CNC INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

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CNC Interview Questions And Answers
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1. Question 1. What Is Cnc?
Answer :
CNC router (Or Computer Numerical Control router) is a computer-controlled
cutting machine related to the hand held router used for cutting various hard
materials, such as wood, composites, aluminium, steel, plastics, and foams.
2. Question 2. What Is The Cnc Machine?
Answer :
CNC Machining is a process used in the manufacturing sector that involves
the use of computers to control machine tools. Tools that can be controlled in
this manner include lathes, mills, routers and grinders. The CNC in CNC
Machining stands for Computer Numerical Control.

Industrial Interview Questions

3. Question 3. How Does A Cnc Work?

Answer :
Computer Numerical Control – Taking digitized data, a computer and CAM
program is used to control, automate, and monitor the movements of a
machine. ... The CNC controller works together with a series of motors and
drive components to move and control the machine axes, executing the
programmed motions.
4. Question 4. What Is A Cnc Lathe Used For?
Answer :
This style of lathe is commonly used under CNC control. Most CNC Swiss-
style lathes today use one or two main spindles plus one or two back spindles
(secondary spindles). The main spindle is used with the guide bushing for the
main machining operations.
5. Question 5. What Is The Cnc Programming?
Answer :
Most NC today is computer (or computerized) numerical control (CNC), in
which computers play an integral part of the control. In modern CNC systems,
end-to-end component design is highly automated using computer-aided
design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) programs.

CNC Programming Interview Questions

6. Question 6. What Is G Code?

Answer :
GCode is the generic name for a control language for CNC (or Reprap)
machines. It is a way for you to tell the machine to move to various points at a
 desired speed, control the spindle speed, turn on and off various coolants, and
all sorts of other things.
7. Question 7. What Is A Cnc Controller?
Answer :
The CNC controller is the brain of a CNC system. A controller completes the
all important link between a computer system and the mechanical
components of a CNC machine.

Machine design Interview Questions

8. Question 8. What Is The Machine Control Unit?

Answer :
The machine control unit (MCU) is the heart of a CNC system. It is used to
perform the following functions: To read the coded instructions. To decode
the coded instructions. To implement interpolations (linear, circular, and
helical) to generate axis motion commands.
9. Question 9. What Is The Meaning Of Fanuc?
Answer :
FANUC is one of the largest makers of industrial robots in the world. FANUC
had its beginnings as part of Fujitsu developing early numerical control (NC)
and servo systems. The company name is an acronym for Fuji Automatic
NUmerical Control.

Autosys Interview Questions

10. Question 10. How Do You Program A Cnc Machine?

Answer :
o Learn all Fanuc CNC Programming Skills .
o Learn all parts of CNC G-Code programming:
o All details of Lathe-Mill Programming and Setup on a series of 2
hour long DVDs:
o Start learning for free:
o Go to www.youtube.com and put in Heinz Putz, CNC Partmaking.
o Each is 2 hours long and teaches CNC skills in great detail.
11. Question 11. When Was The First Cnc Machine?
Answer :
The Invention of CNC Machining. In order to understand where CNC
Machining first appeared, it is important to note that the said machine's
advent can be traced back to the invention of the NC (numerical controlled)
machine made by John T. Parsons during the 1940s-1950s.
 Electrical Machines Interview Questions

12. Question 12. What Is The Meaning Of G Code?

Answer :
G-code (also RS-274), which has many variants, is the common name for the
most widely used numerical control (NC) programming language. It is used
mainly in computer-aided manufacturing for controlling automated machine
tools. G-code is sometimes called G programming language.

