Paper Code

CLASS - X 12–01–2020
(0999DPF410819017) *0999DPF410819017*
SCIENCE (ONLINE TEST SERIES) MAJOR TEST # 2
CLASS - X DATE : 12 - 01 - 2020
TIME : 3 HRS. MAX. MARKS : 80
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS :
1. The question paper comprises three sections – A, B and C. Attempt all the sections.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. Internal choice is given in each section.
4. All questions in Section A are one-mark questions comprising MCQ, VSA type and assertion-reason
type questions. They are to be answered in one word or in one sentence.
5. All questions in Section B are three-mark, short-answer type questions. These are to be answered
in about 50 - 60 words each.
6. All questions in Section C are five-mark, long-answer type questions. These are to be answered in
about 80 – 90 words each.
7. This question paper consists of a total of 30 questions.

SECTION-A
1. Write the IUPAC names of the following compounds.
(i) CH3—CH2—Br (ii) H—C=O
|
H
2. Complete the following equations.
D
(i) CH4 + O2 ¾¾ ®
(excess)

(ii) CH3COOH + C2H5OH ¾¾¾¾¾

Conc. H 2 SO 4
®
3. Answer question numbers 3(a) to 3(d) on the basis of your understanding of the following paragraph
and the related studied concepts.
Batteries do not put out a constant current. Instead, batteries are intended to maintain a constant potential
difference, or very nearly so. Thus a battery should be considered a source of voltage. The voltage is
applied across a wire or device.
Electric current passes through a wire or device (connected to a battery), and its magnitude depends
on that device's resistance. The resistance is a property of the wire or device. The voltage, on the other
hand, is external to the wire or device, and is applied across the two ends of the wire or device. The
current through the device might be called the ''response'' : the current increases if the voltage increases
or the resistance decreases, as I = V/R.
In a wire, the direction of the current is always parallel to the wire, no matter how the wire curves, just
like water in a pipe. The direction of conventional (positive) curent is from high potential (+) toward
lower potential (–).
Current and charge do not increase or decrease or get "used up" when going through a wire or other
device.

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 PRE-NURTURE & CAREER FOUNDATION DIVISION 12–01–2020
(a) State ohm's law.
(b) What is meant by the last statement in the paragraph, written in italics?
(c) On application of 6 volts across a conducting wire, 0.5 A current flows through it. What is the
resistance of wire?
(d) How the current through the wire [mentioned in above question (c)] will be affected if the battery
connected across it is replaced by an another battery of 24 volts?
4. Question numbers 4(a) to 4(d) are based on table given below
(a) Given table gives some information about the trophic levels of a food chain.
P Q R
Trophic level Bio mass of organisms Energy in the trophic
(In kg in 2) level
W 14 1000
X 2 10
Y 20 10,000
Z 9 100
Which of the following food chains is correct with respect to the given information?
(1) W ® Y ® Z ® X (2) Y ® Z ® W ® X
(3) X ® Z ® W ® Y (4) Y ® W ® Z ® X
(b) If a grasshopper is eaten by a frog, then the energy transfer will be from
(1) Producer to decomposer (2) Producer to primary consumer
(3) Primary consumer to secondary consumer (4) Secondary consumer to primary consumer
(c) Define a food chain.
(d) Who gave the ten percent law of energy transfer in an ecosystem?
5. A light ray enters from medium A to medium B as shown in the figure. The refractive index of medium
B with respect to A will be

Medium B

Medium A
(1) Greater than unity (2) Less than unity (3) Equal to unity (4) Zero
OR
The focal length of the eye lens increases when eye muscles
(1) are relaxed and lens becomes thinner (2) contract and lens become thicker
(3) are relaxed and lens becomes thicker (4) contract and lens become thinner
6. Which of the following represents voltage?

