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APPENDIX A - Calculators
DuPont Analysis
By Yuriy Smirnov Ph.D.
Definition
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DuPont analysis is a model widely used in financial ratio analysis to designate the ability of a company to increase
its return on equity ratio (ROE). The model breaks down ROE ratio into three components: profit margin, asset
turnover, and financial leverage.
Formula
The DuPont model is expressed as follows:
or
Profit margin, also known as net profit margin, is usually calculated for common shareholders; thus, net income less
preferred dividends (if available) should be used.
Average total assets are the sum of total assets at the beginning and at the end of the period divided by 2.
Value of total assets and shareholders’ equity can be found in the balance sheet, net sales and net income can be
found in the income statement, and preferred dividends can be found in the notes to the financial statements.
i. Profit margin. This ratio reflects a company’s strength in generating profit from each dollar of sales.
ii. Asset turnover. This ratio measures how efficiently a company uses its assets to generate sales.
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iii. Financial leverage or equity multiplier. This ratio shows the extent to which a company uses debt financing.
The greater the value of a ratio, the greater the risk and uncertainly of expected ROE.
The goal of DuPont analysis isn’t to calculate ROE but to identify factors affecting it. If investors are not satisfied with
the current ROE ratio, management can analyze what problems caused its current value and attempt to solve them.
Example
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The reported statement of income for the 20X8 financial year is as follows:
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To find net income attributable to common shareholders, we needed to subtract the total amount of preferred
dividends of $250,000.
$5,350,000 - $250,000
Profit Margin = × 100% = 11.16%
$45,680,000
The average total assets are $54,420,000 ([$52,970,000 + $55,870,000] ÷ 2); thus, asset turnover ratio is as follows:
$45,680,000
Asset Turnover = = 0.84
$54,420,000
The total common shareholders’ equity at the end of the current year is $31,740,000 ($33,740,000 - $2,000,000)
and $34,060,000 ($36,060,000 - $2,000,000) at the beginning of the year. Thus, the average common shareholders’
equity is $32,900,000 ([$31,740,000 + $34,060,000] ÷ 2).
$54,420,000
Asset Turnover = = 1.65
$32,900,000
In terms of the DuPont model, the ROE of XYZ company is 15.47%.
Let’s assume another company of the same size operating in the same industry having a profit margin ratio of
11.23%, an asset turnover ratio of 1.19, and financial leverage of 1.16. It has the same ROE of 15.47%.
Although both companies have about the same profit margin, DuPont analysis shows they have different strengths
and weaknesses in assets turnover and financial leverage. XYZ company can increase its ROE by improving assets
utilization, and the other company can increase its financial leverage ratio.
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DuPont chart
The DuPont model can be more complicated than the 3-factor model mentioned above. For example, more detailed
analysis can be done using the 5-factor model.
where EBIT is earnings before interest and tax, and EBT is earnings before tax.
For deeper insight, the 5-factor DuPont model additionally breaks down profit margin into three components to
determine the impact of interest and the tax burden.
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Disadvantages
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The main drawback of DuPont analysis is that it uses accounting data disclosed in financial statements, which can
be manipulated by management to hide some weaknesses. Thus, to get correct results, accurate accounting data
must be inputted.
Another disadvantage is inherent to all financial ratio analysis systems. It works best to compare companies of the
same size working in the same industry.
Calculator
You can carry out the DuPont analysis using our online calculator.
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