CAGAYAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

APPENDIX D

Topic (Title) Results/ Findings (Abstract) Methodology Authors/ Date Reference

Published

1.The This inquiry is focused on the In administering this study, these are the Nina Crizti Zea A. Costales, A., Gadingan,

functionality functionality of Tricycle following steps that the researchers have Costales, Maralyn M. M. M., Francisco, L. M.

of tricycle Regulation Unit (TRU) of conducted: Gadingan, Lhea Mae M., & Fronda, E. P.

regulation Tuguegarao City particularly M. Francisco, Elvie (2018). The

1. A focus group interview with the
unit of its powers and functions vis-à- P. Fronda, (2018) functionality of tricycle
Head of TRU;
Tuguegarao vis compliance of tricycle regulation unit of
2. Floating of questionnaires to the
City. drivers and/or operators with Tuguegarao City.
tricycle drivers and/or operators, tricycle
existing city ordinances Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
commuters/ passengers and traffic
covering public safety and Valley: DRCP Agustin
enforcers; and
security. Framed in the

investigation is the concept of 3. The data gathered were summarized

efficiency in governance, social by the researchers.

responsibility, and discipline.

The major instrument used in this study
The descriptive-quantitative
was the questionnaire, particularly a
research was employed to
checklist. Questionnaires was used,
feature-out the efficiency of
ssprimarily because it was the main
TRU on its mandates to ensure
method of data collection and easy to
public safety and order.
administer. The questionnaire has 5
Findings of this study include
parts. Part I is the efficiency of TRU
TRU’s
along with the performance of its

efficiency in the issuance of the powers and functions, Part II is the

franchise license, maintaining violations among tricycle drivers and/or

data base and resolving operators against the existing rules and

complaints and grievances. regulations, Part III is the difficulties

However, TRU office is experienced by TRU in the

relatively undermanned that implementation of rules and regulations,

haste in Part IV is the difficulties experienced by

the tricycle drivers and/or operators on

covering all their tasks leads
their compliance to the rules and
the staff to getting less
regulations and Part V is the violations
humanely tactful in dealing
experienced by the tricycle
with violations. Relatively,
commuters/passengers. The indicators
better staffing as recommended
involve in the questionnaire was based
in this study would make TRU
on the City Ordinance No. 08-2017 also
more
known as the Tuguegarao City Tricycle
responsive to closely
Ordinance 2013.
monitoring the transfer of

ownership of franchise license,

and the difficulties among

tricycle drivers/operators in

complying with the rules and

 regulations.

2.An This paper examines the role This study was conducted on public Declan N. Dike, Dike, D. N., (2012). An

empirical played by the tricycle and the transport modes in Owerri, Imo State, (2018) empirical study of the

study of the level of its acceptance by city Nigeria which has the same used of tricycle as a

used of commuters among other public transportation system with other public transportation

tricycle as a transport modes in Nigeria. Nigerian towns and cities. The modes mode in Nigerian Cities.

public Questionnaires were were the taxi, bus and .tricycle. It Owerri, Imo State,

transportatio administered on 200 public was aimed at determining the Nigeria: Insuderc

n mode in transport passengers in Owerri, passengers’ choice of mode with a Academic Publishers.

Nigerian Imo State, Nigeria with a view view to ascertaining the position of

Cities. of extracting information on the tricycle. Data for the study were

their consideration of the obtained from primary sources through

attributes of each mode. The questionnaires which were

results were analyzed by means administered on 200 passengers of

of the spearman’s rank public transport vehicles at six major

correlations and paired samples passengers’ locations in Owerri

 test techniques. The findings metropolis namely; Amakohia, Orji,

indicated that the tricycle has Egbu, Irete, Naze and Uratta. They were

made a significant contribution distributed at the various locations as

to public transportation in follows; 40 each at Amakohia and Orji,

Nigerian cities. We and 30 each at Egbu, Irete, Naze and

recommended that tricycle Uratta. The passengers were mainly

operators should be subjected school children, traders and public

to an appropriate training, servants. Out of the 200

while their operations should questionnaires administered, only 170

be regulated in order to were treated and returned in good state

optimize the benefits.

3.Service Satisfaction measures obtained The selected sample is the survey Margarita Friman Friman, M., & Fellesson,

Supply and from citizens are frequently conducted in six European cities during and Marcus M., (2009). Service Supply

Customer used in performance-based 2001, consisting of people between ages Fellesson, (2009). and Customer Satisfaction

Satisfaction contracts due to their presumed 16and 96 years. Satisfaction data were in Public Transportation:

in Public link with company selected from the 2001 survey to The Quality Paradox.
Transportati performance. However, few correspond to obtained measures of Karistad University,

on: The studies have actually examined service performance retrieved from the Sweden. Journal of Public

Quality the link between traveler UIFP Millennium Database ( Vivier Transportation, 12 (4): 57-

Paradox satisfaction measures and 2006). UIFP, the international 69.http://doi.org/10.5038/2

objective performance association of public transport, is a 375-0901.12.4.4 Available

measures in public transport. global organization with the aim of at:

This research analyzes the promoting public transport in all of its https://scholarcommons.us

relationship between the forms. f.edu/jpt/vol12/iss4/4

objective performance

measures of public transport

services and the satisfaction

perceived by travelers. Data

were collected in six different

European cities. Three

objective service performance

measures were obtained for

each city from the UITP

Millennium Database. Three

subjective satisfaction attribute

measures were obtained from

Benchmarking in European

Service of Public Transport

(BEST 2001), answered by

6,021 respondents in total. In

addition to subjective attribute

measures, overall satisfaction

was also used as a subjective

measure. Several correlational

analyses show that the

relationship between

satisfaction and service

performance in public transport

 is far from perfect.

4.An The problem under investigation is that The survey covered Maina Margaret Wagikondi, M. M., (2013).

Investigation commuters who use Muthurwa terminus Muthurwa Bus Terminus with Wagikondi, An Investigation of

of Commuter are not satisfied. Matatus take them to entry along Landhies road and (2013) Commuter Satisfaction in the

Satisfaction in Muthurwa while their destination is the exit at Lusaka, Jogoo and use of Muthurwa a Terminus,

the use of city center and beyond. This does not meet Landhies road roundabout. Nairobi, Kenya. University

Muthurwa a conditions of the Four-Stage Directional Map of Nairobi region figure of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya:

Terminus, Travel process, Trip Generation (whether 3.1 Muthurwa Metadata

Nairobi, to travel), Trip Distribution (where to terminus/hawkers market

Kenya. travel), Modal Choice (what mode of travel figure 3.2 and a map of

to use) and Traffic Assignment (what route Nairobi City eastern

to take). The major objective was to residential estates and matatu

investigate commuter satisfaction in using routes, figure 3.3 put the

Muthurwa Terminus. The specific study site in perspective. A

objectives were (i) gender and age of research design refers to

commuters, (ii) the origins of commuters, arrangement of conditions for

(iii) destinations of commuters, (iv) travel collection and analysis of data

means commuters use from Muthurwa to in a manner that aims to

CBD and (vi) the commuters’ preferred combine relevance to the

location for a terminal. CBDs tend to have research with economy to

the highest concentration of work places. procedure Kothari, (2004).

Worldwide, use of public transport According to Cooper and

Schindler (2003), the research

Means into the central business district are

encouraged (Banjo, 1995). design provides answers to

issues such as techniques to

be used to gather data, the

kind of sampling strategies

and tools to be used and how

to deal with time and cost

constraints. A research design

is a plan, structure and

strategy of investigation

conceived so as to obtain

answers to research questions

Kerlinger, (1973). The plan is

the outline of the research,

and includes all activities

pertaining to the research

from beginning to end.

Mugenda (1999), Kothari

(2004) and Orodho and

Kombo (2002) all recommend

use of descriptive research

design where the objective of

the research is to establish

certain facts about perception,

opinions, habits or social

 issues.

