Waves and Sound 877

25. b) Distance between a compression and the


nearest rarefaction is  1m. Hence
2
v 360
n   180Hz . 2d1  2d2  v  t1  v  t2 
 2
2(d1  d2)  v(t1  t2)
P vO H2 1 1
26. (a) v  2    v(t1  t2)
 vH 2  o2 16 4 d1  d2  =
2
RT 340 (1.5  3.5)
27. (d) Speed of sound in gases is v   850 m.
M 2
TM RT
37. (b) By using v   v T
TH 2 MH2 M
(Because v, -constant). Hence 
TO2 M O2
v2 T2 T  600
2 TH 2    3  T  300K  27o C
   v1 T1 T
(273 100) 32
38. (a) Velocity of sound is independent of frequency.
TH 2  23.2K  249.7C Therefore it is same (v) for frequency n and
4n.
28. (c) If the temperature changes then velocity of
wave and its wavelength changes. Frequency RT
amplitude and time period remains constant. 39. (c) v   v T
M
29. (b)
30. (d) i.e. if v is doubled then T becomes four times,

   hence
31. (c) Path difference     1    T2  4T1  4(273 27)  1200K  927C
2 2 2
 = 4m 3600 v 960
40. (d) n  60 Hz      16m
Hence v  n = 120 4  480 m/ s 60 n 60
32. (a) Suppose the distance between shooter and 41. (d) Speed do sound, doesn’t depend up on
reflecting surface is d. Hence time interval for pressure and density medium.
hearing echo is d 42. (d) If d is the distance between man and reflecting
surface of sound then
O for hearing echo
340 1
2d  v  t  d   170m
2
2d 2d
t  8  d  1400m .
v 350 54
43. (c) n  Hz,   10m  v  n  9 m / s .
Distance 1000 60
33. (b) Time 
Velocity 330
 3.03 sec.
RT 1
44. (a) v   v . Since M is
Sound will be heard after 3.03 sec. So his M M
watch is set 3sec, slower.
minimum for H 2 so sound velocity is
 P maximum in H2.
34. (d) v  ; as P changes,  also changes.

45. (d) 2d  v  t , where v  velocity of sound =
P
Hence remains constant so speed remains 332 m/ s

constant. 1
t = Persistence of hearing = sec.
35. (b) Speed of sound in gases is given by 10
RT 1 v1 m2 1
v  v   332
M M v2 m1 
d
v t
 10  16.5 m
36. (b)
2 2
d1 d2

v v
 878 Waves and Sound
46. (c) Since solid has both the properties (rigidity 58. (a) Suppose the distance between two fixed
and elasticity) points is d then
47. (b) If d is the distance between man and reflecting d t v T2
surface of sound then
t alsov  T  1  2 
v t2 v1 T1
for hearing echo
330 1.5 2 303
2d  v  t  d   247.5 m    t2 = 1.9 sec.
2 t2 283
48. (d) Speed of sound v  T and it is independent 59. (a) The density of moist air (i.e. air mixed with
of pressure. water vapours) is less than the density of dry
air
3600
49. (b) Frequency of wave is n  Hz  P
2 60 Hence from v   vmoistair  vdryair

v 760
   25.3 m.
n 30 60. (a) Total time taken for both the echoes
t  t1  t2  2 sec
d1 d2
P v1 d2
50. (a) Speed of sound v   (
d v2 d1
v v
P - constant)

v 352
51. (d)    ; during 1 vibration of fork sound
n 384
2d1 2d2 2
352 but t   t   d1  d2 
will travel m during 36 vibration of fork v v v
384
352 v  t 340 2
sound will travel  36  33 m  (d1  d2)   =340m.
384 2 2
52. (c) At given temperature and pressure 61. (d) Frequency of sound does not change with
medium, because it is characteristics of
1 v1 2 4 source.
v     2:1
 v2 1 1  RT
62. (c) Since v  i.e., v  T
M
2
T2 v2 v  63. (a) Frequency of waves remains same, i.e. 60 Hz
53. (c) v  T    T2  T1 2 
T1 v1  v1  v 330
and wavelength  = 5.5 mm.
 T2  273 4  1092K n 60 103
   
1 1 64. (c) Path difference      
54. (c) n   1.66 106 m1 2 2 3 6
 6000 1010
65. (d) Interference, diffraction and reflection occurs
1 vH 2 M O2 32 vH 2
4 in both transverse and longitudinal waves.
55. (b) v      Polarisation occurs only in transverse waves.
M vO2 M H2 2 vO2 1
66. (c) Water waves are transverse as well as
56. (a) The minimum distance between compression longitudinal in nature.

and rarefaction of the wire l   Wave 67. (c)
4 68. (a) In transverse waves medium particles vibrate
length   4l perpendicular to the direction of propagation
360 of wave.
Now by v  n  n   90 sec1 . 69. (d)
41
70. (a) Wave on a plucked string is stationary wave.
1 v1 2 4 Light waves are EM waves. Water waves are
57. (a) vsound     2
 v2 1 1 transverse as well as longitudinal.
71. (b)
v1 vs
v2   72. (b) Transverse wave can propagate in solids but
2 2 not in liquids and gases.
 Waves and Sound 879
73. (b) Because sound waves in gases are
v n 3  108
longitudinal. 90. (a) n   v  MW   106 : 1
 nUS 3  102
74. (d)
75. (c) Since distance between two consecutive crests 1
is , so 91. (a) Intensity  
)2
(Distance
2 2
    2 . I1  d2   3 9
2
       
I 2  d1   2 4
76. (b) The distance between two points i.e. path
difference between them
sini v1
    v 92. (d) v 
      sinr v2
2 2 3 6 6n
( v  n )  2u 1
 sinr  sin30   sinr   2  1
360 u 2
  0.12m  12cm
6  500  r  90
77. (d) Sound waves are longitudinal in nature so they 93. (d) Number of waves per minute = 54
can not be polarised
 Number of waves per second = 54/60
78. (b)
54
79. (b) Ultrasonic waves are those of higher Now v  n  n   10  9 m/ s.
frequencies than maximum audible range 60
frequencies (audible range of frequencies is 20 94. (d) If d is the distance of rock from SONAR then
Hz to 20000 Hz)
80. (b) v  t 1600 1
2d  vt  d    800m
81. (d) Infrasonic waves have frequency less than (20 2 2
Hz) audible sound and wavelength more than
audible sound. Progressive Waves
82. (b) SONAR emits ultrasonic waves. 1. (d) Comparing given equation with standard
83. (b) EM waves do not requires medium for their equation of progressive wave. The velocity of
propagation. wave
84. (b)
85. (d)  (Co - efficientof t) 200
v   400cm/ s
TN M N of x) 0.5
k (Co - efficient
 RT 
86. (d) v   
M T0 M0 2. t  kx   ) ,
(c) Comparing with y  a cos(

TN 14 7 2
  We get k   0.02   100cm
273 55 16 8 
 TN  287K  14C Also, it is given that phase difference between

87. (a) We know that at night amount of carbon particles   . Hence path difference
dioxide in atmosphere increases which raises 2
the density of atmosphere. Since intensity is between them
directly proportional to density, intensity of     100
sound is more at night.         25cm
2 2 2 4 4
v 300 3. (b) Phase difference between two successive crest
88. (c) n  Hz
 0.6  10 2 2
is 2. Also, phase difference ( ) =
3 T
  104 Hz  50,000Hz
6 time interval (t)
 Wave is ultrasonic. 2 1
 2   0.2   5 sec1  n  5 Hz
K T T
89. (a) v   K  v2   2.86 1010 N / m3
 4. (c) Comparing with the standard equation,
2
y  A sin (vt  x) , we have

 880 Waves and Sound

v  200 cm/ sec,   200 cm;  2 2

and    200   T  103 sec
v T T
n   1 sec1
 14. (b) Comparing the given equation with
y  a cos( t  kx)
5. (d) Let the phase of second particle be  . Hence
phase difference between two particles is 2
We get k      = 2cm
2 
  x
 15. (b) Comparing the given equation with
  2 y  a sin(t  kx) , We get a = Y0,  = 2f,