Work done
(1) Current ´ Time (2) Work done × Charge

Work done ´ Time Work done ´ Ch arge

(3) (4)
Current Time

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7. A cell, resistor, a key, and ammeter are arranged as shown in the circuit diagrams. The current recorded
in the ammeter will be

+ + R R K
A
+ +

K
(i) (ii) (iii)
K
R A +
+ A

(1) maximum in (i) (2) maximum in (ii)

(3) maximum in (iii) (4) the same in all the cases.
8. Arabari forests of Bengal is dominated by
(1) Teak (2) Sal (3) Bamboo (4) Mangrove
9. What prevents backflow of blood inside the heart during contraction ?
(1) Valves in heart (2) Thick muscular walls of ventricles
(3) Thin walls of atria (4) All of the above
OR
In a synapse, chemical signal is transmitted from
(1) dendritic end of one neuron to axonal end of another neuron.
(2) axon to cell body of the same neuron.
(3) cell body to axonal end of the same neuron.
(4) axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron.
10. Which of the following oxide(s) of iron would be obtained on prolonged reaction of iron with steam?
(1) FeO (2) Fe2 O3 (3) Fe3 O4 (4) Fe2O3 and Fe3O4
11. Which of the following gives the correct increasing order of the atomic radii of O, F and N ?
(1) O, F, N (2) N, F, O (3) O, N, F (4) F, O, N
12. Pentane has the molecular formula C5 H12. It has :
(1) 5 covalent bonds (2) 12 covalent bonds (3) 16 covalent bonds (4) 17 covalent bonds
13. Assertion (A) : In esterification, carboxylic acid and alcohol reacts in the presence of acid to give
ester.
Reason (R) : Esterification is the reverse of saponification.
(1) If, Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(2) If, Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is NOT the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(3) If, Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(4) If, Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
14. Assertion (A) : Magnification of the lens is the ratio of the size of the image to that of the object.
Reason (R) : Magnification (m) for concave lens is always negative.
(1) If, Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(2) If, Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is NOT the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(3) If, Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(4) If, Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

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SECTION-B
15. (i) Why oil and fat containing food items are flushed with nitrogen while packing?
(ii) Why do we apply paint on iron articles?
16. An element X belongs to group 17 and third period of the periodic table.
(i) Write electronic configuration of the element. What is its valency?
(ii) Predict its nature, whether it is a metal or a non-metal.
(iii) Give the formula of the compound formed when it combines with an element Y having valency three.
OR
From the part of a periodic table, answer the following questions:

1 2 13 14 15 16 17
Lithium Carbon Oxygen Fluorine
X P Q
Y R
Z T

(i) Which element is the most non-metallic?

(ii) Name the family of fluorine, Q,R,T.
(iii) Name one element each of group 2 and 15.
17. Write the number of periods and groups in the Modern Periodic Table. How does the metallic character
of elements vary on moving (i) from left to right in a period, and (ii) down a group? Give reason to
justify your answer.
18. State two reasons of launching the "Ganga Action Plan". Which bacteria was found in Ganga water
indicating contamination?
OR
Why is sustainable management of natural resources necessary? Out of the two-reuse and recycle-
which, in your opinion, is better to practise? Give reason.
19. What are the main requirements for photosynthesis ? From where do the plants obtain them ?
20. (a) Complete the following table :

Name of the Gland which secretes Function of the

hormone the hormone hormone
(i) Thyroxine Thyroid __________
Regulates growth
Growth
(ii) _________ and development of
Hormone
the body
(iii) Insulin Pancreas __________

(b) List three characteristics of animal hormones.

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21. What does HIV stands for? Is AIDS an infectious disease? List any four modes of spreading AIDS.

2W
22. 6W
A B

3W

Find the effective resistance between the points A and B in the network shown in the figure.
23. Derive an expression for electric energy consumed in a device in terms of V, I and t, where V is the
potential difference applied to it, I is the current drawn by it and t is time for which the current flows.
24. A student holding a mirror in his hand, directed the reflecting surface of the mirror towards the Sun.
He then directed the reflected light on to a sheet of paper held close to the mirror.
(a) What should he do to burn the paper?
(b) Which type of mirror does he have?
(c) Will he able to determine the approximate value of focal length of this mirror from this activity?
Give reason and draw ray diagram to justify your answer in this case.
OR
A 10 cm tall object is placed perpendicular to the principal axis of a convex lens of focal length 12 cm.
The distance of the object from the lens is 18 cm. Find the nature, position and size of the image formed.

SECTION-C
25. (a) State the physical nature of ionic compounds. (Any four)
(b) List any two examples of metals found in native state.
(c) Metals high up in the reactivity series cannot be obtained from their compounds by heating with
carbon. Why?
(d) Name an alloy of lead which is used for welding electrical wires together and state its constituents
elements.
OR
(a) Distinguish between 'roasting' and ' calcination'. Which of these two is used for sulphide ores and
why?
(b) Write a chemical equation to illustrate the use of aluminium for joining cracked railway lines.
(c) Name the anode, the cathode and the electrolyte used in the electrolytic refining of impure copper.
26. (i) Write the chemical name and formula of each of the following.
(a) Baking soda (b) Washing soda
(ii) Why baking powder is used instead of baking soda while preparing bread or cake?
(iii) Mention one use each of baking soda (except in baking) and washing soda (except in washing/
cleaning).