Industrial Interview Questions

13. Question 13. What Is An Nc Programmer?

Answer :
An NC programmer is a person who is responsible for the preparation and
development of numerical programs used to drive NC and CNC tools. The
programmer will select the necessary tools that are used in cutting, and also
in establishing the sequence of operations of the machine's operations.
14. Question 14. What Is Turning Operation?
Answer :
Turning is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non-rotary
tool bit, describes a helix toolpath by moving more or less linearly while the
workpiece rotates.
15. Question 15. What Is The Use Of Lathe Machine?
Answer :
A lathe   is a machine tool that rotates the workpiece on its axis to perform
various operations such as cutting, sanding, knurling, drilling, or deformation,
facing, turning, with tools that are applied to the workpiece to create an object
with symmetry about an axis of rotation.
16. Question 16. What Is Meant By Canned Cycle?
Answer :
A Canned cycle is a way of conveniently performing repetitive CNC machine
operations. Canned cycles automate certain machining functions such as
drilling, boring, tapping, pocketing, etc... Canned cycles are so called because
they allow a concise way to program a machine to produce a feature of a part.
17. Question 17. What Is The Hardwired Control?
Answer :
Hardwired control is a control mechanism that generates control signals by
using an appropriate finite state machine (FSM). Microprogrammed control is
 a control mechanism that generates control signals by reading a memory
called a control storage (CS) that contains control signals.
18. Question 18. What Is The Cnc Milling?
Answer :
CNC milling is a specific form of computer numerical controlled (CNC)
machining. Milling itself is a machining process similar to both drilling and
cutting, and able to achieve many of the operations performed by cutting and
drilling machines. Like drilling, milling uses a rotating cylindrical cutting tool.

CNC Programming Interview Questions

19. Question 19. What Is A Dnc Machine?

Answer :
Direct numerical control (DNC), also known as distributed numerical control
(also DNC), is a common manufacturing term for networking CNC machine
tools.
20. Question 20. What Are The Different Types Of Cnc Machines?
Answer :
There are basically five different types of CNC machines:
o CNC Plasma Cutting Machine.
o CNC Laser Cutting Machine.
o CNC Milling Machine.
o CNC Router Machine.
o CNC Lathe Machine.
21. Question 21. What Is The D Girl?
Answer :
A d-girl (a.k.a. development girl) is a non-influential, entry-level staffer in a film
production company. Responsibilities include: finding and identifying story
ideas worthy of adaptation into a script, and potentially a feature film; and
writing script coverage for scripts submitted to the production company.
22. Question 22. What Is Meant By Vmc Machine?
Answer :
A vertical machining center (VMC) is a machining center with its spindle in a
vertical orientation. High-end VMCs are high-precision machines often used
for tight-tolerance milling, such as fine die and mold work. Low-cost vertical
machining centers are among the most basic CNC machine tools.
23. Question 23. What Does A Cnc Machine Operator Do?
Answer :
CNC machine operators set up and work with computer numerically controlled
(CNC) machines, a type of equipment that is usually found in the metalworking
 industry. Their jobs often involve repetitive tasks and the monitoring of
multiple machines.
24. Question 24. What Materials Can Be Cut On A Cnc Machine?
Answer :
Materials Used: Almost any material can be used in a CNC machine. It really
depends on the application. Common materials include metals such as
aluminum, brass, copper, steel, and titanium, as well as wood, foam,
fiberglass, and plastics such as polypropylene.

Machine design Interview Questions

25. Question 25. What Is The Application Of Cnc Machine?

Answer :
o Electronics Parts Manufacturing.
o Engraving Machine Applications.
o Machining Composites.
o 5 Axis Machining.
o Dental Milling Applications.
o Micro Hole Drilling.
o Machining Aluminum.
o Machining Plastics.
26. Question 26. What Is Fanuc In Cnc?
Answer :
The world standard CNC from FANUC powers. FANUC i Series CNC. A wide
range of CNCs for simple machine tools to the most complex, as well as for
other general industrial machines. FANUC has produced over 3.6 million CNCs
and those CNCs are used to power machines around the globe.

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Chapter: Mechanical - Manufacturing Technology - CNC Machines

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Important Questions and

Answers: CNC Machines
Mechanical - Manufacturing Technology - CNC Machines

CNC MACHINES
 
1. Define numeraical control machine
 
Numerical control machine cane be defined as a form of programmable
machine in which the process are controlled by a program of numbers, letters,
and symbols.
 
2. What is NC part programming?
 
NC part programming is the step by procedure of by which the sequence of
processing steps to be performed on the NC machine is controlled by a program
of numbers, letters, and symbols.
 