5.Examining The first objective of this research was to To evaluate the impact of Cantwell Mairead, Cantwell, M., Caulfield, B.,

the Factors examine the level of stress caused by commuting on quality of life, Brian Caulfield, & O’Mahony, M., (2009).

that Impact commuting into Dublin city centre. The data were collected from and Margaret Examining the Factors that

Public second objective was to determine the workers in Dublin city centre O’Mahony, Impact Public Transport

Transport value placed on the comfort and reliability via an on-line survey. To meet (2009) Commuting Satisfaction.

Commuter’s of public transport services. An on-line the objectives of the study, it Trinity College, Dublin,

Satisfaction. survey of workers who commute daily into was essential that the survey Ireland :Journal of Public

Dublin city centre was conducted, which collected data relating to the Transportation, 12 (2): 1-

collected data on the respondents’ typical respondent typical commute, 21.http://doi.org/10.5038/237

commute, commute-related stress, and commute related stress, 5-0901.12.2.1

socioeconomic background. Commute willingness to pay to improve

Available at:
satisfaction levels among public transport their commute, and their
https://scholarcommons.usf.e
users were found to decrease for those who socioeconomic details.
du/jpt/vol12/iss2/1
travel on crowded or unreliable services

and those who have long wait-times. Stated

 preference scenarios relating to crowding

and reliability were analyzed using a

multinomial logit model. The model

showed that utility derived increases as

crowding decreases and as reliability

increases.

6.A Study of India is one of the fastest growing 4.1 Research design: Dr. S. Jyothirmayi Dr. Jyothirmayi R., Dr.

Customer with economies in the world. Automobile Descriptive research Reddy, Dr. B. Venkateswara R., &

Reference to industry had seen many ups Venkateswara

4.2 Sampling design: Prof. Durga, R., (2016). A
Tata Motor Reddy,
And downs in India prior to liberalization. Study of Customer with
Sampling frame: Customers
Passenger
The liberalization of Indian economy Prof. S. Durga Reference to Tata Motor
of Tata Motor cars in major
Vehicles
enabled India to advance itself Rao, (2016) Passenger Vehicles. Andhra
cities of Andhra Pradesh were
Pradesh, India: Journal of
In many sectors. Automobile is one such taken for the survey.
Business and Management
sector wherein India has seen tremendous
improvements. To sustain this rate of Sampling unit: Car users of (IOSR-JBM)

growth in automobile sector India has to Tata Motor Cars.

introduce so many measures to have higher

Sample Size : The sample size
customer satisfaction. Tata Motors is the
is 500 Tata Motor cars. (100
leading automobile company in India.
from each city)
Unfortunately it could not make a
Sampling method:
significant contribution in the field of
Convenience sampling
motor cars. To be successful the company
method
has to read the minds and

A Study on Customer
perceptions of the prospective buyers. The
Satisfaction towards Tata
present study attempts to analyse the
Motor Cars in Andhra
variables that effect the buyer
Pradesh
behaviour. A survey was conducted at
DOI: 10.9790/487X-
major cities in Andhra Pradesh to find out
1810070815
the satisfaction levels of Tata
Motor Car users. A sample of 500 www.iosrjournals.org 9 | Page

respondents was taken, and survey was

conducted using a structured

4.3 Data sources:
questionnaire. Chi-square, ANOVA and
Secondary Data: Journals,
Regression analysis were used to analyse
magazines (AUTO CAR
the collected data. From the
INDIA,OVER DRIVE),
analysis it was found that demographic
association bulletins (SIAM,
variables such as age, educational
ICRA), news papers, web
qualification, occupation and income
portals ,company brochures,
level have a significant impact on the
books etc.
consumer satisfaction levels.
Primary Data: Users of Tata

Motor Cars in Andhra

Pradesh .
4.4 Research approach:

Survey method

4.5 Research instrument:

Structured questionnaire

4.6 Contact method: Personal

contact

4.7 Hypotheses

 H01: Customer

Satisfaction towards Tata

Motor cars is independent of

Age.

 H02: Customer

Satisfaction towards Tata

Motor Cars is independent of

 educational qualification.

 H03: Customer

Satisfaction towards Tata

Motor Cars is independent of

occupation.

 H04: Customer

Satisfaction towards Tata

Motor Cars is independent of

income level.

4.8 Statistical Tools Used:

Chi-square Test, Regression

Analysis, ANOVA ,Z-Test

7.An Tricycles are considered one of the most A survey was conducted to Carlos Antonio N. Rupisan, N., Dorado, N. L.,

Ergonomic popular modes of transportation in the collect data on the experience Rupisan, Neil & Fabros, P. D. C., (2015).

Analysis of Philippines, due to their accessibility and of discomfort of passengers John L. Dorado, An Ergonomic Analysis of
Tricycle capability to drop off passengers at almost while riding a tricycle. The and Patrick Daniel Tricycle Sidecars in Quezon

Sidecars in any point. However, passengers that ride in area of concern was C. Fabros,(2015) City. University of the

Quezon City the tricycle sidecar are subject to awkward identifying whether they were Philippines, Diliman, Quezon

postures and motions that cause having difficulty in entering, City 1101, Philippines:

discomfort, according to different surveys. riding and exiting the sidecar Elsevier B.V., CC BY-NC-

The aim of this research was to use of the tricycle. The ND license

different methods of ergonomic assessment respondents’ ages ranged (http://creativecommons.org/l

to evaluate the factors that contribute to from 10-62 years, all of these icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

discomfort of passengers during 3 phases: who ride the tricycle on a

while entering, riding, and exiting a regular basis. This survey was

tricycle. Multivariate analysis and logistic initially used, upon

regression were used to determine the inspection, to identify which

correlation between anthropometric part of the ride is the most

measurements and the perception of uncomfortable, in relation to

discomfort, while RULA and REBA were the two other states

used to provide postural analysis. 95

samples of anthropometric data were taken,

along with surveys regarding the presence

of discomfort during the 3 study phases.

The results show that the two statistically

significant factors in predicting discomfort

were sitting height and popliteal height.

The regression model also predicts a high

probability of discomfort for passengers

with average and above average

anthropometric measurements, during all 3

study phases. However, passengers during

ingress and egress motion had higher of

experiencing discomfort than those riding

inside the sidecar. The postural analysis

further strengthens this result, as the

ingress and egress motion scored 11 for

 REBA, concluding that the motions were

high-risk and needed change immediately.

8.A Study on Tricycle, the most popular mode of The foregoing discussions Chirbet A. Miguel, C. A., & Kristinne

Tricycle Sign transportation in the countryside, has highlight the following: First, Miguel, and J., (2016). A Study on

Systems: A served as a means to articulate one’s tricycles have become a Kristinne Joyce, tricycle sign systems: A

Reflection of thoughts. The signages posted on these medium of Filipino (2016) reflection of Filipino

Filipino usually express humor, wit, spirituality and expression where optimism, masculinity,

Optimism, sexual thoughts. The researchers believe religiosity, and values.

the vehicles communicate the
Masculinity, that the language utterances displayed on Tuguegarao City, Cagayan
drivers’ worldviews. Just like
Religiosity, these tricycles may be influenced by a Valley, Philipines: GIAP
social media, public utility
and Values number of social factors. The paper Journals
vehicles serve as a means to
answered these questions: What are the
express
signages found in tricycles traversing

Tuguegarao proper? What do these one’s thoughts, even values,

signages in language reflect the lived world attitudes, and beliefs. The

or thoughts of the tricycle drivers? Or their gathered

social background? How do these signages

signages reflected some
correlate to social factors? This paper used
Filipino values and traits like:
the descriptive design in examining the

signages that were gathered from 100

tricycle driver respondents in Tuguegarao

City. Analysis of the signages is

strengthened through Barthesian’s sign

systems. Drawing on the social

constructionism, the paper highlights the

following: First, tricycles have become a

medium of Filipino expression where the

vehicles communicate the drivers’

worldviews.
The gathered signages reflected some

Filipino values and traits such as optimism

and fatalism; masculinity and machismo;

religiosity and social cohesion; and hard

work and cultural capital. Second, the

paper holds that language may be

understood by looking into the relationship

between the signifier and the signified. The

signages used by the tricycle drivers reflect

not only their explicit thoughts, but also

symbolic meanings and their habitus.