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 PRE-NURTURE & CAREER FOUNDATION DIVISION 12–01–2020
27. (a) Draw a flow chart showing the three different pathways involved in the breakdown of glucose in
different organisms.
(b) How does gaseous exchange takes place in aquatic plants?
(c) State the function of rings of cartilage present in trachea.
OR
(a) Draw a schematic representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during
transportation of blood in human being and label on it :
lung capillaries, pulmonary artery to lungs, aorta to body, pulmonary veins from lungs.
(b) What is the advantage of separate channels in mammals and birds for oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood?
28. (a) What is the role of seminal vesicles and the prostate gland ?
(b) What are the three categories of contraception methods ? Write briefly about each.
29. (a) With the help of a suitable circuit diagram prove that the reciprocal of the equivalent resistance of
a group of resistances joined in parallel is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
resistances.
(b) In an electric circuit two resistors of 12 W each are joined in parallel to a 6 V battery. Find the
current drawn from the battery.
OR
An electric lamp of resistance 20 W and a resistor of resistance 4 W are connected to a 6V battery as
shown in the circuit. Calculate :
(a) the total resistance of the circuit.
(b) the current through the circuit.
(c) the potential difference across the (i) electric lamp and (ii) resistor, and
(d) power of the lamp Electric lamp (20 W)

4W

I
K
+ –
A
– +
6V

30. (i) Define focal length of a spherical lens.

(ii) A divergent lens has a focal length of 30 cm. At what distance should an object of height 5 cm
from the optical centre of the lens be placed so that its image is formed 15 cm away from the lens?
Find the size of the image also.
(iii) Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of image in the above situation.
OR
(a) Draw a ray diagram to explain the term angle of deviation in phenomena of refraction.
(b) Why do the component colour of incident white light split into a spectrum while passing through
a glass prism? Explain.
(c) Draw a labelled ray diagram to show the formation of a rainbow.

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SCIENCE (ONLINE TEST SERIES) MAJOR TEST # 2

CLASS - X SOLUTIONS

SECTION-A
1. (i) Ethyl bromide/Bromo ethane (ii) Methanal
2. (i) CH4 + 2O2 ¾® CO2 + 2H2O
(ii) CH3COOH + C2H5OH ¾¾¾ Acid
® CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
3. (a) According to Ohm’s law, ‘the current through certain conductors is directly proportional to the
potential difference between its ends at a constant temperature’.
IµV or VµI
or V = I R
(b) A battery neither supplies electrons to the circuit nor absorbs. It establishes the electric field that exerts
a force on electrons already in the wires and elements of the circuit that causes the flow of electrons.
V 6 volts
(c) Resistance of the wire, R = = = 12 W
I 0.5 Amp
(d) If the wire is supplied by a battery of 24 volts then current flow through it will be,
V' 24
I' = = = 2A Which is four times than that in case (c).
R 12
4. (a) Option 4
(b) Option 3
(c) It is a sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred in the form of food by the
process of one organism consuming the other.
(d) Lindeman
5. Option (1)
When light ray goes from medium ‘A’ to medium B, it bends towards normal. Thus, speed of light
reduces in medium B as compared to medium A.
vA
Refractive index of medium B w.r.t. medium A, nBA =
vB
Q vA > vB \ nBA > 1
6. Option (1)
W W work done
V= ÞV= Þ Voltage =
q I´t current ´ time
7. Option (4)
Since, each circuit is closed and Ammeter (in each circuit) is connected in series with appropriate
polarity, the current recorded in ammeters in all cases will be same.
8. Option (2) Sal
9. Option (1) Valves in heart
OR
Option (4) Axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of another neuron.
10. Correct option (4)
Explanation : Iron reacts only with steam to form a metal oxide and hydrogen.
3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ® Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)

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11. Correct option (4)
Explanation : In the Modern periodic table the atomic radii decrease with increasing the atomic
number from left to right. The atomic number of F, O, and N are 9,8 and 7, respectively so
atomic radius will decrease from N to F
12. Correct option (3)