      15 2
 3  60 k . Hence maximum particle velocity

  5
     (vmax)particle a  Y0  2f and wave
3 2 6
 2f
6. (d) The given equation can be written as velocity (v)wave    f
k 2 / 
 x 
y  4 sin 4t     (vmax)Particle 4vWave  Y0  2f  4 f
 16 
Co - efficient of t( ) Y0
(v)    .
Co - efficientof x(K ) 2
16. (a,b,c,d) On comparing the given equation with
4
 v  64 cm/ sec along +x direction. y  a sin(  t  kx), it is clear that wave is
 / 16
travelling in negative x-direction.
Co - efficient
of t 628 It's amplitude a = 104 m and  = 60, k = 2.
7. (c) v    20cm/ sec
Co - efficient
of x 31.4  60 30
Hence frequency n    Hz
8. t  kx)
(d) y1  a sin( 2 2 
and 2
k 2    m and
  
t  kx)  a sin  t  kx  
y2  a cos(
 2  60
v   30m / s
Hence phase difference between these two is k 2

.
17. (b) 
2  2 2x 
y  a cos vt   0.5 cos 4t  2x
1 1    
9. (c) I  a2   a
d2 d Co - efficient
of t 100
18. (b) v    2 m / sec.
2 Co - efficient
of x 50
I1 a12  0.06 4
10. (c)     19. (d) y  f(x2  vt2) doesn’t follows the standard
I2 a22  0.03 1
wave equation.
11. (c) After reflection from rigid support, a wave 20. (b,c) Standard wave equation which travel in
suffers a phase change of . negative x-direction is
12. (c) The given equation representing a wave y  A sin( t  kx  0)
travelling along –y direction (because ‘+’ sign
is given between t term and x term). For the given wave
On comparing it with x  A sin t  ky   2n  15 , k 
2
 10

2
We get k  12.56  Co - efficient
of t
 Now v 
2 3.14 Co - efficient
of x
  0.5 m  15
12.56    1.5 m/sec
t  kx) 
y  a sin( k 10
13. (c) Comparing with
10 2 2
a ,   200 and     0.2 m.
 k 10
21. (a) vmax  a  3  10  30
10
 vmax  a   2000  200m/ sec

 Waves and Sound 881

 2x  maximum particle velocity (vmax)particle a

22. (b) y1  a1 sin  t   and
   2v
 y0  co-efficient of t  y0 
 2x  
y2  a2 cos  t   
    (vmax)particle 2( )wave 
 2x  a  2v
 a2 sin  t      2v    y0
  2 
 29. (a) Given y  A sin(kx   t)
So phase difference =  and  =
2 dy
 v =  A cos(
kx   t) : 
   dt
  
2  2 vmax  A
23. (a) Both waves are moving opposite to each other 30.  t  kx)
(a) Comparing with y  (x, t)  a sin(
.
2
24. (a) The velocity of wave k  0.01   = 200 m.

 (Co - efficient
of t) 10
v   10m / s 31. (b)
k (Co - efficient
of x) 1 32. (d) Comparing the given equation with standard
Co - efficient
of t 7  t x
25. (a) v    175m/ s . equation y  a sin2     T = 0.04
Co - efficient
of x 0.04 T 
26. (a) The given equation is 1
sec     25Hz
y  10sin(0.01x  2t) T
2 2
Hence   coefficient of t = 2  2 
Also (A)max   2a  
 2 
  a   3
 Maximum speed of the particle  T   0.04 
vmax  a  10 2 =7.4  104 cm/sec2.
33. (b) From the given equation amplitude
= 10  2  3.14 = 62.8  63 cm/s
a  0.04m
27. (a,c,d) For a travelling wave, the intensity of wave
remains constant if it is a plane Coefficient
of t
Frequency 
wave. 2
1 2  /5 1
  Hz
I11 = I22 2 10
2
Wave length  
Coefficient
of x
2
1 2  =18m.
 /9
Intensity of wave is inversely proportional to Co - efficient
of t
the square of the distance from the source if Wave speed v
the wave is spherical Co - efficient
of x
 /5
 P    1.8m / s.
I    /9
 4r 2 
34. (d)
Intensity of spherical wave on the spherical 35. (d) Compare the given equation with
surface centred at source always remains t  k )
y  a cos(
same. Here total intensity means power P .
1000
28. (d) On comparing the given equation with    2n  2000  n  Hz
2

standard equation y  a sin (vt  x) . It is 36. (d) y  A sin(at bx  c) represents equation of

simple harmonic progressive wave as it
clear that wave speed (v)wave  v and describes displacement of any particle (x) at
 882 Waves and Sound
any time (t). or It represents a wave because it  Co  efficient
of t 2
50. (d) v     200
 2y  2y k Co  efficient
of x 0.01
satisfies wave equation  v2 .
t 2 x 2 cm/ sec.
37. (a) Here   2n  2  n  1 51. (d) From the given equation k  0.2
38. (a) Compare the given equation with 2
y  a sin(t  kx) . We get   2n  100   0.2    10 cm

50 2 2 2
 n Hz   x  2  72o
  10 5
39.  t  kx)
(b) Compare with y  a sin(
52. (a,b,c) I  2n2a2v  I  n2a2v
2 2 53. (a) comparing the given equation with
We have k   62.4    =0.1
 62.4 y  a sin t  kx
40. (b) Maximum velocity of the particle 
  200, k  1 so v   200 m/ s
vmax  a  0.5  10  5 cm/ sec k
41. (d) On reflection from fixed end (denser medium)  2
54. (a) v    1 m/ s
a phase difference of  is introduced. k 2
42. (c) Maximum particle velocity vmax  a and 55. (b) By comparing it with standard equation
2
 v a t  kx)  k 
y  a cos(  
wave velocity v   max   ka . 
k v  /k
From the given equation
  2cm
k  Co - efficient
of x  6micron 56. (d) Compare the given equation with
 6  10 6
m y  a sin(t  kx)    2n  100 
50
vmax n Hz
  ka  6  10 6  60  3.6  10 4 
v
2
43. (b)   314, k  1.57 and k  1    2 and v   / k  100

 314 m/ s
v   200m/s.
k 1.57 Since ‘+’ is given between t terms and x term,
Co - efficient of t 40 so wave is travelling in negative x-direction.
44. (c) v   40m / s
Co - efficient of x 1 A
57. (b) Given A  4v  A2n  4n   
 400 2
45. (a) n   200 Hz (As  = 400  )
2 2  100
58. (d) v    1000 m/ s
1 k 1 / 10
46. (a) Beats period =  0.1 sec
30 20 59. (c) A wave travelling in positive x-direction may
2 2 2
  .t   0.6  2  6  12  be represented as y  A sin (v t  x) .
T 0.1 
or Zero. 2
On putting values y  0.2 sin (360t  x)
    60
47. (d) Path difference      
2 2 2 4  x 
 y  0.2 sin2  6 t  
  60 
  0.8 m   0.8   = 3.2 m.
4  7
60. (a) v    17.5 m/ s
 v = n = 120  3.2 = 384 m/s k 0.4
co- efficient
of t 2 / 0.01
48. (a) v    30m / s I1 a12 I 25 1
co- efficient
of x 2 / 0.3 61. (b)  2 1 
I 2 a2 I 2 100 4
 t x
49. (b) Comparing with y  a sin2     2
T   62. (a) From the given equation k = Co-

  40 cm
efficient of x
 Waves and Sound 883

 
    8m Gives velocity of wave v
4 k
 t x  400
63. (d) y  4 sin2   .   20m / s.
 0.02 100 20
Comparing this equation with 73. (d) v  n    10 cm
 t x 2
y  a sin2    Phase difference  Path difference
T  
Co - efficient
of t 1 / 0.02 2 
v   2.5 =
Co - efficient
of x 1 / 100 10 2
64. (a) Comparing the given equation with v 10
y  a sint  kx 74. (a, c) vmax  a    m/sec
10 10
 3
We get   3000  n 
2
 1500Hz  a  a  2n  1  n  10
2
2 1 ( a  10 3
m)
and k   12    m
 6
v 10
1 Since v  n     3  2  10 2
So, v  n  v  1500  250 m/ s n 10 / 2
6
m
65. (b) Positive sign in the argument of sin indicating
75. (c) Total energy is conserved.
that wave is travelling in negative x-direction.
66. (b) Comparing the given equation with Coefficent
of t 1/ 2
76. (b) v    2m/ s
t  kx)
y  acos( Coefficent
of x 1 / 4
a  25,   2n  2  n  1Hz Hence d  v t  2  8  16m

 600 77. (b) y1  106 sin[100t  (x / 50)  0.5]

67. (b) v    300m/ sec.
k 2
  x    
Coefficent
of t  100 y2  10 6 sin100t      
68. (b) v     5 m / s.   50  2  
Coefficent
of x k 20
Phase difference 
69. (d) Comparing with standard wave equation
 [100t  (x / 50)  1.57]  [100t  (x / 50)  0.5]
2
y  a sin (vt  x) , we get, v  200m / s.  1.07 radians.