Lastly, language has fulfilled its

metalinguistic function as the signages

were analyzed to show that these were

 representations of one’s cultural behavior.

9. Usability Of This study measured the usability of a Mail survey and self- Ertie C. Abana, Abana, E. C., (2019).

“ TRAYSI” : web application for tricycle commuters administered questionnaire (2019) Usability of “ TRAYSI” : A

A Web that was developed using Hypertext and the use of online vote by web application for tricycle

Application for Markup Language (HTML), Cascading answering and question. commuters. University of

Tricycle Style Sheet (CSS) and Javascript (JS) Saint Louis, Tuguegarao City

Commuters with the aid of Google Artificial Cagayan, Philippines:

Programming Interfaces (APIs). Toward (IJACSA) International

this goal, the effectiveness, efficiency and Journal of Advanced

user satisfaction were measured using Computer Science and

common usability metrics. The Applications, Vol. 10, No. 7,

effectiveness was measured in terms of 2019

task completion rate and user errors while

efficiency was measured in terms of time

on task. For user satisfaction, the post-task

questionnaire, Single Ease Question

(SEQ), was used. In order to check whether

the web application will be usable even for

first time users, the usability test was

conducted three times. The result revealed

that the usability of the web application is

acceptable on the first trial. However, the

usability improved on the next used which

is evident on the third trial that yielded a

93.33% task completion rate with only

one user error. The average time on task

on every trial was lower the Thus, the web

application was highly usable in doing its

intended purpose especially if it is

repeatedly used
10. A Study of Public transportation provides commuters The suggestions, Chelsie Narboneta, G., & Teknomo,

Metro with a convenient method to reach their recommendations and Narboneta, and K., (2016). A Study of

Manila's destination faster and cheaper compared corrections which will be Kardi Teknomo, Metro Manila's Public

Public with private vehicles. However, this is not made by the ten (10) selected (2016) Transportation Sector:

Transportation always the case for Metro Manila because Tricycle drivers will be Implementing a Multimodal

Sector: many Filipinos have a negative perception considered to formulate the Public Transportation Route

Implementing of using public transportation. This paper final draft of the Planner. Ateneo de Manila

a Multimodal first discusses the researchers' study of the questionnaire. University, Philippines:

Public travel behavior of Metro Manila Asian Transport Studies,

Transportation commuters and the status of its public Volume 4, Issue 2 (2016),

Route Planner transportation sector based on their Metro 460–477. © 2016 ATS All

Manila Public Transport Travel Survey. rights reserved.

Information from the survey was used to

implement a multimodal public

transportation route planner for Metro

Manila, which is designed to provide

 commuters with facts about public

transportation. This should change its

negative image and entice more people to

use the services. The analysis of the

publicly distributed General Transit Feed

Specification data provided by the

government is discussed. All these findings

support the researchers' goal of improving

Metro Manila's public transportation.

11. Emerging Metropolitan Manila has become the data were collected by A. J. Fallaria, R. Fallaria, A. J., De Jesus, R.,

from the world’s ‘worst’ in terms of its traffic handing out the questionnaire de Jesus, M Carpio, M., & Jacinto, F. L.,

‘worst’: An scenarios and such crisis left an impact to in different offices by Carpio, and F. L. (2019). Emerging from the

ethnography of the commuters which has led to the instructed surveyors. This Jacinto, (2019) ‘worst’: An ethnography of

the modern emergence of the modern Filipino data collection method was
the modern Filipino
Filipino commuting culture. The ethnography used since it may be hard to
commuting culture behind
commuting utilized covert participant observation in find people that are willing to
culture behind which the participate in the bus stop. the Metro Manila traffic

the Metro researchers immersed themselves in the People waiting at bus stops crisis. Bocaue, Bulacan,

Manila traffic culture and experience the are often in a hurry and thus Philippines: MATEC Web of

crisis activities of the commuting culture. They reluctant to fill out the Conferences 272 ICFMCE

also conducted personal and questionnaire before the bus 2018

synchronous interview to the participants arrive.

involved. The findings of the

study are summarized through five

emergent themes which represent the

roots of the culture’s existence, the

commuters’ preferences on public

transit modes, the features of Metro Manila

commuting experiences, the

coping mechanisms and adjustments done

by commuters, and the desires and

decisions for commuting experiences,

 respectively. Also, the mentioned culture

reflected the Filipino values such as

patience, crab mentality, and the misused

value of resilience. The findings ended

with a

concrete recommendation to establish an

Internet-based platform for Metro Manila

commuters and a summary report intended

for public transport stakeholders and public

officials.

12. Public Accessibility is one of the most important The filled out questionnaires Muhammad Saif, A. M., Zefreh, M. M.,

Transport outcomes of the transportation system. were administrated and coded Atiullah Saif, & Torok, A., (2018). Public

Accessibility: Public transport can be more attrac- by one survey person in each Mohammad Transport Accessibility:

A Literature tive by providing "Door to door mobility" city. These surveyors were Maghrour Zefreh,
A Literature Review. H-
Review and development of transportation services chosen due to their past and Adam Torok,
1111 Budapest, Stoczek u. 2.,
is an important factor of social quality. experience in handing similar
Public transport accessibility has gained surveys to make sure that all (2018) Building ST., Hungary:

vital importance in designing and data were handled in the same Creative Commons

evaluating the transit system in terms of way. Guidance for coding was Attribution

mobility provided to guarantee an

and sustainability. Apart from the transport equal administration.

system itself, pub-

lic transport accessibility has the

considerable impact on life satisfaction in

the form of perceived accessibility.

Moreover, researchers have revealed

several impact and correlation of

provision of public transport accessibility

to the environment

and daily life which would have a

noticeable impact on pub-

lic health and other aspects of public daily

life. Furthermore,

the correlation between public transport

accessibility and job opportunities has

attracted the researchers' attention in the

literature. Also, public participation in

social activities has

been investigated based on public transport

accessibility and

their close connection has been revealed

under the topic of

social exclusion. In this paper, the

available literature on pub-

lic transport accessibility has been

reviewed. As a conclusion,

it should be highlighted that not just the

performance of public transportation but its

 impact on other social aspects should be

considered while planning the public

transport facilities.

13.Utilizing Traffic has always been a problem in major The whole research and Chelcie Narboneta, C., & Teknomo,

Multimodal cities around the word, especially in Metro system developmentthat Narboneta, and K., (). Utilizing Multimodal

Public Manila. would assist the researchers in Kardi Teknomo, Public Transportation Route

Transportation One way to solve congestion problem in answering theirresearch () Planners for Long-term

Route road networks is to urge commuters to shift questions. The third steps, Sustainable Transportation.

Planners for away from using private transportation to which is theOTP Ateneo de Manila University

Long-term public transportation. One concrete step to modification, is focused in Katipunan Avenue Quezon

Sustainable support commuters to shift to meeting the firstobjective of City Philippines: who

Transportation publictransportation is by providing them the researchers, which is to

with relevant and reliable transportation implementa multimodal

information. The researchersaim to provide public transportation route

these now non-readily available planner inthe context of the

information to the public by implementing Metro Manila road networks.

a publictransportation route planner using Thesecond step, which is the

the open source software OpenTripPlanner. Data Formatting, wouldaid

The said system would helpall kinds of the researchers in meeting

commuters in their travel within Metro their follow-upobjective of

Manila, as it has helped commuters all over proving a good approach in

the world.With more people using public formattingtransportation data

transportation, the researchers’ end goal of from LTFRB and

providing ways for a moresustainable varioustransportation

transportation network in the long run agencies. The last follow-

would be realized. upobjective, which is

providing a good process

toensure the effectiveness and

efficiency of the produced

system, would be achieved

with the helpof the fourth

 step, Testing and Revisions.

