and flexible
branches the shoot to be layered is covered with soil at several
places to encourages root at more than one point called Serpentine
layering
 Mound / Stool layering
 This method involved the cutting down the parent plant to ground
level the emerging shoots are earth-up until one-third to one-half of
their length is covered with soil
 Growth of shoot in complete darkness result etiolation This develop
roots at basal end These are deattach and transplanted in nursery
This is used for Mango, Guava

Cutting
In this method cutting may be taken mainly from stem or roots these cuttings
must have meristematic region from which growth can occur when cutting are
placed in suitable soil and under right condition they form roots and shoots
Roots and Shoots develop into a plant identical to parent plant from which
cuttings were taken