H H H H H
| | | | |
Explanation : H – C – C – C – C – C – H 16 covalent bonds
| | | | |
H H H H H

13. Correct option (3)

Explanation : In esterification, RCOOH, – H is replaced by OOR' of R'OH in the presence of acid
to form RCOOR'.
14. Option (3)

SECTION-B
15. (i) Presence of unreactive nitrogen gas prevents reaction of oil and fats present in food with air
and further prevents rancidity. So that oil and fat containing food items are flushed with
nitrogen.
(ii) Application of paint prevents reaction of air with iron articles and prevents corrosion.
16. (i) 2, 8, 7, Valency – 1
(ii) Non metal
(iii) YX 3
OR
(i) Fluorine
(ii) Halogen
(iii) Group 2 ¾® Beryllium, group 15 ¾® Nitrogen
17. Modern periodic table has 7 periods and 18 groups.
(i) Metallic character decreases on moving form left to right in a period.
Reason : Along the period, from left to right the effective nuclear charge increases due to increase
in no of protons due to which forces of attraction between nucleus and valence electrons increases
and ability to lose electrons (i.e. metallic character) decrease.
(ii) Metallic character increases down a groups
Reason : Because atomic size increases down group, the force of attraction between nucleus and
valence electron decreases and electrons losing tendency increases. Therefore metallic character
increases.
18. Two reasons of launching the Ganga action plan are
(1) To improve the quality of water in Ganga.
(2) To check the pollution of water in Ganga to prevent diseases.
Coliform bacteria was found in Ganga water indicating contamination.
OR
Sustainable management of natural resources is necessary to sustain the resources for future
generation and meet the current basic needs of the population.
Reuse is a better practice because it can be done at household level with no expense of energy.
It does not cause pollution and is an ecofriendly practice.

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19. Main requirements for photosynthesis are carbon dioxide, water, sunlight and chlorophyll.
Caron dioxide : It is obtained by the plants from atmospheric air.
Water : It is absorbed by the roots of the plant from the soil through the process of osmosis.
Sunlight : Sun is a natural source of light for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll : It is a pigment present in all the green parts of the plant.
20. (a) (i) Regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins

(ii) Pituitary
(iii) Regulate blood sugar level.
(b) Physical and chemical properties of hormones (any three)
These are secreted by endocrine glands.
Hormones are secreted only when required.
Their secretion is regulated by feedback mechanisms.
These are generally released in the blood stream.
The molecules of most of the hormones are small.
The secretion of hormone is always in very small quantity.
Hormones are destroyed after use i.e. hormones can not be stored in the body. Thyroxine is an
exception.
21. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Yes, AIDS is an infectious disease.
Four modes of spreading AIDS are :
(i) unprotected sex with an infected partner
(ii) use of contaminated needle and syringes
(iii)use of contaminated razors for shaving
(iv) transfusion of infected blood or blood product
22. RAB = 2W + 6W || 3W

6´3 18
=2+ =2+ =2+2=4W
6+3 9

23. Electric energy

The total energy supplied by a source of emf in order to maintain the electric current in the circuit
in a given time is called ‘electric energy’.
E = P × t = V × I × t[where, electric power (P) = electric potential (V) × electric current (I)]
Unit of electric energy
S I unit : Joule
Here, 1 Joule = 1 volt-ampere-sec = 1 VAs
Commercial unit : Kilowatt hour (KWH)
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 PRE-NURTURE & CAREER FOUNDATION DIVISION 12–01–2020
24. (a) He should keep the distance between paper and mirror such that the position of the paper be at the
focus of the mirror.
(b) He has a concave mirror.
(c) Yes, he can determine the approximate value of focal length if the paper starts to burn at some
position from the lens. It is so because the light ray (coming as a parallel beam) incidents on the
mirror and meet actually at the focus of mirror after reflection through it.