14. The need for a mobile workforce inevitably We used data from two cross- Hansson, E., Hansson, E., Mattisson, K.,

Relationship means that the length of the total work day sectional population-based Mattisson, K., Björk, J., Östergren, PO, &

between (working and traveling time) will increase, public health surveys Björk J, and Jakobsson K., ( 2011).

commuting but the health effects of commuting have performed in 2004 and 2008 Östergren PO, Relationship between

and health been surprisingly little studied apart from in Scania, Sweden (56% Jakobsson K., commuting and health

outcomes in a perceived stress and the benefits of response rate). The final study ( 2011) outcomes in a cross-sectional

cross-sectional physically active commuting. population was 21, 088 population survey in southern

population persons aged 18-65, working Sweden. Southern Sweden:

survey in > 30 h/week. Duration (one- who

southern way) and mode of commuting https://bmcpublichealth.biom

Sweden were reported. The outcomes edcentral.com/articles/10.118

studied were perceived poor 6/1471-2458-11-834

sleep quality, everyday stress,

low vitality, mental health,

self-reported health, and

 absence from work due to

sickness during the past 12

months. Covariates indicating

socioeconomic status and

family situation, overtime, job

strain and urban/rural

residency were included in

multivariate analyses.

Subjects walking or cycling to

work < 30 min were used as a

reference category.

15. The impact Taking advantage of preference data from The objective of our model is Nicolás Suárez Chavarría, N. S., (2017) The

of commuting Chilean students, we estimate the impact of to estimate and quantify how Chavarría, (2018) impact of commuting time

time over commuting time over academic the students achievement is over educational

educational achievement. As the commuting time is an affected by their commuting achievement: The case of

endogenous variable, we use instrumental time. The problem with our Chile. Chile: who
achievement: variables and fixed effects at school level dataset is that we know the https/www.semanticscholar.o

The case of to overcome this problem. Also, as we distance to the school, and the rg/paper/The-impact-of-

Chile don’t know which mode of transport the calculated commuting time6 commuting-time-over-

students use, we complement our analysis in every mode of transport, educational-%3A-The-

using a discrete choice model for the but we don’t know in which Chavarr

transportation mode. Our findings suggest mode the student choose to %C3%ADa/fc2bf9165be63e

that, within every school, the commuting travel. Because of this, we e6df80fbf1904706f5c0e3d96

time have no effect on the academic will model the problem in the 8

performance. This finding is robust to following way: 1. We

different specifications, and appears to be estimate the effect of our

related to the fact that, within each school, measures of commuting time

the differences in commuting time appear over the student achievement.

to be too small to explain the differences in 2. Before that, we use an

scholar achievement. auxiliary dataset, that contains

information about the mode of

transport choice for a sample

 of students who have similar

characteristics to the

individuals in our original

dataset. With this, we will

estimate a mode of transport

choice model. 3. After

estimating the mode of

transport choice model, we

will use that parameters to

predict the mode of transport

in our original data set. With

this, we can construct the

measures of commuting time

that we use in the step 1.

16. Travel and The potential to moderate travel demand In this first set of studies, the Reid Ewing and Ewing, R., & Cervero, R.,

the Built through changes in the built environment is built environment is Robert Cervero, (2017). Travel and the Built
Environment: the subject of more than 50 recent categorized as either (2001) Environment: A Synthesis.

A Synthesis empirical studies. The majority of recent Place: SAGE Journals

contemporary or traditional,
studies are summarized. Elasticities of
automobile or pedestrian https://www.researchgate.net
travel demand with respect to density,
oriented, and /publication/235358065_Tra
diversity, design, and regional accessibility
vel_and_the_Built_Environm
urban or suburban (12, 15–27)
are then derived from selected studies.
ent_A_Synthesis
(Tables 1 and 2). Additional
These elasticity values may be useful in
categories
travel forecasting and sketch planning and

have already been incorporated into one are sometimes defined

sketch planning tool, the Environmental between the extremes (Figure

Protection Agency's Smart Growth Index 1). Once neighborhoods have

model. In weighing the evidence, what can been categorized, studies

be said, with a degree of certainty, about compare the travel patterns

the effects of built environments on key

of residents to learn about the
transportation "outcome" variables: trip
effects of design
frequency, trip length, mode choice, and
composite measures of travel demand,

vehicle miles traveled (VMT) and vehicle

hours traveled (VHT)? Trip frequencies

have attracted considerable academic

interest of late. They appear to be primarily

a function of socioeconomic characteristics

of travelers and secondarily a function of

the built environment. Trip lengths have

received relatively little attention, which

may account for the various degrees of

importance attributed to the built

environment in recent studies. Trip lengths

are primarily a function of the built

environment and secondarily a function of

socioeconomic characteristics. Mode

choices have received the most intensive

 study over the decades. Mode choices

depend on both the built environment and

socioeconomics (although they probably

depend more on the latter). Studies of

overall VMT or VHT find the built

environment to be much more significant, a

product of the differential trip lengths that

factor into calculations of VMT and VHT.

17. Holiday The tourism industry thrives on the notion METO Jessica de Bloom, De Bloom, J., Nawijn, J.,

travel, that holiday travel improves well-being. Jeroen Nawijn, Geurts, S., Kinnunen, U., &

staycations, However, scientific evidence that holiday Sabine, Korpela, K., (2016). Holiday

and subjective travel is more beneficial than spending free Geurts,Ulla travel, staycations, and

well-being time at home is lacking. Using the Effort- Kinnunen subjective well-being.

Recovery and the Limited Resources &Kalevi Korpela, PLACE: Journal of

model as theoretical basis, this study (2016) Sustainable Tourism,

investigates whether workers behave,

think, and feel differently during travel Volume 25, 2017 - Issue 4

than during leisure time spent at home. In a

five-week longitudinal field study, we

followed 24 workers during free evenings

after work, a free weekend at home, and on

a free weekend of domestic travel. Within-

person differences were investigated

between these three occasions in behavior,

cognition, and emotions. During travel,

employees slept more, engaged more in

physical and social activities and less in

obligatory activities than during free

evenings after work. Hedonic well-being

was higher and ruminative thinking lower

during travel than during free evenings

after work. Physical distance from home

 and work was related to engagement in

resource-providing rather than resource-

consuming activities and seems to translate

into mental distance from everyday

worries. Differences between holiday

travel and weekends at home were small.

Still, the findings suggest that travel may

provide feelings of remoteness in places

with novel and fascinating qualities, free of

chores.

18. Public road The paper provides a literature review of METO Sami Jarboui, Jarboui, S., Forget, P., &

transport public road transport efficiency. We

Pascal Forget and Boujelbene, Y., (2012).
efficiency: A classified 24 articles published between
Public road transport
Younes
literature 2000 and 2011, based on journals, date of
efficiency: A literature
Boujelbene,
review via the publication, the nature of the papers’, the
review via the classification
(2012)
classification context of the study, the adopted approach
scheme by which efficiency is measured, the scheme. PLACE Published

adopted outputs and inputs and empirical online: 31 July 2012©

findings. Results are presented, discussed Springer-Verlag 2012

and future directions are generated. The

classification scheme technique shows that

the application of the mixed approach of

Data Envelopment Analysis and Stochastic

Frontier Analysis (DEA-SFA), with

operators of different nationalities, is more

robust for analysis of public transport

efficiency, and for identifying sources

inefficiency. Financial variables are

important inputs and outputs for efficiency

studies. However, although the frontier

literature has substantially contributed to

the knowledge of public transport

 technologies and the determinants of

performance, it has been found that many

important issues remain unresolved.

