Wavelets and Multiresolution

Processing
Special Seminar
Shahab Ansari
Wavelet Transform

 An alternative to Fourier transform to compress, transmit and analyze

images
 The basis functions of wavelet transform are wavelets of varying frequency
and finite duration
 These wavelets not only give spectral information but also temporal
information simultaneously
 Wavelet is the foundation of multiresolution theory (Mallat, 1987)
 Subband coding
 Quadrature mirror filtering
 Pyramidal image processing
Wavelet Transform

 Image Pyramids
 Base level is 𝑁 × 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 2 𝐽 × 2 𝐽 where 𝐽 = log 2 𝑁
Wavelet Transform

 Image Pyramids
Wavelet Transform

 Subband Coding
 Filter coefficients
 Filter taps
 Filter order
 FIR filter
Wavelet Transform

 More Filters
Wavelet Transform

 Subband coding
 Two-Band Subband Coding using two filter banks such that 𝑓መ 𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛)
 For perfect reconstruction (cross-modulated and biorthogonal) filters,
𝑔0 (𝑛) = −1 𝑛 ℎ1 (𝑛)
𝑛+1
𝑔1 (𝑛) = −1 ℎ0 (𝑛)
Wavelet Transform

 Four-Band Subband Coding

Wavelet Transform

 Haar Transform 𝑻 is defined as,

𝑻 = 𝑯𝑭𝑯𝑻
 where 𝑭 is an 𝑁 × 𝑁 image matrix and 𝑯 is an 𝑁 × 𝑁 Haar transformation
matrix containing Haar basis functions
 Haar basis functions is given as,
2𝑃/2 (𝑞 − 1)/2𝑃 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ (𝑞 − 0.5)/2𝑃
1 𝑃
ℎ𝑘 𝑧 = ℎ𝑝𝑞 𝑧 = (𝑞 − 0.5)/2𝑃 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 𝑞/2𝑃
𝑁 −2
2
0 otherwise, 𝑧 ∈ [0,1]
𝑘 = 2𝑃 + 𝑞 − 1
Wavelet Transform

 Haar Transform
Wavelet Transform

 Multiresolution analysis (MRA)

 A scaling function is used to create a series of approximations of an image each
differing by a factor of 2 in resolution
 The wavelets are used to encode the difference between adjacent
approximations
 Expansion functions (basis functions)
𝑓 𝑥 = ෍ 𝛼𝑘 𝜑𝑘
𝑘

𝜑𝑘 are called the expansion functions and 𝛼𝑘 are the expansion coefficients
Wavelet Transform

 Scaling functions
 Integer translation and binary scaling
𝜑𝑗,𝑘 𝑥 = 2𝑗/2 𝜑(2𝑗 𝑥 − 𝑘)
𝜑𝑗,𝑘 𝑥 ∈ 𝐿2 (𝐑)
Wavelet Transform

 MRA Requirement 1
 The scaling function is orthogonal to its integer translates
 MRA Requirement 2
 The subspaces spanned by the scaling function at low scales are nested within those
spanned at higher scales
 MRA Requirement 3
 The only function that is common to all 𝑉𝑗 is 𝑓 𝑥 = 0
 MRA Requirement 4
 Any function can be represented with arbitrary precision
𝜑 𝑥 = ෍ ℎ𝜑 (𝑛) 2𝜑(2𝑥 − 𝑛)
𝑛
ℎ𝜑 (𝑛) are called scaling function coefficients
Wavelet Transform

 Wavelet functions
𝑗
𝜓𝑗,𝑘 𝑥 = 22 𝜓2𝑗 𝑥 − 𝑘
𝑊𝑗 = Span{𝜓𝑗,𝑘 𝑥 }
𝑘
𝑉𝑗+1 = 𝑉𝑗 ⨁𝑊𝑗
𝜓 𝑥 = ෍ ℎ𝜓 (𝑛) 2𝜑(2𝑥 − 𝑛)
𝑛
Wavelet Transform

 Wavelet functions