78. (c) Resultant amplitude
2
70. (b) Phase difference   path difference      
 AR  2A cos   2 (2a) cos   4a cos 
2
  2
   2
 2
   0.8    4  0.8  3.2m
2  T
79. (b) The particle will come after a time to its
Velocity v  n  120 3.2  384m / s. 4
71. (a) Comparing the given equation with standard mean position.
equation 80. (a) Maximum particle velocity  a  2 2  4
We get   2n  200  n = 100 Hz units.
20 2 2
k      1.7 m Interference and Superposition of Waves
17 k 20 / 17
 200
and v    170m / s. 
k 20 / 17 1. (b) With path difference , waves are out of
2
72. (b) Given, y  0.5 sin(20x  400t) phase at the point of observation.
t  kx)
Comparing with y  a sin( 2. (d) Amax  A2  A2  A 2, frequency will remain
same i.e. .
 884 Waves and Sound
3. (a) Phase difference is 2 means constrictive 2
I a  1 a 1
interference so resultant amplitude will be 12. (b) 1   1    1 
 
I 2  a2  16 a2 4
maximum.
4. (d) Resultant amplitude 13. (c) For interference, two waves must have a
constant phase relation ship. Equation ‘1’ and
  ‘3’ and ‘2’ and ‘4’ have a constant phase
A a2  a2  2aacos  4a2 cos2  
 2 
relationship of out of two choices. Only
2
 I  A 2  I  4a 2 one S2 emitting ‘2’ and S4 emitting ‘4’ is given
so only (c) option is correct.
5. (b) 14. (d) This is a case of destructive interference.
1
A2  a2  a2  a2  2a2 cos  cos     
2 15. (b) a1  5, a2  10 
2 3 2 2
Imax (a1  a2)  5  10 9
v 350  2
  
6. (d)     1m =100 cm Imin (a1  a2)  5  10 1
n 350
16. (c) For the given super imposing waves
Also path difference (x) between the

waves at the point of observation is a1  3, a2  4 and phase difference  
2
AP  BP  25cm. Hence

2 2  25  
   (x)    A a12  a22  2a1a2 cos / 2  (3)2  (4)2  5
 1  100 2
17. (a) Phase difference between the two waves is
 A (a1 )2  (a2 )2  2
(0.3)  (0.4) 2
=   (t   2 )  (t   1)  ( 1   2 )
0.5 mm Resultant amplitude
1 A A12  A22  2A1 A2 cos( 1   2 )
7. (d) Path difference (x)  50cm m
2 2
 a1 
2   1
 Phase difference    I max  a2   2  1
2
     2  1  9 /1
18. (a)
2 1 I min a1
x        1   
1 2 a
 2 
 2
Total phase difference =    2
3 3  I  2
 1  1   9 
 1
 A a2  a2  2a2 cos(2 / 3)  a Imax  I 2  
4  25
19. (b)     
8. (b,c) Because in general phase velocity = wave Imin  I1  9 1
velocity. But in case of complex waves (many   1    2 
waves together) phase velocity  wave  I2   4 
 
velocity.
2
 If two waves have same  , v; then they  a1  2
have same frequency too   1   4  1 
I max  a2    3   49
9. (c) If two waves of nearly equal frequency 20. (c)   4 
superpose, they I min a 1
give beats if they both travel in straight line
 1  1    1 
and I min  0 if they have equal amplitudes.
 a2   3 
21. (a) The resultant amplitude is given by
10. (c) Resultant amplitude = a12  a22  2a1a2 cos
AR  A 2  A 2  2AA cos  2A 2 (1  cos )
2 2 
= 0.3  0.4  2 0.3  0.4  cos =
2  2A cos / 2 (H cos  2cos2  / 2)
0.5 cm
11. (a) In the same phase  = 0 so resultant
amplitude = a1  a2  2A  A  3A
 Waves and Sound 885
2 2 Alternate method : It is given
 I1   9 
  1  nA  256Hz, nB  ? and x = 4 bps
 I   1
Imax  1 
22. (b) 
2      4 Also after loading A (i.e. nA ), beat frequency
2 2
I min  I1   9  1 (i.e. x) increases ().
  1   1 Apply these informations in two possibilities to
 I   1 
 2    known the frequency of unknown tuning fork.
 nA  – nB = x ... (i)
23. (a) Since   
2 nB – nA  = x ... (ii)
A a12  a22  2 2
(4)  (3)  5 It is obvious that equation (i) is wrong (ii) is
correct so
24. (c) A  (a12  a2
2
 2a1a2 cos ) nB = nA + x = 256 + 4 = 260 Hz.
 2. (d)
Putting a1  a2  a and   , we get 3. (c)
3
4. (a) Suppose nA = known frequency = 100 Hz, nB =
A 3a ?
1 1   x = 2 = Beat frequency, which is decreasing
25. (d) y  sint  sin t  
a b  2 after loading (i.e. x)

 Unknown tuning fork is loaded so nB

Here phase difference =  The resultant
Hence nA – nB  = x ... (i) Wrong
2
amplitude nB  – nA = x ... (ii)
2 2 Correct
 1   1  1 1 a b
=          nB = nA + x = 100 + 2 = 102 Hz.
 a  b a b ab
5. (d) nA = Known frequency = 256, nB = ?
26. (b) Superposition of waves does not alter the
frequency of resultant wave and resultant x = 2 bps, which is decreasing after loading
amplitude (i.e. x) known tuning fork is loaded so nA

 a2  a2  a2  2a2 cos  2a2 (1  cos ) Hence nA – nB = x ... (i) Correct

nB – nA = x ... (ii) Wrong
 cos  1/ 2  cos2 / 3    2 / 3
 nB = nA – x = 256 – 2 = 254 Hz.
Beats 6. (b) nA = Known frequency = 256 Hz, nB = ?
1. (c) Suppose two tuning forks are named A and B x = 4 bps, which is decreasing after loading
(i.e. x) also known tuning fork is loaded so
with frequencies nA  256Hz (known), nB
nA
= ? (unknown), and beat frequency x = 4 bps.
Hence nA – nB = x ... (i) Correct
Known
Unknown nB – nA = x ... (ii) Wrong
nA nB  nB = nA – x = 256 – 4 = 252 Hz.
A A 7. (c) Time interval between two consecutive beats
x bps
1 1 1
T   sec so,
Frequency of unknown tuning fork may be n1  n2 260 256 4
nB  256 4  260Hz 1 T
t  sec
 256 4  252Hz 16 4
or
T
It is given that on sounding waxed fork A (fork By using time difference =  Phase
of frequency 256 Hz) and fork B, number of 2
difference
beats (beat frequency) increases. It means
that with decrease in frequency of A, the T T 
     
difference in new frequency of A and the 4 2 2
frequency of B has increased. This is possible 8. (a) The time interval between successive
only when the frequency of A while decreasing maximum intensities will be
is moving away from the frequency of B. 1 1 1
  sec.
This is possible only if nB = 260 Hz. n1 ~ n2 454 450 4
 886 Waves and Sound
9. (d) nA = Known frequency = 341 Hz, nB = ? as Amax  2ao (ao= amplitude of one source)
x = 6 bps, which is decreasing (i.e. x) after
loading (from 6 to 1 bps) so I max  4I o .
Unknown tuning fork is loaded so nB 16. (c) Number of beats per second = n1 ~ n2
Hence nA – nB = x ... (i) Wrong
nB – nA = x ... (ii) Correct 1  2000  2n1  n1 = 1000
 nB = nA + x = 341 + 6 = 347 Hz.
and  2  2008  2n2  n2 = 1004
1
10. (b) T  = 0.5 sec Number of beats heard per sec
258 256
 1004 1000 4
11. (c) Suppose nA = known frequency = 100 Hz, nB =
? 17. (c) The tuning fork whose frequency is being
tested produces 2 beats with oscillator at 514
x = 5 bps, which remains unchanged after
loading Hz, therefore, frequency of tuning fork may
either be 512 or 516. With oscillator frequency
Unknown tuning fork is loaded so nB 510 it gives 6 beats/sec, therefore frequency
Hence nA – nB  = x ... (i) of tuning fork may be either 516 or 504.
nB  – nA = x ... (ii) Therefore, the actual frequency is 516 Hz
From equation (i), it is clear that as nB which gives 2 beats/sec with 514 Hz and 6
decreases, beat frequency. (i.e. nA – (nB)new) beats/sec with 510 Hz.
can never be x again.
1 T
From equation (ii), as nB, beat frequency (i.e. 18. (b) If suppose nS = frequency of string 
2l m
(nB)new – nA) decreases as long as (nB)new
remains greater than nA, If (nB)new become nf = Frequency of tuning fork = 480 Hz
lesser than nA the beat frequency will increase x = Beats heard per second = 10
again and will be x. Hence this is correct. as tension T increases, so nS increases ()
So, nB = nA + x = 100 + 5 = 105 Hz. Also it is given that number of beats per sec
12. (b) nA = Known frequency = 256 Hz, nB = ? decreases (i.e. x)
x = 6 bps, which remains the same after Hence nS – nf = x ... (i) Wrong
loading. nf – nS = x ... (ii)
Unknown tuning fork F2 is loaded so nB Correct
Hence nA – nB = x ... (i) Wrong  nS = nf – x = 480 – 10 = 470 Hz.
nB – nA = x ... (ii) Correct 19. (c) It is given that
 nB = nA + x = 256 + 6 = 262 Hz. nA = Unknown frequency = ?