19. The City of Cabanatuan is dubbed as the The research paradigm shows Felipe E. Balaria, Balaria, E., Pascual, P.,

Sustainability “Tricycle Capital of the Philippines”. the interrelatedness of Marilou P. Santos, D., Ortiz, F., et al.,

of E-Trike as Tricycle is a three wheeled vehicle used to variables in the study [20] . Pascual, Mercedes (2017). Sustainability of E-

Alternative transport people. Cabanatuan has about This used the systems D. Santos, Arjay Trike as Alternative Mode of

Mode of Public 30,000 registered gas-fed four-stroke approach in the study of the F. Ortiz, Arneil G. Public Transportation

Transportation motorized tricycles. Tricycle operation in sustainability of E-trike. The Gabriel*, Teodora System: Cabanatuan City,

System: The this City has become the source of paradigm shows the Luz Soto Philippines: OJCE> Vol.7

Case of livelihood for around 10,000 families. Its importance of determining Mangahas, (2017) No.3, September 2017

Cabanatuan number has tremendously increased despite first the current status of the

City, growing competition and declining net tricycle industry in

Philippines daily income and the adverse effects it Cabanatuan City including its

brings to the environment. The study practices and the

analyzed the different aspects in the environmental and health

adoption of E-trikes (electric tricycles) as a hazards pose by the current

mode of public transport system replacing system i.e., gas-fed tricycle.

motorized tricycles in the city. The Then follows comparing the

conceptual framework of sustainable alternatives which has the

development was used to analyze the data. greatest benefits i.e., cost and

Basic accounting method in determining return of an investment as this

return on investment and payback period can be the influencing factor

were used to compare the cost and return in addressing the need for a

from among the current mode of change, and finally its

transportation as against the adoption of E- acceptance. Hence, the

trike. Data gathering employed the possibility on the

interviews, survey questionnaires and focus sustainability in the adoption

group discussion. The three areas of of E-trike can be viewed

sustainability measured in the study were using the economic, socio-

economic, socio-political and political, and environmental

environmental. The study showed that models so that these will the
from among 412 tricycle driver-operators basis for a policy

randomly selected, majority were amenable recommendation.

to the shift from engine propelled tricycle

to E-trike. However, cost of E-trike deters

adoption and full implementation by the

City Government. Political issue is also the

utmost consideration since work

displacement is imminent among the

stakeholders once adoption of this mode

takes place. On the other side, E-trike was

found to be sustainable in the long run both

on the point of view of operators and the

riding public. The paper recommended that

policy regulation be laid down, adopted,

and implemented by the local government

unit in response to the Philippines Cleaner

 Air Act.

20 The College The demographics of the college student Phenomenologically based Marissa Weiss, Weiss, M.,(2014). The

Experience of population, the dearth of research on interviewing and participant (2014) College Experience of

Commuter commuter students, and the pervasive driven photo Commuter Students and the

Students and negative stereotypes of commuters indicate Concepts of Place and Space.
elicitation were chosen as the
the Concepts that University of Rhode Island:
methodology for this study as
of Place and an appreciation of the commuter student Digital Commons @URI
they are appropriate
Space. experience is important for the future of
qualitative methods for
higher education (Dugan et al., 2008;
getting at the essence of an
Jacoby, 1989; Krause, 2007). The Digest of
individual’s experience,

assisting
Education Statistics 2011 reports that in

academic years 2003-04 and 2007-08 in having the participants

85.8%The demographics of the college share their stories (Collier &

student population, the dearth of research Collier, 1986; Carter &

on
commuter students, and the pervasive Mankoff, 2005; Schwartz,

negative stereotypes of commuters indicate 1989), empowering

that individuals who may not

an appreciation of the commuter student identify with

experience is important for the future of

the dominant group (Wang
higher education (Dugan et al., 2008;
1999; Noland, 2006; Van
Jacoby, 1989; Krause, 2007). The Digest of
Auken, Frisvoll & Stewart,

2010), and integrating the

Education Statistics 2011 reports that in
physical environment into the
academic years 2003-04 and 2007-08
study. Using this combination
85.8% of all students enrolled at

postsecondary institutions did not live in of research strategies was

on-campus housing especially useful as there was

(Snyder & Dillow, 2012 data that was not reflected in

164
the photos, but was mentioned

in the interviews, and vice

versa. As a relatively new

researcher, my comfort with

the use of these methods is

still developing. In addition, it

is possible that the methods

can be further modified and

adapted for use in a broader

range of studies – it appears

that the methodology

continues to redefine itself

(Noland,

2006), especially with the

 advent of iPhones and other

digital technologies. As such,

there are a few aspects related

to the implementation of the

methodological strategies

that warrant further

discussion: use of digital

cameras, timing of the study,

and

inclusion of other individuals

in the photos.

21. Non- Non-motorized public transport such as It employed an exploratory Irene Ea, Laurilla Irene, Ea., Laurilla, Ft., &

Motorized Pedicab or tricycle rickshaw earns the research design in which Ft, and Bajado Jc Bajado, Jc., (2015). Non-

Public advantage of a fast way to earn respondents were pedicab (2015) Motorized Public Transport

Transport and money but in the context of the drivers/operators of and Tourism - The Case of
Tourism - The marginalized sector, it is professions they Catbalogan City who were Pedicab Drivers of

Case of know for a living and majority of these asked using an interview Catbalogan, Samar,

Pedicab Pedicab drivers never escape the bondage schedule. A Philippine. Samar,

Drivers of of poverty. The authors surveyed the status researcher-made interview Philippine: Sociology

Catbalogan, of Pedicab operations in schedule comprising of sub-

Samar, Catbalogan City and its role to the tourism sections for the

Philippine industry. themes revolving around:

Profile; Problems, needs and

ailments;

Recreation, benefits and

aspirations of Pedicab drivers;

Complaints

and violations committed; and

Perceived role of Tourism to

increase
 the income of Pedicab drivers.

22. The use of The presence of unique kinds of public meto Marie Danielle Guillena, M. D., Ishidab , H.,

Informal transportation often described as informal Guillena, Haruo & Okamotob, N., (2012).

Public characterizes many cities in developing Ishidab and The use of Informal Public

Transportation countries. As often noted, people in the Naohisa Transportation Modes in

Modes in lower income categories are usually the Okamotob, (2012) Developing Countries

Developing ones who rely on informal public transport Habitual? An Empirical

Countries services. In the Philippines, one can Study in Davao City,

Habitual? An observed that an average Filipino uses Philippines. Davao City,

Empirical door-to-door transport services regularly. Philippines: Transport Policy

Study in This starts from stepping out of the house,

Volume 26, March 2013,
Davao City, walking several paces (if at all), hailing a
Pages 31-42
Philippines “pedicab” (bicycle with a side-cab) or

tricycle (motorcycle with side-cab), to

riding a public utility jeepney (PUJs) or

bus, getting-off, hopping on to another

“pedicab or “tricycle”, and getting

transported right to the door of final

destination. Using Davao City, Philippines

as the case study area, the paper tries to

explore the concept of habit and

dependency on the different road-based

public transport modes based on both

theories of rational behavior and planned

behavior. Empirical results using structural

analysis show the strong public transport

dependency to PUJs and tricycles where

half of the household population have

vehicles. It confirms the role of rational

behavior where socio-economic factors

affect modal decision. Likewise, the study

also shows interesting findings wherein the

quality of service evaluation played a

direct role in the perceived dependency to

formal modes (buses, taxis) and informal

mode (such as motorcycle taxis or MC

taxis) but an indirect role in the actual use

of the mode. The study shows the

relationship of perceived reliance vis-à-vis

trip recall using indigenous modes (PUJs,

tricycles) and supports the theory that

suggests the role of habits and “mere

exposure” effect. As noted in many related

studies, it is not easy to alter habits. This

indicator is validated by the actual use of

public transport modes especially tricycles

and MC taxis for short-distance trips as

well as how one views own dependency

vis-à-vis how the same individual sees

his/her household and community

dependency to a certain public transport

mode. These findings suggest the need to

understand Filipino commuter's

psychology and a careful review and

understanding of the concept of

sustainability, infrastructure needs,

seamless multi-modal connections and

over-all quality of service given limited

economic support in a context of an

emerging city in a developing country.