Parallel beam
coming from the sun

Concave mirror
Real focus
OR
Given : Convex lens, f = +12 cm, h0 = +10 cm, u = –18 cm, v = ?
Using lens formula, we have

1 1 1 18 cm 36 cm
= -
f v u A
F2 B'
1 1 é 1 ù 1 1 1 2F1 B F1 O 2F2
Þ = - Þ = -
12 v êë -18 úû v 12 18 Object
A'
1 3-2 Image
Þ = Þ v = + 36 cm (position of image)
v 36
v +36
Magnification (m) = = = -2
u -18
hi
\ m= \ hi = m × ho = –2 × 10 = –20 cm
ho
The image formed will be two times magnified, real and invert and at position of 36 cm away from the
lens

SECTION-C
25. (a) Physical nature of ionic compounds
(1) They are solid.
(2) Have high melting point.
(3) In aqueous and in molten state they are good conductor of electricity.
(4) Soluble in water.
(b) Silver, Gold
(c) Highly reactive metals like sodium, aluminium are strongly bonded with other elements in
their compounds. Carbon being weaker is not able to break this bonding. So carbon can not
be used to obtain highly reactive metals from their compounds.
(d) Solder
Constituents: 50% lead and 50% Tin

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OR
(a) The process of heating an ore (generally a sulphide ore) strongly below its melting point in
the presence of an excess of air is called roasting.
Calcination is the process of heating an ore (generally a carbonate ore) strongly in the
absence of air very limited supply of air.
Roasting process is used for sulphide ores because sulphur gets oxidesed to SO 2 which can
be easily removed leaving behind the metal oxide.
(b) Aluminium displaces iron from iron oxide on heating.
Fe2 O3 (s) + 2Al(s) ¾¾ ¾
heat
® Al2 O3 (s) + 2F(l) + Heat
This reaction produces lots of heat which results in the melting of railway track lines. After
cooling, iron again forms a hard solid and hence, cracked railway lines can be joined.
(c) For electrolytic refining of impure copper impure copper is used as anode, pure copper is
used as cathode and copper sulphate solution is used as the electrolyte.
26. (i) (a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate - NaHCO3
(b) Sodium carbonate deca hydrate - Na2CO 3 .10 H2 O
(ii) Baking powder is made up of sodium bicarbonate and an edible acid. Heating of NaHCO 3
evolves CO 2 which swells up cake. But in this reaction Na2 CO 3 is formed which is mild
alkaline and can make the cake bitter in taste. In baking powder, the presence of edible acid
neutralises alkaline effect (bitterness) of Na 2CO 3 . So that baking powder is used instead of
baking soda in making cakes.
(iii) Use of baking soda –
(a) As an ingredient in antacids. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and
provides relief.
(b) It is used in soda-acid fire extinguisher.
Use of washing soda –
(a) Washing soda is used for softening hard water.
(b) Sodium carbonate (soda ash) is used for the manufacture of detergents.
(c) Sodium carbonate is used for the manufacture of many important compounds, such as
borax (Na2 B4 O 7), hypo (Na2 S 2 O3 · 5H2 O), etc.
(d) Sodium carbonate is also used in paper, glass, soap and paint industries.
27. (a)
Absence of oxygen Ethanol + CO + Energy (2ATP)
(in yeast) 2
(2-carbon molecule)
In cytoplasm Lack of oxygen
Glucose Pyruvate Lactic acid + Energy (2ATP)
(6-carbon (in our muscle cells)
(3-carbon molecule) (3-carbon molecule)
molecule) + Energy Presence of oxygen
CO2 + H2O + Energy (38ATP)
(in mitochondria)

(b) Aquatic plants can carry out gaseous exchange by diffusion over their whole surface.
(c) They prevent the trachea from collapsing even if there is not much air in it.

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 PRE-NURTURE & CAREER FOUNDATION DIVISION 12–01–2020
OR
(a) The schematic representation of transport and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide is as
follows:
Lung
capillaries
Pulmonary
artery Pulmonary
to lungs vein from
lungs