13. (a) Probable frequencies of tuning fork be n  4 nB = Known frequency = 256 Hz

or n  4 x = 3 bps, which remains same after loading
Unknown tuning fork A is loaded so nA
1
Frequency of sonometer wire n  Hence nA – nB = x ... (i) Correct
l
nB – nA = x ... (ii) Wrong
n  4 100
  or  nA = nB + x = 256 + 3 = 259 Hz.
n 4 95
95(n  4)  100(n  4) 20. (a) Frequency of the source = 100  5 = 105 Hz or
95 Hz.
or 95n  380 100n  400 or 5n  780 or Second harmonic of the source = 210 Hz or
n  156 190 Hz.

14. (c) After filling frequency increases, so nA As the second harmonic gives 5 beats/sec
with sound of frequency 205 Hz, the second
decreases (). Also it is given that beat harmonic should be 210 Hz.
frequency increases (i.e., x )
 Frequency of the source = 105 Hz.
Hence nA – nB = x ... (i) Correct
21. (d) For producing beats, their must be small
nB – nA = x ... (ii) Wrong difference in frequency.
 nA = nB + x = 512 + 5 = 517 Hz. 22. (c) nA = Known frequency = 256 Hz, nB = ?
15. (c) Intensity  (amplitude) 2
 Waves and Sound 887
x = 4 beats per sec which is decreasing (4 bps 32. (a) v0  332 m/s. Velocity sound at t°C is
5
to bps) after loading (i.e. x) vt  (v0  0.61t)
2
Unknown tuning fork B, is loaded so nB  v20  v0  0.61 20  344.2 m/ s

Hence nA – nB = x ... (i) Wrong  1 1

 n  v20  

nB – nA = x ... (ii)
 1  2 
Correct
 nB = nA + x = 256 + 4 = 260 Hz.  100 100
 344.2    14
23. (d) nA – nB = x ... (i) Wrong  50 51 
nB – nA = x ... (ii) Correct 33. (a) Persistence of hearing is 10 sec–1.

 nB = nA + x = 200 + 5 = 205 Hz. 34. (a)

35. (d) nA = ?, nB = 384 Hz
24. (c) nA – nB = x (same) ... (i) Wrong
x = 6 bps, which is decreasing (from 6 to 4)
nB – nA = x (same) ... (ii) Correct
i.e. x
 nB = nA + x = 320 + 4 = 324 Hz.
Tuning fork A is loaded so nA
1 1 1 Hence nA – nB = x
25. (c) Beat period T    sec. Correct
n1 ~ n2 384 380 4
nB – nA = x Wrong
Hence minimum time interval between
 nA = nB + x = 384 + 6 = 390 Hz.
T 1
maxima and minima t   sec. 36. (b) For hearing beats, difference of frequencies
2 8 should be approximately 10 Hz.
2
I  a  a2  (5  3)2 16 1
26. (d) max   1    37. (a) n   n1l1  n2l2 
I min  a1  a2  (5  3)2 1 l
(n  4)49  (n  4)50  n  396
v v v v
27. (a) n1   and n2   30
1 0.50 2 0.51 38. (a) No of beats, x = n   10 Hz
3
 1 1 
n  n1  n2  v     12 1 1  1 1
 0.05 0.51  Also n  v    v    =10
12 0.51 0.50  1 2   5 6
 v  306 m/ s v  300m/s
0.01
39. (a)
316 310
28. (c) n1  and n2  Number of beats 1 1  1 1
2 2 n  v    396    3.96  4.

 1  2  0.99 1
316 310 3
heard per second = n1 – n2 =  
2 2  40. (b) nA = Known frequency = 288 cps, nB = ?
x = 4 bps, which is decreasing (from 4 to 2)
2
29. (b) Beat frequency =  5Hz after loading i.e. x
0.4
Unknown fork is loaded so nB
30. (a) Since source of frequency x gives 8 beats per Hence nA – nB = x Wrong
second with frequency 250 Hz, it's possible
frequency are 258 or 242. As source of nB – nA = x Correct
frequency x gives 12 beats per second with a  nB = nA + x = 288 + 4 = 292 Hz.
frequency 270 Hz, it's possible frequencies 41. (a) Frequency =
282 or 258 Hz. The only possible frequency of Numberof beats 2
x which gives 8 beats with frequency 250 Hz   50 Hz
also 12 beats per second with 258 Hz. Time 0.04
42. (c) No. of beats = frequency difference =
1000
31. (c) n1   500Hz and 4
2  16
0.25
998
n2   499Hz 43. (d) Suppose nP  frequency of piano = ?
2
(nP  T)
Hence beat frequency = n1  n2  1
nf  Frequency of tuning fork  256Hz
 888 Waves and Sound
x = Beat frequency = 5 bps, which is Distance separating the position of minimum
decreasing (52) after clanging the tension of  2
piano wire intensity =   1m
2 2
Also, tension of piano wire is increasing so
nP  Stationary Waves
Hence nP– nf = x Wrong
1. (c) The distance between the nearest node and
nf – nP= x Correct
 nP = nf – x = 256 – 5 Hz.

antinode in a stationary wave is
4
44. (b) With temperature rise frequency of tuning fork
decreases. Because, the elastic properties are
N
modified when temperature is changed A N
N A
also, nt  n0 (1  0.00011
t)
/4
where nt  frequency at tC , n0 =
frequency at 0C 2. (c) At nodes pressure change (strain) is maximum
3. (c) Both the sides of a node, two antinodes are
45. (a) nx  300Hz, ny  ?

present with separation
x = beat frequency = 4 Hz, which is 2
decreasing (42)
So phase difference between then
after increasing the tension of the string y.
2 
Also tension of wire y increasing so ny   
 2
(n  T)

Hence nx  ny x Correct A A

ny nx  x Wrong

/2
 ny  nx  x  300 4  296Hz 4. (c) Progressive wave propagate energy while no
46. (c) Let n be the frequency of fork C then propagation of energy takes place in
stationary waves.
3n 103n
nA  n   and 5. (b)
100 100 6. (a) Comparing given equation with standard
2n 98 equation
nB  n  
100 100 2x 2vt
y  2a sin cos gives us
5n  
but nA  nB  5   5  n  100Hz
100 2 
    30
(103)(100)  15
 nA   103Hz
100 Distance between nearest node and antinodes
47. (a)  30
=   7.5
48. (b) From the given equations of progressive waves 4 4
 1  500 and  2  506  n1  250
7. (b) On comparing the given equation with
and n2  253 2x 2vt
standard equation y  2a sin cos
So beat frequency  n2  n1  253 250 3  
beats per sec  Number of beats per min = 2x x
   6
180.  3
49. (b)
Separation between two adjacent nodes =
360 
50. (b) Frequency   60  360Hz.  3 cm
60 2
v 340 8. (d)
51. (b) v  n       2
n 170
 Waves and Sound 889
9. (a) On comparing the given equation with 20. (a) Waves A and B satisfied the conditions
2x 2vt required for a standing wave.
standard equation y  2a sin cos
  21. (a) By comparing given equation with
] y  a sin(t) coskx
2   100
We get     40 v   104 m/ s
 20 k 0.01
Separation between two consecutive nodes = 22. (b) At fixed end node is formed and distance
 40 
  20 cm between two consecutive nodes  10 cm
2 2 2
10. (a)    20 cm
11. (b) Since the point x  0 is a node and reflection  v  n  20 m/sec
is taking place from point x  0. This means 23. kx   t)
(c) a cos(
that reflection must be taking place from the hence
fixed end and hence the reflected ray must yreflected a cos(kx   t   )  a cos(kx   t)
suffer an additional phase change of  or a 24. (b) Distance between the consecutive node
 
path change of .  ,
2 2
v 20  10
kx   t)
So, if yincident a cos( but    so 
n n 2 n
 yreflected a cos(kx   t   ) 25. (a) Energy is not carried by stationary waves
 t  kx)
 a cos( 26. (c) On comparing the given equation with
2 
12. (d) Particles have kinetic energy maximum at standard equation      6 cm.
mean position.  3
Hence, distance between two consecutive
13. (b) On comparing the given equation with nodes   = 3 cm
2 27. (d) Minimum time interval between two instants
standard equation 5 
 when the string is flat =
T
6.28  0.5 sec T  1 sec
  1.256m 2
5
Hence   v  T  10 1  10m .
14. (d)
28. (c)
15. (d)
16. (a,b,c) Standing waves can be produced only when

29. (b) Distance between two nodes =
two similar type of waves (same frequency 2
and speed, but amplitude may be different) v 16 8
travel in opposite directions.
  