23. This paper presents the results of a Because travel behaviour is Gabriela Beirão, Beirao, G., & Cabra, J. A.,
Understanding
qualitative study of public transport users complex, a deep under- and J.A. Sarsfield (2017). Understanding
attitudes
and car users in order to obtain a deeper standing of people’s Cabral (2017) attitudes towards public
towards public
transport and understanding of travellers' attitudes perceptions, attitudes and transport and private car.
private car: A
towards transport and to explore behaviour isneeded. PLACES: Transport Policy
qualitative
perceptions of public transport service Qualitative methods are a
study Volume 14, Issue 6,
quality. The key findings indicate that in powerful tool to explorethose
November 2007, Pages 478-
order to increase public transport usage, the complexities (Clifton and
489
service should be designed in a way that Handy, 2001), since

accommodates the levels of service theyallow a grasp of the

required by customers and by doing so, individual’s own explanations

attract potential users. Furthermore, the of behaviour and attitudes.

choice of transport is influenced by several One of the major trade-

factors, such as individual characteristics offsbetween quantitative

and lifestyle, the type of journey, the methods and qualitative

perceived service performance of each methods is atrade-off between

 transport mode and situational variables. breadth and depth (Patton,

This suggests the need for segmentation 1990).Quantitative

taking into account travel attitudes and approaches have the

behaviours. Policies which aim to advantage of measuringthe

influence car usage should be targeted at reactions of many subjects to

the market segments that are most a limited set of

motivated to change and willing to reduce questionsallowing the

frequency of car use. comparison and statistical

aggregation of thedata. On the

other hand, qualitative

methods produce awealth of

detailed data on a small

number of individuals(Patton,

1990)

24. Service In this article a tool for measuring The sample survey was Eboli, L., and G. Eboli, L., and G. Mazzulla.
quality
customer satisfaction in public transport is addressed to University of 2007. Service quality
attributes proposed. Specifically, a structural Calabria students who lived in Mazzulla. 2007 attributes affecting customer
affecting
equation model is formulated to explore satis-faction for bus transit.
customer the urban area of Cosenza.
the impact of Journal of Public
satisfaction for The university is the major
bus transit Transportation 10: 21-34
the relationship between global customer center of interest in this

satisfaction and service quality attributes.

area. Unlike other Italian

The public transport service analyzed is the universities, which are located

bus service habitually used by University inside the urban center,

of Calabria students to reach the campus the University of Calabria is

from the urban area of Cosenza (southern like the Anglo-Saxon campus;

it is located outside the

Italy). To calibrate the model, some data

collected in a survey addressed to a sample city in an area in which there

are both university facilities

of students were used. The proposed model
and residential services.
can be useful both to transport agencies

More than 30,000 students

 and planners to analyze the correlation attend the university, which is

between service quality attributes and staffed by 2,000 people

identify the more convenient attributes for

(March 2006).
improving the supplied service.

25. Stated In this article a tool for measuring To evaluate bus service Laura Eboli and Eboli, E., & Mazzulla, G.,
reasons for
reducing customer satisfaction in public transport is quality, the respondent was Gabriella (2007). Stated reasons for
work-commute
proposed. Specifically, a structural asked about 16 service Mazzulla, (2007) reducing work-commute by
by car
equation model is formulated to explore attributes. On a scale from 1 car. University of Calabria:

the impact of to 10, users expressed a rate Journal of Public

of importance and a rate of Transportation, Vol. 10, No.

the relationship between global customer
3
satisfaction and service quality attributes. satisfaction on each attribute.

In addition, a rate on global

The public transport service analyzed is the
service, in terms of both
bus service habitually used by University

expected and perceived

of Calabria students to reach the campus
quality, was requested.
from the urban area of Cosenza (southern
 Italy). To calibrate the model, some data

collected in a survey addressed to a sample

of students were used. The proposed model

can be useful both to transport agencies

and planners to analyze the correlation

between service quality attributes and

identify the more convenient attributes for

improving the supplied service.

26. Satisfaction subjective well-being (SWB) that includes A paper-and-pencil survey Dick Ettema, Ettema, D., Gärling, T.,

with travel and individuals’ cognitive and affective was administered to 155 Tommy Gärling, Eriksson, L., Friman, M., et

subjective evaluationsof life ingeneral is proposed to undergraduates at Karlstad Lars Eriksson, al., (2011). Satisfaction with

well-being: be amore appropriate measurecapturing the University, Sweden. They Margareta Friman travel and subjective well-

Development benefits indi-viduals derive from travel were recruitedin classes and Lars E. Olsson, being: Development and test

and test of a improvements. We develop and test a participatedin returnfor and Satoshi Fuji, of a measurement tool. :

measurement measure of travel- coursecredit. Their meanage (2010) Utrecht University, Utrecht,
tool relatedSWB,thenineitemself- was 26.5years, rangingfrom18 Netherlands;

reportsatisfactionwithtravelscale(STS).Inas to 49years. One hun-dred

Karlstad University,
urveyof155under-graduates, STS, mood eight were women, 134 had a
Karlstad, Sweden; University
ratings, and ratings of SWB were collected driving license, 133 had
of Gothenburg, Göteborg,
for three hypotheticalweekdays differing in access to a car, and 96 used a
Sweden;
travel mode, travel time, access to bus car for several trips per
Kyoto University, Kyoto,
stops, and daily week.In the survey
Japan: Transportation
activityagenda.TheresultsshowedthatSTSis questionnaire the respondents
Research Part F 14 (2011)
reliableanddifferentiatesbetweenchangesint were asked to evaluate the
167–175
ravelconditions. STS, mood, and to some three hypothetical days shown

extent SWB were shown to be affected by in Table 2 (re-ferred to as

travel mode(bus vs. car), travel time, ‘‘agendas’’) (see Eriksson et

access to bus stops, and the number of al., 2010). Agenda 1 include

activities in the dailyagenda two activities (work and

dropping/pickingup child

atdaycare center), the agenda

2 one additional activity

(grocery shopping) and

agenda 3 another additional

activity (durableshopping in

department store).Five

versions of the questionnaire

were presented. As shown in

Table 3, they differed in travel

mode (bus vs. car), traveltime,

and (in case of public

transport) in access to bus

stops (walking time). Note

that for versions 1 (bus) and 5

(car) totaltravel time was the

same. Total time away

fromhome increased
fromagenda 1 to agenda 2 and

fromagenda 2 to agenda

3,while the differences in

travel time between the

versions remained the

same.After reading the

description of each day

(agenda), respondents

imagined that the day had

been as described and eval-

uatedthedayontheSTS,mood,a

ndSWLSscales.Thefiveversio

nsofthequestionnairewererand

omlydistributedinclassessuch

that each version was filled

out by an equal number of

 participants. In the different

questionnaires the order in

whichthe agendas were

presented was

counterbalanced according to

a latin square.

27. Can’t get Commuting to work and school can be A factor analysis was Lesley Fordham, Fordham, L., & El‐Geneidy,

no satisfaction: viewed as an unpleasant and necessary conducted for each mode to Dea van Lierop, A. (2017). Can’t get no

task. However, group similar variables and Ahmed El- satisfaction:

2 Examining
together and identify Geneidy (2016)
the some people enjoy their commutes, and Examining the influence of

relationship trip satisfaction can have a positive impact 33 how variables from the commuting on overall life

between on overall life survey questions relate to one satisfaction. Paper presented

commuting another. Using the rotated at 96th 38 Transportation

5 satisfaction. The purpose of this study is
and overall life component matrix,
to analyze the relationship between 39 Research Board Annual
satisfaction
individuals’ 34 several factors were Meeting, Washington D.C.,
6 satisfaction with their commuting trips identified for each mode. USA.

and their reported overall life satisfaction. Variables for each factor were

This study is selected based on a

7 based on the results of the 2015/2016 35 factor loading threshold of

McGill Commuter Survey, a university- .5 or above or -.5 or below.

wide travel survey These factors, a description of

the variables
8 in which students, staff and faculty

described their commuting experiences to 36 within each factor, and the

McGill University, factor loadings are shown in

Table 1.
9 located in Montreal, Canada. Using a

Factor-Cluster analysis, the study reveals 37 In order to acknowledge

that there is a heterogeneity in travel

behavior between and within

10 relationship between trip satisfaction
modes, a
and the impact of commuting on overall
life satisfaction. One 38 factor analysis was

conducted independently for

11 result of the study shows that cyclists
each mode. Therefore,
and pedestrians have the highest overall
because survey
trip satisfaction,

39 respondents were asked

12 report that their life satisfaction is most
different questions based on
impacted by their commute, and have the
their main mode of
highest overall
transportation for the trip,
13 life satisfaction. Also, for all mode
40 several mode specific
users, one or two clusters exhibit lower trip
factors resulted from the
satisfaction, report
analysis. For some modes, the
14 that satisfaction with their commute
analysis revealed
does not greatly influence their life
41 similar factors. For
satisfaction, and claim
example, bus users, metro
15 having access to and using fewer
modes relative to other users of the same users and train users all

mode. These results, in revealed an ‘Importance

16 addition to the results that active mode 42 with Comfort’ and

users have high life and trip satisfaction, ‘Satisfaction with Comfort’

suggest that factor. Furthermore, a factor

called the ‘Multi43 Modal

17 building well-connected multi-modal
Measure’ was created. With
networks that incorporate active
the exception of cyclists, this
transportation can improve
measure included the number
18 the travel experience of all commuters.
of

44 modes the respondent has

access to and the number of

modes used to make their

most recent trip.