3. What is APT language?
 
APT [automated programming language]is a computer program, it
automatically calculates the tool path, generates program and controls the
machine by receiving general high level languages.
 
4. Mention any 4 post processor statement in APT.
 
COOLNT END FEDRAT/
 
MACHIN/
 
RAPID
 
5. What is CNC?
 
CNC is system consists of a computer, controller and a NC machine tool.
Computer is used to store and edit the program. Controller controls the tool path
based on the program.
 
6. What is meant by machining centre?
 
The machining centre is CNC system with automatic tool changing arrangement
that is designed to perform a verity of machining operations, with large number
of cutting tools.
 
7. What is part program?
 
 Part program is a high level language containing the instructions for machining
a part to various standard words, codes and symbols.
 
8. What is post processing?
 
Post processing is a computer program that takes a generalized part program
output and adopts it to a particular machine control unit and machine tool
combination. It is the basic intelligence required to change the program into
computer language.
9. Write the order of instructions in a part program.
End of Preparatory function   Feed function       Tool function       block
10. What is manual part programming?
 
Manual part programming is a process of writing programs which consists of a
set of instructions [contains codes, symbols and numbers] to carry out the
machining of the work.
 
 
 
11. What is preparatory function?
 
It is word address format represented by the letter G, Followed by a numerical
code for the operation of the control unit to instruct the machine tool.
 
12. What is canned cycle?
 
Canned cycle simplifies and shortens the programming in such way whenever
any one of the operation is required.
 
13.What are the major areas to be considered in the design of NC machine
tools?
 
i.Machine structure and frame ii.Location of transducer iii.Slideways
 
iv.Elements of transmission and positioning of sliders
v.Spindlesvi.Tool holding arrangements
 
14.How the heat effect on the machine bed, tool holder can be taken care?
 
i.Providing correctly designed mild steel structure with higher
 
stiffness ii.Use of ribs, braces, angle plates to increase stiffness
 
iii.Normal weight distribution over the entire frame
 
iv.The hollow cross section for beds, bases and columns with a number of ribs
welded with the walls cater for the rigidity as well as opening for inspection,
lubrication and collection of chip coolants.
 
v.Thermo symmetrical   design   of   all   parts.
 
vi.Providing large heat removing surfaces vii.Use
 
of excellent coolants
 
 viii.Avoiding direct as well as local sources of heat such as sunlight and electrical
motors.oil pumps respectively.
 
ix.Reduction of ambient temperature by using air conditioning units
 
x.Proper alignment of the machine elements relative to each other while in
operation as well as in stationary conditions
 
15.Explain Slide and Slideways
 
In general machine tools are provided with tables, slides, carriages etc., to
carry the work pieces or cutting tools etc., These parts are sliding in nature and
mounted on the ways that are fixed on the other parts (column, housing, bed or
knee) of the machines known as sliding ways.
 
16. Explain the term “stick-up”
 
Conventional sliders operating under sliding friction do not have a constant
coefficient of friction and the highest value of co-efficient tends to be at the
lowest rates of slide velocity.
 
This phenomenon given to the familiar “stricking” of oil lubricated slideing
surfaces when
 
the fine adjustment is needed, a jerky action when movement takes place at
low velocities.
The term “stick-slip” is used to describe these situations.
      

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A Different Kind of Machining Center

Originally titled 'A Different Kind of Machining Center'

       

If one horizontal machining center is good, then three on a single

platform should be better, right? That’s the thinking behind the
Multicenter concept from Italian builder, Porta Solutions. It
blends the volume production capabilities of rotary transfer
technology with the flexibility of a machining center in a single
platform.   
The Porta Multicenter is designed to bridge the production gap between high-
mix and low-volume production and straight high volume, dedicated
production.

PreviousNext

CHRIS KOEPFER 
Editor Emeritus, Production Machining

As anyone involved in metalworking manufacturing is acutely aware, the battle

between dedicated machining technology and flexible machining technology continues
to be waged in machine shops around the world. The influx of high-mix and
low volumes into metalworking manufacturing is unmistakable and, more than likely,
unstoppable. It seems to permeate all aspects of machining operations.