2n 2n n
17. (a)   1.21Å 30. (d)
31. (b) In stationary wave all the particles in one
particular segment (i.e., between two nodes)
vibrates in the same phase.

A A 32. (a) If yincident a sin(t  kx) and

N N
t)coskx
ystationary a sin(
 N 
18. (d)  20    80cm , also   . x then it is clear that frequency of both is same
4 1.21Å 2
()
60 3 33. (b)
    2 
80 2 34. (a) On comparing the given equation with
2 
 v/n 1200 standard equation   8
19. (a) Required distance    1  4
4 4 4  300
m
 890 Waves and Sound
Hence distance between two consecutive v 200
 Hence n    20 Hz.
nodes 4  10
2 5. (c)
35. (a) 6. (b) As we know plucking distance from one end
36. (a) Waves Z1  A sin(kx  t) is travelling l

towards positive x-direction. 2p
Wave Z2  A sin(kx  t) , is travelling 100
 25  p  2 . Hence frequency of
towards negative x-direction. 2p
Wave Z3  A sin(ky  t) is travelling vibration
towards positive y direction. p T 2 20
Since waves Z1 and Z2 are travelling along the
n  = 200Hz.
2l m 2 1 5  10 4
same line so they will produce stationary
wave. 7. (b) To produce 5 beats/sec. Frequency of one wire
should be increase up to 505 Hz . i.e.
37. (a) When two waves of equal frequency and
travelling in opposite direction superimpose, increment of 1% in basic frequency.
then the stationary wave is produced. Hence T n
Z1 and Z2 produces stationary wave. n T or T  n2  2
T n
  percentage change in Tension =
38. (d) The distance between adjacent nodes x 
2 2(1%)  2%
2  8. (d) y  0.021sin(x  30t) 
Also k  . Hence x  .
 k  30
v   30m / s .
 2x  k 1
39. (d) y  5 sin  cos20 t, comparing with
 3  Using,
equation T T
v  30   T  0.117N
2x 2vt m 1.3  10 4
y  2a sin cos    3, distance
  9. (a) n  T
between two adjacent nodes   / 2  1.5cm.
10. (c) n  T
Vibration of String 11. (d) n  T

1. (c)
n1 : n2 : n3 : n4  1 : 4 : 9 : 16  1 : 2 : 3 : 4
12. (c) Let the frequency of tunning fork be N
As the frequency of vibration string
l = 1
N 
N N lengthofstring
A A
1 n2 l1
2. (d) n     For sonometer wire of length 20 cm, frequency
l l n1 l2 must be (N + 5) and that for the sonometer
wire of length 21cm, the frequency must be (N
– 5) as in each case the tunning fork produces
l1 1 256
n2  n1   1024Hz 5 beats/sec with sonometer wire
l2 1/ 4
Hence n1l1  n2l 2 
5 (N  5) 20  (N  5) 21
3. (c) String vibrates in five segment so  l
2  N  205Hz.
2l 2l
 13. (c)   (p = Number of loops)
5 p

v v 20 14. (a) String will vibrate in 7 loops so it will have 8

Hence n   5  5  5 Hz nodes 7 antinodes.
 2l 2  10
Number of harmonics = Number of loops =
 Number of antinodes  Number of antinodes
4. (c) Here  5.0 cm    10 cm =7
2
 Waves and Sound 891
Hence number of nodes = Number of
5 9g
antinodes + 1 We have p = 5 and T = 9g  n1 
2l m
 71 8
With 3 antinodes and hanging mass M
15. (a)
3 Mg
1 n T l 1 We have p = 3 and T = Mg  n2 
16. (d) n  T     4   1 2l m
l n T l 2
5 9g 3 Mg
n  n  n1 = n2   
2l m 2l m
17. (a) Sonometer is used to produce resonance of
sound source with stretched vibrating string. M  25 kg.

1 l2 n1 n  270 26. (b) n 

T
l (As n=
18. (a) n    l2  l1 1   50 l
T
l l1 n2 n
 2 1000
constant)
 13.5cm
l2 T2 169
n1 T1 n 10    l1  l2  1.3l1  l1  30%
19. (c) n  T      l1 T1 100
n2 T2 2n T2
of l1
T2  40N
27. (b) n1l1  n2l2  250 0.6  n2  0.4
20. (b) n  T
 n2  375Hz
1 T T
21. (d) n   n 28. (b) In fundamental mode of vibration wavelength
2l m l

2 2 2 is maximum  l   40cm   80cm
n   l2  2
   (2)2   
T 3 9
 2   2 
T1  n1  l  4 4
 1   29. (c) n1l1  n2l2  800 50  1000 l2  l2  40

T 60.5
cm
22. (c) v   v  110 m/ s
m (0.035/ 7) n T
30. (c) n  T  
23. (a) Second harmonic means 2 loops in a total n 2T
length If tension increases by 2%, then frequency
must increases by 1%.
l
If initial frequency n1  n then final frequency
n2 – n1 = 5
l/4 101
 n  n  5  n  500Hz.
100
Hence plucking distance from one end
Short trick : If you can remember then apply
l l l following formula to solve such type of
   .
2p 2 2 4 problems.
Initial frequency of each wire (n)
T T
24. (b) v   (Numberof beatsheardpersec) 200
m r 2  
(percentage
change in tensionof thewire)
T v TA rB 1 1 1 5  200
v  A  .  .  Here n   500Hz
r vB TB rA 2 2 2 2 2
25. (a) The frequency of vibration of a string 31. (b) First overtone of string A = Second overtone of
string B.
p T
n
2l m
 Second harmonic of A = Third harmonic
of B
Also number of loops = Number of antinodes.
 n2  n3   2(n1) A   3(n1) B (
Hence, with 5 antinodes and hanging mass of
9 kg. 1 T
n1  )
2l r 2 
 892 Waves and Sound

 1   1  38. (a) Because both tuning fork and string are in

T T resonance condition.
 2   3 
 2l ArA    2lBrB  
1 T n l T1 1 1 1
39. (d) n   1  2  
l A 2 rB l 2 r 1 2l m n2 l1 T2 4 4 8
  A   B 
l B 3 rA l B 3 (2rB ) 3
 n2  8n1  8  200 1600Hz
32. (a) Fundamental frequency in case of string is
1 T
1 T T n' T' l 40. (b) n   n1l1  n2l2  n3l3  k
n  n    2l m
2l m l n T l'
k k k k
144 l1  l2  l3  l    
putting T '  T  0.44T  T and n1 n2 n3 n
100
3 1 1 1 1
l'  l  0.4l  l      ........
5 n n1 n2 n3
n' 2 41. (a) If a rod clamped at middle, then it vibrates
We get  . with similar fashion as open organ pipe
n 1
vibrates as shown.
33. (d) Frequency in a stretched string is given by
A
1 T 1 T
n  (d = Diameter of N
2l r 2 l d2
string) A A
l N
2
n1 l2 T1  d2    2  l
     
n2 l1 T2  d1   1 
A

35 8  1 2
2
35 Hence, fundamental frequency of vibrating rod
     v v
36 1  4 1 36 is given by n1   2.53   v =
2l 41
36
 n2   360 370 5.06 km/sec.
35 42. (a) Change in amplitude does not produce change
Hence beat frequency = n2  n1  10  1 T 
in frequency,  n  .
34. (b) Frequency of first overtone or second  2l r 2  
 
harmonic (n2)  320Hz . So, frequency of
n2 320 2  104
first harmonic n1    160Hz 43. (d) Mass per unit length m kg / m
2 2 0.5
 4  104 kg/ m
35. (d) Similar to Q. 30
Initial frequency of each wire (n) Frequency of 2nd harmonic n2  2n1