 45 For cyclists, this measure

only included the number of

modes used in the most recent

trip

28. Satisfaction The potential effectiveness of soft policy 3.1 Participants Ayako Taniguchi, Taniguchi, A., Grääs, C., &

with travel, measures aimed at reduced car use depends Carin Grääs, and Friman, M., (2014).
A mobility survey was
goal on how car Margareta Satisfaction with travel, goal
conducted at three workplaces
achievement, Friman, (2014) achievement,
users experience these. A common in a Swedish medium-sized

and voluntary measure being implemented is a free region and voluntary behavioral

behavioral monthly travel card valid change. PLACE:

6
change Transportation Research Part
for a limited period on public transport
(population 310 914). All the
F: Traffic Psychology and
(PT). In this study, a total of 321 car
employees (8705) were asked
Behaviour volume 26, Part
commuters living in
about their travel habits. In
A, September 2014, Pages
Värmland, Sweden were recruited into the
10-17
such a program. The goal was to use PT
between home mobility survey, they were http://hdl.handle.net/2241/00

also asked to indicate whether 123072

and work at least three times a week over a
or not they were interested in
period of four weeks. Immediately after

completion of participating in a test traveler

program. Among those who

the program, the participants answered a
signed up for the program
follow-up questionnaire. The Satisfaction
(23%),
with Travel

people who travelled alone to

Scale (STS) was used to measure their
work by car three days a week
travel experiences. They were also asked to
or more were chosen. As a
rate their goal
result
achievement. A process model was used
three hundred and twenty-one
during the analyses. Regression analysis
people participated in the
showed that the
program with the aim of
distance from home to the nearest bus stop
had a significantly negative effect on the reducing their

STS. The
car use to commute. The

STS had a significantly positive effect on participants were offered a

goal achievement. Both goal achievement free monthly travel card valid

and the STS on PT for four

had a significantly positive effect both on weeks (corresponding to 135

PT use and on future goals. This study Euro). During the test period,

shows that travel the participants agreed to use

PT
experiences and goal achievement are

important for voluntary behavioral change. between home and work at

least three times a week. Of

the total number of

participants (321), 259

answered the follow-up

survey in October 2012,

which is analyzed in this

study.

3.2 Procedure

A survey questionnaire was

then administered using a

web-based interface. A list of

the email

addresses of the employees

who were included in the test

traveler program was used to

send out

emails. A web link to the

survey and a cover letter

signed by a representative of

the participating

company were attached. An

initial reminder was emailed

after a few days and a second

reminder

after a week. It was possible

to answer the questionnaire

over a two-week period.

3.3 Questionnaire

The questionnaire consisted

of four parts. Questions aimed

at describing reasons for

participating in the test

traveler program were asked

in the first part. It was

possible to choose

several reasons from a list of

nine which included

“nothing/don’t know”. The

three most common

reasons for participation were

(1) that it was free of charge,

(2) environmental reasons and

(3) a

whillingnes to change travel

habits.

The second part asked the

respondents to answer

questions about progress

toward their

goals. Questions were asked

about achieving, or

exceeding, their initial

commitment (three trips

per week). Participants

exceeding their goals were

asked to specify their travel

change goals prior

to the test period. All the

participants were asked about

outcome. Outcome was

ranked on a scale

from 3-4 trips per week to

over 11 trips per week (see

Table 1). In the analysis, “0”

indicated that

the goal had neither been

achieved nor exceeded, while

“1” indicated that the goal had

either been

achieved or exceeded. Two

questions were aimed at

describing reasons for

achieving or not
achieving initial goals. It was

possible to choose several

reasons from predefined lists.

These

reasons are reported in Figure

2.

In the third part, the

Satisfaction with Travel Scale

(STS) was applied (Ettema, et

al.,

2011). The STS consists of

nine items which are all rated

on seven-point bipolar scales,

whereby
a positive score coincides

with both a positive affective

experience and a higher

quality

experience, and a negative

score coincides with both a

negative affective experience

and a lower

quality experience. The items

are as follows: commuting by

PT was the worst/best thing I

can

think of, it had a very

low/very high standard, it

worked very well/very poorly,

I felt very

hurried/very relaxed, very

stressed/very calm, very

worried/very confident, I felt

very tired/very

alert, very bored/very

enthusiastic, and very fed

up/very engaged. As

mentioned in Table 1,

Cronbach's alpha was high

level (= 0.839), and the

coefficient of correlations (r

square) between
 the three components

exceeded 0.60. Thus an STS

Index was calculated by

averaging across the

scales.

29. Happiness Abstract The participants were 713 Lars E. Olsson, Olsson, E., Gärling, T.,

and work commuters (41.7% Tommy Gärling, Ettema, D., Friman, M., &
Research suggests that for many people
Satisfaction male; age ranging from 20 to Dick Ettema, Fujii, S., (2013). Happiness
happiness is being able to make the
with Work 65 with a mean of 41.2 years) Margareta Friman and Satisfaction with Work
routines of everyday life work, such that
Commute living in the three largest and Satoshi Fujii, Commute. Place: Social
positive feelings dominate over negative
urban areas of Sweden (2013). Indicators Research volume
feelings resulting from daily hassles. In
(Stockholm population 111, pages255–263 (2013)
line with this, a survey of work commuters
850,000; Göteborg population
in the three largest urban areas of Sweden
510,000; Malmö population
show that satisfaction with the work
395,000) (for detailed sample
commute contributes to overall happiness.
It is also found that feelings during the characteristics, see Table S1

commutes are predominantly positive or in the supporting information

neutral. Possible explanatory factors available online). The

include desirable physical exercise from participants answered a mail

walking and biking, as well as that short questionnaire that had three

commutes provide a buffer between the consecutive modules

work and private spheres. For longer work consisting of questions about

commutes, social and entertainment the work commute, overall

activities either increase positive affects or happiness, and

counteract stress and boredom. Satisfaction sociodemographics.

with being employed in a recession may

also spill over to positive experiences of

To minimize memory
work commutes.
distortions (Schwarz et al.

2009) the most recent normal

commute to and from work

was targeted in the

questionnaire. In the first

module the participants first

reported the date, departure

and arrival times, intermediate

stops, and travel modes. On

the basis of the self-reports of

mode use, work commutes

were classified as made by car

if car was used for at least one

leg of the commute1 (to work

n = 269; from work n = 259),

as made by public transit (PT)

if PT was used for at least one

leg and that no car was used

for any other leg (to work n =

251; from work n = 254), and

as commutes by slow modes

if the commuters walked or

biked all legs (to work n =

165; from work n = 164).

In the same module the STS

was then administered to

assess satisfaction with the

commute to and from work,

respectively. The STS

consists of nine seven-point

adjective scales; three

measuring quality of travel

(worked very poorly [−3] −

worked very well [3]; very

low standard [−3] − very high

standard [3]; worst

imaginable [−3] − best

imaginable [3]), three

measuring positive activation

versus negative deactivation

(very bored [−3] − very

enthusiastic [3]; very fed up

[−3] − very engaged [3]; very

hurried [−3] − very relaxed

[3]), and three measuring

positive deactivation versus

negative activation (very

stressed [−3] − very calm [3];

very tired [−3] − very alert

 [3]; very worried [−3] − very

confident [3]). The order

between the ratings scales was

counterbalanced.

