Prachi Raut

1st Generation (Analog Cellular

System)

Analog cellular, cordless phones, paging systems

Use of analog modulation (FM modulation)

Multiple access techniques used are FDMA/FDD

Includes systems like AMPS, TACS, JTACS, NMT, MCS
and CNET
2nd – Generation (Digital Cellular
System)

Digital Cellular phones, PCS, WLAN

Use digital modulation techniques

TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access techniques
like GFSK,GMSK,QPSK

digital cellular systems include GSM, IS-136 TDMA and
CDMA

Generation 2.5: Packet Based Digital

Cellular

Improved digital radio technology to increase data
transmission rates

New packet based technology to increase the system
efficiency for data users

Digital cellular systems of Generation 2.5 include GPRS,
EDGE, and CDMA2000, 1xRTT.
 Acronyms

GSM: Global System for Mobile

GPRS: Global Packet Radio Services

EDGE: Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

3rd Generation (Wideband Digital

Cellular)

Increased voice quality, capacity of network and data rate
of mobile data services

Uses wideband digital radio technology

WCDMA and OFDM
4th Generation

Ultra Wideband Technology (UWB)

data rates up to 100 Mbps

IP based
Infrastructure Topology

Ad-Hoc Topology
 Infrastructure Ad-Hoc

Scalability Easily scalable Difficult to scale

Flexibility Deployment is time Inherently flexible

consuming and expensive

Controllability Controlling implemented in Controlling is difficult

BS or AP
Routing Complexity Routing is easy Multi-hop peer-to-peer
networks implementation of
routing is difficult
Coverage More Limited

Reliability Less reliable since “Single More

Point failure” is possible
Store & forward delay Delay occurs since data No delay in single hop, more
and Media Usage transmitted twice delay in multi-hop networks
Efficiency
Handoff Algorithms

Handoff Algorithms

RSS

RSS with Threshold

RSS with Hysteresis

RSS with Threshold and Hysteresis
Bluetooth Technology
Bluetooth Technology

Wireless LAN technology

Connects devices such as telephones, notebooks,
computers, cameras, printers etc.

Ad-hoc network

Types of network : Piconet and Scatternet

Piconet
Scatternet

Bluetooth Stack
Radio Layer

Equivalent to physical layer

Bluetooth uses 2.4 GHz ISM band divided into 79 channels
of 1 MHz each

FHSS method in the physical layer to avoid interference
from other devices or other networks

GFSK (FSK with Gaussian bandwidth filtering)
modulation

Baseband Layer

Equivalent to MAC sub-layer in the LANs

Access method is TDD-TDMA

Single Secondary Communication

Multiple Secondary Communication

Two link types are supported

Synchronous Connection-Oriented (SCO)

Asynchronous Connectionless (ACL)

Frame format
Frame Format

Access code: 72-bit field contains synchronization bits and the
identifier of the primary to distinguish the frame of one piconet
from other

Header: 54-bit field is a repeated 18-bit pattern. Each pattern
has following subfields:

Address: 3-bit. Can define up to seven secondaries. If the address
is zero, it is used for broadcast communication from primary to
all secondaries.

Type: 4-bit. Defines the type of data coming from the upper
layers.

F: This 1 bit subfield is for flow control. When set(1), it indicates
that the device is unable to receive more frames. (Buffer is full).

A: 1 bit. Used for acknowledgement in Stop-and-Wait ARQ

S: 1 bit .Holds a sequence number in Stop-and-Wait ARQ

HEC: 8 bit. Header error correction subfield is a checksum to
detect errors in each 18-bit header section.
Payload: Can be 0 to 2740 bits long. Contains data or control
information coming from upper layers.

L2CAP

Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP) is
equivalent to the LLC sub-layer in LANs

Used for data exchange on a ACL link

L2CAP data packet format:

16-bit length field defines the size of the data, in bytes,
coming from the upper layers

Channel ID (CID) defines a unique identifier for the virtual
channel created at this level
Duties of L2CAP layer

Concepts that distinguish Bluetooth from

other wireless technologies
Advantages

Reliable and Secure Transmissions

Functions even in noisy radio environments, ensuring
audible voice transmissions in severe conditions

Protects data by using error-correction methods

Provides a high transmission rate

Encrypts and authenticates for privacy

Low-power architecture

Units move into lower-power modes when not actively
participating on the network

Units consume less power during operation. For example,
the Bluetooth radio consumes less than 3 percent of the
power that a mobile phone consumes

Global compatibility

Disadvantages

Range

Slower compared to other technologies

Limited no. of devices can be connected

Interference with wireless LANs
Infrared Technology

Wireless technology where data is conveyed through IR
radiations

IR is electromagnetic energy whose frequency is less than
red color of the visible light spectrum

IR wireless is used for short and medium range
communications and control

Line-of-sight required

IR wireless cannot pass through walls

IR is more private than RF. Hence more secure.

IR Technology Standards

IrDA-SIR (slow speed) infrared supporting data rates up
to 115 Kbps

IrDA-MIR (medium speed) infrared supporting data rates
up to 1.15 Mbps

IrDA-FIR (fast speed) infrared supporting data rates up to
4 Mbps
Advantages of IR Technology

Low power requirements. Ideal for laptops, telephones,
personal digital assistants

Low circuitry costs

Simple circuitry

Higher security

Portable

Few international regulatory constraints

High noise immunity

Disadvantages of IR
Technology

Line of sight

Blocked by common materials

Short range

Light, weather sensitive

Speed
Refrences

Kaveh Pahlavan, Prashant Krishnamurthy,
“Principles of Wireless Networks: A Unified
Approach” , Prentice Hall India

Behrouz A Forouzan, “Data Communications and
Networking”, Fourth Edition, Tata McGraw Hill