1 T 1 20
(Numberof beatshearedpersec) 200  2   447.2Hz
 2l m 0.5 4  10 4
(percentage
change in tensionof thewire)
1 T
(3 / 2)  200 44. (d) n   n  T For octave, n  2n
  300sec1 2l m
1
n T
1 n l    2  T   4T  16kg- wt
36. (c) n    n T
l n l
If length is decreased by 2% then frequency 1 T
45. (d) Fundamental frequency n 
n2  n1 2 2l r 2
increases by 2% i.e., 
n1 100 where m = Mass per unit length of wire

2 2 1 n r l r 2L 1
 n2  n1   n1   392 7.8  8.  n   1  2 2   
100 100 lr n2 r1 l1 2r L 1
37. (d) Observer receives sound waves (music) which
are longitudinal progressive waves.
 Waves and Sound 893

1 T T p T
46. (c) n   n 
2l r 2  r 2 2l m

 T  r 
2
 2 
2 n2 l1 25
n1  1  2  1   n2   256 400 Hz
   1   2   
     2   1   2   1 n1 l2 16
n2  T2   r1   1
 n1  n2
Organ Pipe (Vibration of Air Column)
p T n1 T1 v
47. (a) n   T 
2l m n T2 1. (c) 1  2l, 2  2l  2l  n1  and
2 2l
260 50.7g v
   n2 
n2 (50.7  0.0075 103 )g 2l  2l
n2  240  No. of beats
48. (b) Given equation of stationary wave is
v1 1  vl
y  sin2x cos2t , comparing it with  n1  n2    
2  l l  l  2l 2
2x 2x
standard equation y  2A sin cos 2. (a) Fundamental frequency of open pipe is double
 
that of the closed pipe.
2x
We have  2x    1m 3. (c) If is given that

First over tone of closed pipe = First over tone
Minimum distance of string (first mode)
 v   v 
 1 of open pipe  3   2


 2l  ; where l1
Lmin   m  4l1   2
2 2
and l2 are the lengths of closed and open
1 T T l1 3
49. (d) n   n  organ pipes hence 
2l r 2  lr l2 4
n1 T1 l 2 r2 3v
   4. (d) First overtone for closed pipe =
n2 T2 l1 r1 4l
n v
T 3l 2r Fundamental frequency for open pipe =
    3 3  n2  2l
3T l r 3 3
2v
2l First overtone for open pipe = .
50. (c) For string   2l
p
v
where p = No. of loops = Order of vibration 5. (c) For closed pipe in general n  (2N  1) 
4l
l
Hence for forth mode p = 4    1
2 n
l
2 i.e. if length of air column decreases frequency
Hence v = n  500  500Hz
2 increases.
6. (a,c,d) Fundamental frequency of closed pipe
1 T T v
51. (d) n   n n
2l r 2  r 4l
n2 r1 T2 1 RT 1
1 1 where v  v
    = M M
n1 r2 T1 2 2 2 2
52. (b) In case of sonometer frequency is given by  M H 2  M air  vH 2  vair
Hence fundamental frequency with H2 will be
more as compared to air. So option (a) is
correct.
 894 Waves and Sound

1 v
Also n  , hence if l decreases n increases 17. (b) For first pipe n1  and for second pipe
l 4l1
so option (c) is correct.
v
It is well known that (n)Open = 2(n)Closed, hence n2 
option (d) is correct. 4l2
7. (d) For closed pipe So, number of beats = n2  n1  4
v v 332
n1  l   0.5m v  1 1  1 1
4l 4n 4  166  4     16  300   
  l 
8. (a) Fundamental frequency of open pipe
4  l2 l1   2 1

n1 
v

350
 350 Hz .
l2  94.9 cm
2l 2  0.5 18. (a) Maximum pressure at closed end will be
v 330 atmospheric pressure adding with acoustic
9. (b) For closed pipe n1   Hz wave pressure
4l 4
So  max   A   0 and  min   A   0
3  300
Second note = 3n1  Hz .  max  A  0
4 Thus 
 min  A  0
v v
10. (c) nclosed  , nopen   19. (c) n1  n2  10 ..…(i)
4l 2l
nopen  2nclosed  2f v v
Using n1,  and n2 
4l1 4l2
11. (b) Minimum audible frequency = 20 Hz .
n1 l2 26

v 336    …..(ii)
 20  l   4.2 m n2 l1 25
4l 4  20
3v After solving these equation n1  260Hz ,
12. (c) First overtone of closed organ pipe n1 
4l1 n2  250 Hz
4v 20. (a) Let l1 and l2 be the length’s of closed and
Third overtone of open organ pipe n2 
2l 2 open pipes respectively. (Neglecting end
correction)
3v 4v l 3 1 2
n1  n2 (Given)    1  l1   1  4l1 and l2   2  2l2
4l1 2l 2 l2 8 4 2
v v Given n1  n2 so
13. (b) For closed pipe n1   250 
4l 4  0.2 v v v v l 1
 v  200m/ s     1
1 2 4l1 2l2 l2 2
v
14. (b) nopen  21. (b) Distance between two consecutive nodes
2l open

v v v
  46  16  30    60 cm = 0.6m
nclosed    2
4l closed 4l open / 2 2l open  v  n  500 0.6  300 m/ s .
 l  v 332
 As l closed  open  , i.e. frequency remains 22. (a) For closed pipe n   n  2Hz
 2  4l 4  42

.
unchanged.
23. (a) For shortest length of pipe mode of vibration
15. (b) For closed pipe second note =
v v
3v 3  330 must be fundamental i.e., n   l .
  165 Hz . 4l 4n
4l 4  1.5
16. (a) Fundamental frequency of open pipe 1 1
24. (b) nClosed  (nOpen)   320 160Hz
v 330 2 2
n1    550 Hz
2l 2 0.3 25. (c) Frequency of 2nd overtone

First harmonic = 2  n1  1100 Hz . = n3  5n1  5  50  250Hz .

1.1 kHz v v v 1 1
26. (a) n  n1  n2  10      
2l1 2l 2 2  l1 l2 
 Waves and Sound 895

v 1 1  39. (b) First tone of open pipe = first overtone of

 10    v  255m / s. v 3v
2  0.25 0.255

closed pipe   
2l0 4lc
v
27. (a) Fundamental frequency n  3  2  0.5
2l lc   0.75m
4
350 1
 350  l  m  50cm. 40. (b) Only odd harmonics are present.
2l 2 41. (b) Distance between six successive node
v v 5
28. (b) n  n1  n2  4     85cm 
2l1 2l 2 2
v 1 1  2  85
    34cm 0.34m
2  1.00 1.025 5
8 Therefore speed of sound in gas
 8  [1  0.975]  v   328m/ s.  n  1000 0.34  340m/ s
0.025
29. (a) In closed pipe only odd harmonics are present 42. (b) Let the base frequency be n for closed pipe
then notes are n, 3n, 5n.....
30. (d) Fundamental frequency of open organ pipe
v  note 3n  255 n 85 , note

2l 5n  85 5  425
Frequency of third harmonic of closed pipe note 7n  7  85  595
3v 43. (a) l2  3l1  3  24.7  74.1cm

4l 44. (c) Frequency of p th harmonic
3v v 3v 2v v pv 2 l n 2  0.33 1000
  100     100 n  p  2
4l 2l 4l 4l 4l 2l v 330
v
  200Hz. v 3v
2l 45. (a) For closed pipe l1  ; l2  
4n 4n
v v v  2n(l2  l1)
31. (c) nA  ; nB   nA / nB  2 : 1
2l 4l 
32. (a) Due to rise in temperature, the speed of sound v 330
v n   500Hz
increases. Since n and  remains 2(l2  l1) 2  (0.49  0.16)

46. (c) Number of beats per second,
unchanged, hence n increases.
33. (b) 16 4 v1 1
n   n  n1  n2    
34. (b) 20 5 4  l1 l2 
35. (b) In closed organ pipe. If
yincident  a sin(t  kx) 4 v 1 1  0.01v
    