Aorta to
body

(b) In mammals and birds the two circulatory system (oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood)
become fully separate sending low pressure pumping to lungs and high pressure flow of blood to
rest of body. This prevents any mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ensuring maximum
supply of oxygen to all body parts. This allows optimum oxidation of glucose to release energy
required by these animal groups to maintain their body temperature making them homeothermic.
28. (a) Seminal vesicles and prostate gland add their secretions to the sperms so that they are now in a
fluid which makes their transport easier and this fluid also provides nutrition.
(b) Any three categories of contraception methods
1. Natural method
Intercourse is safe for a week before and week after menstruation.
2. Mechanical methods
(i) It includes use of condoms which are the rubber or plastic sheets put on the penis before
coital activity.
(ii) Use of diaphragms or cervical caps fitted in vagina of female to check the entry of sperms
into the uterus and also helps in avoiding conception.
(iii) Use of IUCD i.e., Intra Uterine Contraceptive Devices like copper T and loops fitted in the
uterus, help to prevent fertilization. They can cause side effects due to irritation of uterus.
3. Chemical methods
(i) It consists of using some chemicals which are spermicidal. They may be in form of tablets, jellies,
paste and creams introduced in the vagina before coital activity.
(ii) Another chemical method is the use of oral contraceptive (OC) pills which inhibit the secretion
of FSH and LH from the anterior lobe of pituitary gland and thus inhibiting ovulation from the
ovary.These contraceptive therefore change the hormonal balance so that egg cell are not released
and hence prevent fertilization.
4. Surgical methods
(i) Tubectomy involves cutting of fallopian tubes in females and Vasectomy involves cutting of vas
deferens of each side.
(ii) Surgical removal of ovaries is known as ovariectomy and removal of testes is known as castration.
(iii)Another surgical method is MTP i.e. Medical Termination of Pregnancy or abortion.
(iv)Other method is tubal ligation in which fallopian tubes are blocked by an instrument called
laproscope.

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29. (a) Parallel combination of resistors
Let us consider three resistors having resistances R1, R2, R3 respectively. Let the voltage across the
combination is ‘V’ and currents through R1, R2 , R3 are I1, I2, I3. Voltage across all the resistors is
same as all of them have same terminal points (A and B).(see fig.)
V1 = V2 = V3 = V (let) ... (1)
The total current ‘I’ entering through ‘A’ is divided among the three resistors (I1 , I2 & I3). Thus,
total current ‘I’ is sum of individual currents through R 1, R2 & R3 .
I = I1 + I2 + I3 ... (2)
Let the equivalent resistance of whole combination be Rp .
V
I= ... (3)
Rp

V I1 R1
From (2) & (3), we get, = I1 + I 2 + I 3
Rp
A I2 R2 B
V V V V é Vù
or = + + êQ I = R ú I3 R3
R p R1 R 2 R 3 ë û

V æ 1 1 1 ö 1 1 1 1 V
or =Vç + + ÷ or = + +
Rp è R1 R 2 R 3 ø Rp R1 R 2 R 3

General formula for n resistors in parallel :

1 1 1 1 1
= + + +---+
R p R1 R 2 R 3 Rn

12 I1 12W
(b) Req = = 6W
2
I2 12W
V = 6 Volts
V 6 I
\ I= = = 1A + –
R eq 6
6V
OR Electric lamp (20 W)
(a) Req = 4 + 20 = 24 W
(b) Q V = 6 volts 4W

V 6 I
\ I= = = 0.25 A
R eq 24 K
+ –
A
(c) (i) P.d. across the lamp = IRL = 0.25 × 20 = 5V – +
6V
(ii) P.d. across the resistor = IR = 0.25 × 4 = 1V
(d) Power of the lamp, PL = I2RL
20
PL = (0.25)2 × 20 = = 1.25 watt
16
30. (i) The distance between the focus and the optical centre of a lens is called its ‘focal length’.
(ii) Given : Lens ® divergent (i.e. concave) lens
f = –30 cm, h0 = + 5 cm, u = ?, v = –15 cm

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(Q a concave lens forms only virtual image on the side of object)
Using lens formula
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-2
= - Þ – = - Þ = - =
f v u 30 -15 u u 30 15 30
Þ u = –30 cm
(iii)Ray diagram for image formation :
30 cm

A
A'
O
2F1 B F1 B' F2 2F2
image
Object

15 cm

OR
(a) Explaining anlge of deviation through diagram in phenomena of refraction.
Incident
ray

Ði
Rarer medium

Denser medium d = angle

of deviation
Ðr

Refracted
ray

(b) The wavelengths of different colours of light are different and the refractive index of glass is different
for different wavelengths. Higher the wavelength, lower will be the refractive index and thus, lower
will be the deviation and vice-versa. Thus while passing through a glass prism, deviation of red
light is low as its wavelength is large. Similarly, deviation of violet light is high as its wavelength
is small.
(c) Schematic diagram to show the formation of rainbow :
42°
40° 1
White light
let
White light Vio 3
le t
White light Vio
2
ed

ue
Bl
R
ed

ed

let
R

Vio
R

(a) (b)
Formation of rainbow

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