These general terms—high-mix, lower-volumes—are relative. To a mold shop for

example a lot quantity of five might be considered “high-volume.” In a tier two
supplier high volume might be considered 500,000 pieces or more. And relatively
speaking, the Tier-Two supplier with 500,000 pieces may have adjusted its production
from a previous 1,000,000 pieces based on the overall manufacturing trends of the
past few decades. Today, that same “high-volume” might be more like 5,000 pieces.
It’s relative.
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In the search for capital equipment that allows a shop to optimize its production to
reflect the realities of today’s manufacturing demands, there are many machine tool
configurations from which to choose. One of those designs we are featuring here. It’s
called the multicenter and has been developed to be a bridge of sorts between high-
mix, flexible production and high volume, dedicated machining capability.  

Morphing Rotary Transfer

To find out more about the concept behind the Multicenter, we talked with Maurizio
Porta, second generation owner of Porta Solutions, based in Brescia, Italy. Its North
American headquarters is in Newington, Connecticut. Founded in 1958 by his father,
Oscar, Mr. Porta’s company started building specialty machine tools for various
applications and has seen the changes in dedicated versus flexible production
requirements.

“Originally, we manufactured rotary transfer machine tools,” Mr. Porta says. “These
machines reflected a time when a machine was built to manufacture a part. The part
was king, and creating dedicated tools designed to optimize its production was the
name of the game.”
Traditionally in rotary transfer technology, a shop would get a job and then design a
production system around the part. Some jobs might run virtually unchanged for
years. As product life cycles have become shortened, dedicated production machines
have become less cost justifiable in many applications, primarily because re-tooling
them for a new job is difficult, expensive and usually simply not worth the effort.

In 2005, Porta introduced its solution to the dedicated machine versus a flexible
machine in the form of the Multicenter. The thinking was to bridge the dedicated
machining technology designed around a specific part with a machining center
platform that could easily be retooled as part mixes changed.

Centered on a four-station carousel, the machine, in its most popular configuration,

features three horizontal machining center modules. The fourth station on the
worktable is a load/unload station that can be manned or automated.

Each of the HMC modules is capable of three or true four-axis machining at each
station. The machining center modules operate progressively, but are controlled
independently.  With the machine producing one part, one part in multiple operations,
or multiple different parts at the same time.  All four different parts would be worked
on by all three spindles before getting back to the load/unload station finished.

With three spindles, the machining operations can be varied as needed, adding to the
machine’s flexibility. One rotation of the four-station pallet carrier can produce a
complete part, four complete parts or a variation of the four. However, Mr. Porta
says most of the applications use a progressive machining sequence.  

Mr. Porta talks about one application where the customer did produce three different
parts on one cycle of the Multicenter. “These parts went into an assembly, so each
cycle of the machine produced a complete set of parts,” Mr. Porta says. “After
machining, the parts were assembled and shipped to the customer. It was a very
efficient application.”

Multicenter Compared with HMCs

HMCs are beginning to see increased investments in shops that are dealing with high-
mix and low-volume work. They have inherent flexibility and adapt to automation
easily using pallet shuttle systems to ferry work in and out of the machine tool. In
addition the cutting tool capacity of the horizontal design is superior to its largest
competitor, the VMC.
Survey’s conducted by Production Machining’s in-house market research business,
Gardner Intelligence, show a significant uptick in HMC purchase projections; 85
percent more than the numbers for 2017.

However, Mr. Porta makes the point that if volumes and workpiece complexity
demand more than one HMC, the Multicenter finds its niche. “It is a bridge between
the very high production of a special-purpose machine and the lower volume with
flexibility of an HMC,” he says. “The multicenter is in between these two classes of
machine, and it is a standard machine tool, not a special, which makes lead times
much shorter.”

The machine is designed for a 10-inch work cube, although the design is scalable for
larger parts. Each of the three machining centers is served by its own tool changer,
with a 12-tool capacity as standard on each. More tool capacity, up to 40 tools each, is
available if needed. Each machine spindle has three axes at the tool tip and a
fourth rotary axis is located on each worktable. All axes are controlled by the
machine’s FANUC or Siemens CNC.