5 4  1 1.01 4  1.01
then
yreflected a sin(t  kx   )  a sin(t  kx) 16 101
v  323.2ms 1
Superimposition of these two waves give the 5
required stationary wave. 47. (a) In open organ pipe both even and odd
harmonics are produced.
36. (b) v  330 m/ s ; n  165 Hz . Distance
 48. (d) Using   2(l2  l1)  v  2n(l2  l1)
between two successive nodes =
2  2 512(63.2  30.7)  33280
cm/ s
v 330 Actual speed of sound
   1m
2n 2  165 v0  332m / s  33200cm/ s
37. (b) At the middle of pipe, node is formed. Hence error  33280 33200 80cm/ s
38. (c) For closed organ pipe
49. (b) Initially number of beats per second = 5
n1 : n2 : n3 ....  1 : 3 : 5 : .....
 Frequency of pipe = 200  5 = 195 Hz or 205
Hz ...(i)
 896 Waves and Sound
Frequency of second harmonics of the pipe =  330 60
2n and number of beats in this case = 10     120   98cm.
 330 
 2n = 420  10  410 Hz or 430 Hz
 n = 205 Hz or 215 Hz  v   330
... (ii) 4. (b) n'  n    600
   660 cps
 v  vS   300
From equation (i) and (ii) it is clear that n =
205 Hz 5. (c) Both listeners, hears the same frequencies.
N 6. (b)
50. (c) In case of open pipe, n  where N = order
2l
of harmonics = order of mode of vibration   v  vO   v  v0  v  v0
7. (c) n'  n    2n  n   2
n  2l  v   v  v
N
v
 vO  v  332m/sec
480
  2 1 = 3 (Here v = 330 m/s) 8. (b) Apparent frequency in this case
330
51. (a) In first overtone of organ pipe open at one n(v  vO )
end, n' 
v
3v
end, nc  .....(i)
4lc v  v0 n'
 1   1 i.e. n'  n .
Third harmonic or second overtone of organ v n
3v
pipe open at both end, n0  1
2l0 9. (a) Wave number = but

.....(ii)
3v 3v0 l 1 1 1 v  v
given nc  no    c  .    andvS 

4l c 2l 0 lo 2  '   v  vs  3

l2  x 3 / 4
 3
 (W.N.)’ = (W.N.)
52. (a) For end correction x,
l1  x  / 4
 v  v
   256
l  3l1 70.2  3  22.7  v  v/ 3  2v / 3
x 2   1.05cm
2 2
3
v =  256 384
53. (b) For open tube, n0  2
2l
For closed tube length available for resonance nv
10. (a) By Doppler’s formula n' 
is (v  vS )
25 l
l'  l    Fundamental frequency of Since, source is moving towards the listener so
100 4
water filled tube n'  n .
v v v n If n = 100 then n' = 102.5
n    2n0  2
4l' 4  (l / 4) l n0 100 320
 102.5   vs  8 m / sec
(320 vS )
Doppler’s Effect
11. (b)
1. (d)
O
 v   340  v
2. (b) n'  n    450
   500 vO
 v  vO   340 34  S

cycles/ sec vS

 v   v  vS 
3. (a) n  n   
    
 v  vs   v 
 Waves and Sound 897

 na : nr  9 : 8
na v  vS 340 20 9
 5  Short tricks :    .
 v  vO   330 180  nr v  vS 340 20 8
n'  n    750 18   625 Hz
  5  napproachin v  vs
 v  vS 
g

 330 108  23. (a) By using
nreceding v  vs
 18 
1000 350 50
 v     nr  750Hz.
12. (a) By using n  n  
 nr 350 50
 v  vS  24. (b) When source and listener both are moving
 v  vO  towards each other then, the frequency heard
2n  n    vO  v   (Speed of v
 v 0 
sound)
Negative sign indicates that observer is vS vO
moving opposite to the direction of velocity of
sound, as shown  v  vO 
n  n  
 
 v  vS 
v

 v  v / 10
vS vO n  f    1.22 f.
 v  v / 10 
13. (d) Since there is no relative motion between
25. (c) For source vS = r  0.70 2  5  22
observer and source, therefore there is no
apparent change in frequency. m/sec
14. (c) Minimum frequency is heard when the source
15. (b) is receding the man. It is given by
 v  v
nmin  n
16. (a) n  n  
 v  vS
 v  vS 
n' v v 2v 352
   3  vs  = 1000  941 Hz
n v  vS v  vS 3 352 22
26. (b) For direct sound source is moving away from
 v   v  n' 10
17. (a) n'  n    n
    the observes so frequency heard in this case
 v  vS   v  v / 10 n 9
Direct sound
W

 v   350 
18. (c) n'  n    1200  
  =1400 O S vS vS
 v  vS   350 50
cps
19. (d) Source of sound Image of source

 v 
  1200
400  Echo sound
n'  n     1600Hz
 v  vS   400 100  v   332   332
n1  n    500
   500  Hz
20. (a) v  v  332 2   334
 s
v  330 
n'  n    150 225Hz The other sound is echo, reaching the observer
v  vS  330 110 from the wall and can be regarded as coming
21. (d) Doppler’s effect is applicable for both light and from the image of source formed by reflection
sound waves. at the wall. This image is approaching the
22. (a) When source is approaching the observer, the observer in the direction of sound.
frequency heard Hence for reflected sound, frequency heard by
the observer is
 v 
  n  
340 
na      1000 1063Hz
 v  vS   340 20
 v 
  500
332   332
When source is receding, the frequency heard n2  n     500  Hz
 v   v  vS   332 2   330
nr     n = 340  1000 944

 v  vS  340 20
 898 Waves and Sound
Beats frequency  v   v 
n
 1 1  n  n   
  n    vS  v

 n2  n1  500 332    6.  v  vS  2  v  vS 
 330 334
34. (d) Observer hears two frequencies
27. (c) Similar to previous question
(i) n1 which is coming from the source
directly
(ii) n2 which is coming from the reflection
vO
image of source
vS = vO
 340 
so, n1  680  and
Echo sound  340 1 
 340 
The frequency of reflected sound heard by the n2  680 
driver  340 1 
 v  (vO )   v  vO   n1  n2  4 beats
n  n    n
  v v 

 v  vS   S 
35. (a) From the figure, it is clear that
Frequency of reflected sound heard by the
 330 (72 5 / 18) driver.
 124 = 140
 330 (72 5 / 18)  v  (vo )  v  vo   v  vcar 
vibration/sec. n'  n    n   n 
v n1  V 
 v  vs   v  vs   v  vcar 
28. (d) By using n  n   
v  vS n VS  330 30
 600   720Hz.
29. (b) In this case Doppler’s effect is not applicable.  330 30
30. (d) The apparent frequency heard by the observer 36. (b) Observer is moving away from siren 1 and
is given by towards the siren 2.
v
n'  n=
v  vS v v
330 330
 450  450 500 Hz
330 33 297
 v  vO   330 33 vO
31. (a) n'  n     100 90 Hz
 v   330  Stationar Moving observer
Hearing frequency
Stationar
y siren 1 of sound emitted by siren11
y siren
32. (c) When train is approaching frequency heard by
the observer is  v  v0   330 2 
n1  n   330   328Hz
 v   340   v   330 
na  n  
  219  n  

 v  vS   340 vS  Hearing frequency of sound emitted by siren 2
…(i)
 v  vO   330 2 
when train is receding (goes away), frequency n2  n    330   332Hz
heard by the observer is  v   330 
 v   340  Hence, beat frequency
nr  n    184  n
  340 v

 …
 v  vS   S   n2  n1  332 328  4.
(ii)
On solving equation (i) and (ii) we get  v  2000 1220
37. (c) n  n  
  2068 Hz
n  200Hz  v  vS  (1220 40)
and vS  29.5m / s. 38. (d)
33. (d) Frequency is decreasing (becomes half), it  v  vO   360 40
means source is going away from the n'  n   n  400 n 
   n  320cps
observes. In this case frequency observed by  v  vS   360 40
the observer is
 Waves and Sound 899
39. (a)
 v 
  500 
330 
n  n     434.2Hz
 v  vS   300 50
40. (c) Since there is no relative motion between the When passenger is sitting in train A, then
listener and source, hence actual frequency
will be heard by listener.  v  vA 
5.5  5  …(i)
 v 
  n'  500
330   v 
41. (a) n'  n     550
 v  vS   330 30  when passenger is sitting in train B, then
Hz .  v  vB 
6  5  …(ii)



  v 
 v  v
42. 
(c) n'  n    90  =

 v  vS   v  vB
 v   On solving equation (i) and (ii) we get 2
 10  vA
Vibration
100 49. (b) Minimum frequency will be heard, when
sec whistle moves away from the listener.
43. (a) The linear velocity of Whistle  v 
400 nmin  n  
 where
vS  r  1.2 2  50m / s  v  vs 
60
v  r  0.5  10  1m / s
When Whistle approaches the listener, heard
frequency will be maximum and when listener  340 
recedes away, heard frequency will be  nmin  385   374Hz.
 340 10
minimum
50. (a)
 v 
  500
340
So, nmax  n    586Hz  v 
  800
 330 
 v  vS   290 n'  n     733.33 Hz .
 v  vS   330 30 
 v 
  500
340
nmin  n     436Hz v v
 v  vS   390 51. (a) nBefore  n and nAfter  .n
v  vc v  vc
 v  v v
44. (d) By using n'  n 
 v v 

 S 
vO
 v   340  340
 f1  n    n
  n
 v  vS   340 34  306
Stationary
 340   340 observer
and f2  n    n  
 340 17  323 nBefore 11  v  vc 
     vc  v
f1 323 19
  nAfter 9  v  vc  10
f2 306 18 52. (c) By using
45. (d) No change in frequency.  v   v  v
n'     2n  n 
  v v
  vS 

 v  vO   340 10  v  vS    2
46. (b) n  n    n
   1950  S

 v  vS   340 10 53. (d) The frequency of whistle heard by passenger

in the train B, is
n  2068 Hz v
 v  vO   340 20
47. (b) n'  n    240
   270Hz .
 v  vS   340 20 vS vO
A B
48. (b) In both the cases observer is moving towards,

 v  v0   v  v0   340 15 
the source. Hence by using n  n  n  n    600
   666Hz
 v   v  vs  340 20

v v

vA vB
Train A Train B
 900 Waves and Sound
54. (b) At point A, source is moving away from
observer so apparent frequency n1  n (actual
frequency) At point B source is coming
towards observer so apparent frequency
n2  n and point C source is moving
perpendicular to observer so n3  n Hence number of beats heard per second

Hence n2  n3  n1  v   v 
=   n 
  v v
n

 v  vO   v  vS   S 
55. (a) n' n ; Here v  332m/s and
 v  vS  2nvvS 2 256 330 5
=  = 7.8 Hz
v0  vs  50 m/s v 2
 vS2 335 325
 64. (a) When a listener moves towards a stationary
source apparent frequency
 332 50 1 1
435 n   n  321.12 sec  320sec
 332 50  v  vO 
n    n  200 …..(i)
56. (c) Since apparent frequency is lesser than the  v 
actual frequency, hence the relative
When listener moves away from the same
separation between source and listener should
source
be increasing.
57. (c) (v  vO )
n  n  160 …..(ii)
v
 v  v0   v v / 2
58. (d) n'  n   n
   3n From (i) and (ii)
 v  vs   v v / 2
v  vO 200 v  vO 5
59. (c) When engine approaches towards observer    
 v 
v  vO 160 v  vO 4
n' n 
 v  360m/ sec
 v  vS 
65. (b) When observer moves towards stationary
when engine going away from observer
source then apparent frequency
 v 
n   n
  v  vO   v  v / 5 6
 v  vS  n'    n  n  n  1.2n
 v   v  5
n' v  vS 5 340 vS
     vS  85 Increment in frequency = 0.2 n so percentage
n'' v  vS 3 340 vS 0.2n
change in frequency =  100= 20%.
m/ s . n
60. (a) Frequency heard by the observer
 v  v0   330 11 Musical Sound
n  n    240   248Hz.
 v   330  1. (d)
61. (c) According the concept of sound image 2. (a) Intensity =
v  vperson 345 5 Power 4
n'  .272  272 280Hz  2
 7.9  10 6 W / m2
v  vperson 345 5 Area 4  (200)
n  Number of beats =280 – 272 = 8 Hz 3. (a) Intensity  (Amplitude)2
62. (b) According the concept of sound image 4. (c) I  2 2a2n2 v  I  a2n2 
v  vB 355 5 2 2
n'  n  165 170Hz I1  a1   n1 
v  vB 355 5     
I 2  a2   n2 
Number of beats  n' n  170 165 5
2 2
63. (a) The observer will hear two sound, one directly  1  1  I
      I2  1
from source and other from reflected image of 2
   1 / 4  4
sound  I  I
5. (b) L  10log10   30 
  103
Direct sound I
 0 I 0

vS vS

Source of sound Image of source

Echo sound
 Waves and Sound 901
6. (c) 21. (c)
7. (a) The quality of sound depends upon the I
number of harmonics present. Due to different 22. (d) By using L  log10
number of harmonics present in two sounds,
I0
the shape of the resultant wave is also I2 I
different. L 2  L1  log10  log10 1
8. (d) The sounds of different source are said to
I0 I0
differ in quality. The number of overtones and I2 I2 I2
their relative intensities determines the quality 5  1  log10  4  log10   104
of any musical sound. I1 I1 I1
9. (d)
a22 a2 102 a1 1
10. )2
(d) Energydensity (amplitude   104
    2
a12 a1 1 a2 10
aB nA
11. (d) Energy  a2n2   (  energy is 23. (b)
aA nB 24. (a) Pitch of mosquito is higher among all given
same) options.
25. (b) The frequency of note ‘Sa’ is 256 Hz while that
aB 8
  of note ‘Re’ and ‘Ga’ respectively are 288 Hz
aA 1 and 320 Hz.
12. (c) Loudness depends upon intensity while pitch 26. (d)
depends upon frequency. 27. (d) Indian classical vocalists don’t like harmoniuim
because it uses tempered scale.
kV
13. (d) Reverberation time T   T  V. 28. (b)
S
1 I 2 r12 22 1
1 I r12 I2 2 2
4
29. (b) I 2
  2
 2
 
14. (c) I  2   2  r I1 r2 (40) 400
2
r I1 r22 1 10 2
10 100 I1  400I 2
2
4  10 I 
 I2  = 4  104  W/m2
100 Intensity level at point 1, L1  10log10 1 
15. (b) After passing the 3 meter intensity is given by  I0 
90 90 90 I 
I3     I  72.9% of I and intensity at point 2, L 2  10log10 2 
100 100 100  I0 
So, the intensity is 72.9 decibel.
I1
16. (c)  L1  L 2  10log  10log10(400)
17. (b) I2
18. (a) P  I  L1  L 2  10 2.602 26
I  I  L 2  L1  26  80  26  54 dB
L1  10log10 1  and L2  10log10 2 
 I0   I0  1
30. (a) Intensity  2 
 I2  (Distance)
So L 2  L1  10log10 
 2 2
 I1  I1  d2   3 9
       .
I 2  d1   2 4
P   400
= 10log10 2  = 10log10 = 31. (d)
 P1   20  32. (a) The pitch depends upon the frequency of the
10log10 20 source. As the two waves have different
amplitude therefore they having different
= 10log(2  10) = 10(0.301 1)  13dB intensity. While quality depends on number of
harmonics/overtone produced and their
1 I r
19. (d) I 2
  2 =  2 2   4% relative intensity. Assuming that their
r I r frequencies are the same.
Hence intensity is decreased by 4%.
20. (b) Musical interval is the ratio of frequencies = Critical Thinking Questions
320 4  
 1. 10x) cos 50 t 
(a,b,c,d) y  0.02cos( 
240 3  2
 902 Waves and Sound
At node, amplitude = 0
 3
 cos(10x)  0  10x  ,
2 2
1
x  0.05 m, 0.15m …..
20
At antinode, amplitude is maximum
 cos(10x)  1  x  0,  ,2 ...
 2 [(SM )2  (MA)2] = 2 (602  252 )
 x = 0, 0.1m, 0.2m … =130 m
Now   2  Distance between two nodes
 Path difference = SAP – SMP
or antinodes
 130 120  10 m
2vt
= 2 0.1  0.2 m and  50t Path difference due to reflection from ceiling =
 
v  25  25 0.2  5m / sec. 2
2. (b,c) Since the edges are clamped, displacement of 
the edges u(x, y)  0 foryline –
 Effective path difference x = 10
2
C B
(0, L) (L, L)
OA i.e. y  0 , 0 x L
AB i.e. x L , 0 y L
BC i.e. y  L , 0  x  LO A
x
OC i.e. x  0 , 0  y  L (0, 0) (L, 0)

The above conditions are satisfied only in

alternatives (b) and (c).
Note that u(x, y)  0 , for all four values e.g.
in alternative (d), u(x, y)  0 for
y  0, y  L but it is not zero for x  0 or
x  L . Similarly in option (a). u(x, y)  0 at
x  L, y  L but it is not zero for x  0 or
y  0, while in options (b) and (c),
u(x, y)  0 for x  0, y  0, x  L and
y L
3. (c) Energy (E)  (Amplitude)2 (Frequency)2
Amplitude is same in both the cases, but
frequency 2  in the second case is two times
the frequency ( ) in the first case. Hence
E 2  4E1 .
4. (a) Let S be source of sound and P the person
or listner.
The waves from S reach point P directly
following the path SMP and being reflected
from the ceiling at point A following the path
SAP . M is mid-point of SP (i.e.
SM  MP ) and  SMA  90o
Path difference between waves
x  SAP  SMP
A
We have SAP  SA  AP  2(SA)

h=25m
90°
S P
M
120 m