Smaller Footprint, Less Power

The design advantage of the Multicenter, Mr. Porta says, is that a typical customer for
that machine, who needs three or four HMCs to hit its production numbers, can get
them in a single platform. It’s easier to run the machine, it uses less power, and it takes
less floor space. 

Floor space requirements of an HMC, with its associated loading and unloading areas,
is not insignificant. “Now, multiply that floor space by three and things get fairly
large,” Mr. Porta says. “Because the Multicenter is essentially three HMCs on a single
platform, it only occupies 87 square meters. We calculate three typical HMCs, with
attendant automation, would take up 240 square meters.”

The Multicenter when compared with three stand-alone horizontal machining centers
consumes 50 percent less energy, according to Mr. Porta. He cites consumption figures
of 51 kWh for the Multicenter versus 120 kWh for three machining centers, with
equivalent production.

These rates are justified by the reduction of redundant accessories, he says. For
example, the machining centers drive three automation systems, 3 chip conveyors, and
three pallet changers. Moreover, there is more maintenance associated with three
versus one platform.  

Two Target Customers

According to Mr. Porta, the Multicenter has two target customers. As the company was
built on high volume, special machinery the Multicenter is designed to be a volume
production center.
“Some of our customers dedicate the Multicenter to a single part, like a special
machine,” Mr. Porta says. “These shops are manufacturing automotive quantities in
the range of 700,000-1,000,000 parts per year in some cases. The inherent
advantages of the three machining centers in one platform—cost reduction from less
floor space, less energy and lower labor—still apply in these applications.”

Where the Multicenter differs from its special machine ancestry, is its ability to be cost
competitive in lower volume applications. “Some of our customers use the Multicenter
to fulfill production orders that are not high volume, but rather high
mix,” Mr. Porta says.

For this second target group, batches from 500 to 5,000 are typical. These shops are
generally not making parts for inventory, but rather fulfilling “spot” orders.

These shops tend to use the capacity of the Multicenter to respond to orders as they
come in. The machines in these job shops are tooled for flexible production rather than
dedicated production.

Quick-Change Workholding

The structure of the Multicenter is quite different from an HMC. The machine base is a
weldment that Mr. Porta describes as a closed box structure. Inside the box, a four
station rotary table carries the machining pallets. The box has three walls with a
machining center module on each of the walls with its own set of linear guideways. The
fourth wall is open for the load/unload station to access the workzone.

In developing the Multicenter, Porta has designed the workholding system to be

flexible. Mounted on each of the machine’s three pallets is a receiver that can be
indexed for position or continuously for contouring in B axis by the pallet. The
receivers are standardized and remain in place on the pallet.

Clamps for the specific workpieces mount on the receiver and open or close under CNC
and the hydraulics are constantly monitored by the control. Change-over is
accomplished by simply replacing the clamps on the receiver. This results in a change-
over time of 30 seconds. 

For access to the fifth side of a workpiece the fixture is designed to index 90 degrees to
expose that side of the part to the spindle. While this operation is usually done on
spindle three, it can be done on all spindles if needed. The fixtures are also capable of a
U-axis option if single-point turning is required to finish the part.   

Running the Program

Programming for the three spindle Multicenter is relatively simple. Each machining
center module has its own page in either the FANUC or the Siemens control, so its
programming is basically one three-axis machine, with a B axis, at a time.
Programming progresses from spindle one to two to three.
 Even though there are effectively three separate programs running simultaneously,
there is no need for a separate synchronization control. Both of the CNC brands that
Porta uses operate synchronization of the programs in the control’s background.

Because the machine has three spindles and is usually running sequential operations,
balancing cycle time to eliminate dead time is important. Porta has developed a
software package with Microsoft that is called Energy Characterization.

Reading the power consumption from spindle motors, the software effectively reduces
power for lighter cuts and transfers it, through regenerative braking, to the spindle
using more power. The net result is optimized power consumption.

Porta is compatible with Industry 4.0 connectivity capability. Some of its development
programs are relatively advanced. The information available, whether production is
1,000,000 parts or 500 parts, is of value to any manufacturer. Data is joining chips as
the currency of metalworking manufacturing.

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