30. Drivers' This research explored the dimensions of The contract with Project Tara Beth Goddard, T. B., (2017).

Attitudes and Implicit was signed on March Goddard, (2017) Drivers' Attitudes and
drivers’ attitudes toward bicyclists,
Behaviors 3, 2016, and notification Behaviors Toward Bicyclists:
including implicit bias and social attitudes,
Toward Intermodal
of “exempt” status was
and examined the relationships between
Bicyclists:
received from the Portland Interactions and Implications
these attitudes and drivers’ self-reported
Intermodal
State University Institutional for Road Safety. Portland
behaviors. The online survey included a
Interactions State University:
Review Board on the same
cognitive test of respondents’ implicit
and Dissertations and Theses.
day. The survey was launched
Implications preference between drivers and bicyclists. Paper 3645.
on May 20, 2016, and
for Road The research questions are detailed in
remained open until June 16,
Safety
the introduction, followed by a review of
2016 (28 days), when it
selected literature (Chapter 2) and passed the threshold of

detailed methodology (Chapter 3). The first 47

set of results (Chapter 4) explores the

60% completion rate of the

potential usefulness of the implicit method 1,000 survey “starts” included

and the attitude measures developed in the contract. The

for this research, and presents an analysis data was cleaned and

of drivers’ attitudes and what predicts provided by Project Implicit

on June 24, 2016.

more positive attitudes toward bicyclists.

The second set of results (Chapter 5) Respondents were able to

complete the survey on a

extends the analysis to drivers’ self-report
desktop PC or Mac. The
behaviors, and how demographics,

survey tool was not available

individual travel behavior, attitudes, and
on mobile platforms. The
the built environment predict drivers’
behaviors related to bicyclist safety. The sorting task at the

dissertation concludes with a discussion

beginning of the survey

of the contribution to the literature on required a free plugin to run

driver attitudes and behaviors, and the the program. This provided

implications for both practice and research. a quality control for differing

internet or processor speeds.

As with any

remotelyadministered survey,

there was no way to control

for distractions or other

barriers in respondents’

environments. While in-

vehicle distractions (from

passengers to in-car
 technology) are growing in

type and ubiquity, it cannot be

assumed that environmental

distractions during the test

simulate distractions in

the vehicle.

31. The This study aims to investigate the The research method of Adris. A. Putra, Putra, A. A., Yamin, J. M.,

Satisfaction performance of public transport services, analysis of performance Riyanto, B., & Mulyono, A.
Jinca, M. Yamin,
Analysis for knowing the satisfaction of satisfaction urban public T., (2014). The Satisfaction
Bambang
the transport used is descriptive Analysis for the Performance
public transport users in terms of aspects of Riyanto, Agus
Performance of Public Transport Urban
interest or societal expectations, determine quantitative method Taufik Mulyono,
of Public Areas. PLACE: ISSN
the effect of the level of quantitative descriptive study (2014)
(Online) 2319-183X, (Print)
Transport aims to accurately describe
satisfaction of public transport services on
2319-1821 Volume 3, Issue 8
Urban Areas the properties of an
the performance of public transport. This
(August 2014), PP.38-44
individual,
research method is a state, or the symptoms of a

particular group, or influence

method of qualitative research, data
in public relations. Analysis
analysis is used to determine the
of the performance of
performance of public transport use

public transport use

Importance Performance Analysis (IPA)
Importance Performance
and know the satisfaction of users of public
Analysis (IPA) to investigate
transport using the
the performance of public
Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), to
transport,
examine the effect of satisfaction on the
which is in accordance with
performance of public transport
the expectations of users of
using Structural Equation Modeling
public transport. Analysis of
(SEM).
transport user satisfaction

The results showed that the performance of

using customer satisfaction
public transport remains low in providing
services to the index (CSI) is a measurement

to determine the level of

users of public transport. The main priority
overall satisfaction with the
of the expectations or interests of public

transport users to get approach that considers the

interest rate or the

treatment or improvement of public
expectations of public
transport services is an indicator of
transport users. The analysis
accessibility, integration, capacity,
of the effect
smooth and fast, convenient, safety, easy,
of satisfaction on the
timely, orderly, efficient. Based on the
performance of public
calculation, the CSI value of
transport using Structural
48.19% or 0.48 based on criteria CSI
Equation Modeling (SEM) to
values were in the range from 0.35 to 0.50
determine
(less satisfied) this means that
the dominant variable.
the public transport user satisfaction index
of the performance of public transport are Structural testing using

less satisfied with the AMOS version 18.0 will

convert the model

service transport general. Based on the
specifications in
results of SEM analysis of the influence of

public transport user structural equation and

measurement equation of the

satisfaction (Y) on the performance of
model specification.
public transport (X) derived a

mathematical equation Y = 0,873X + 0.022

indicates that the public transport user

satisfaction has a positive and significant

effect on the performance of

public transport, any increase in public

transport performance indicators it will

also influence the increase in

 satisfaction of users of public transport.

32. Perceptions This article presents the outcomes of a This study is based on a Sara Ramos, Ramos, S., Vicente, P.,

of the Public qualitative study involving users of public qualitative approach with two Paula Vicente, Passos, A. M., Costa, P., et

Transport distinct but complementary Ana M. Passos, al., (2019). Perceptions of the
transportation in the metropolitan area of
Service as a stages of Patrícia Costa and Public Transport Service as a
Lisbon in order to obtain a deeper
Elizabeth Reis,
Barrier to the understanding of data collection: Barrier to the Adoption of
(2019)
Adoption of Public Transport: A
attitudes towards public transport and to (1) Ethnographic interviews:
Public
explore perceptions of the public transport conducted with the purpose of Qualitative Study.
Transport: A
service. It is gathering data, during a Universitário de Lisboa,

Qualitative journey, Avenida das Forças

important to know what people think and
Study Armadas, 1649-026 Lisbon:
feel about public transport so that strategies on perceptions of public
ana.passos@iscte-iul.pt
can be transport, critical aspects of
(A.M.P.);
transport service and daily
designed to attract people to public
elizabeth.reis@iscte-iul.pt
travel routines
transport. Ethnographic interviews and
(E.R.)
focus group discussions based on interviews and

observation.
were conducted to identify factors that

potentially influence people’s perceptions (2) Focus group discussions:

and determine their conducted with the objective

of gathering information
satisfaction, or dissatisfaction with the
about the
public transport service. The key findings

suggest that public perception of the different

transport modes and negative

transport usage would increase if the level
and positive aspects in the use
of service was brought in line with users’
of
expectations;

public transport.
more specifically, there should be a better

connection between inter-modal options, As noted above, qualitative

more compliance research is not about

statistical significance but

 with timetables, and a more appropriate about gleaning a real

response to users’ needs.

understanding of people’s

responses so as to identify

what drives their decisions.

As such, statistical

representativeness was

33. Drivers of The purpose of this thesis is twofold: Parents’ wish to accompany Jessica Westman, Westman, J., (2013). Drivers

Children's Firstly, it explores the reasons parents state their children to school, and (2013) of Children's

for choosing the the convenience of the car,

Travel Travel Satisfaction. Karlstad:
both impact
Satisfaction car to take their children to school; Karlstads universitet, 2017. ,

Secondly, it investigates how the upon the travel mode p. 61

characteristics of the journey decision. In addition, parents

also seem to choose the car

relate to children’s wellbeing, mood, and
regardless of the
cognitive performance. This thesis consists
of three distance between home and

school. The findings further

papers (Papers I, II, and III). Participating
reveal that the mood children
in Paper I were 245 parents of
are in varies
schoolchildren aged

with how they travel and

between 10 and 15 in Värmland County,
where they go, and that there
Sweden. These parents answered a
is a difference between boys’
questionnaire wherein
and girls’
they stated to what degree certain
experiences. Children who
statements correlated with their decision to
travel by car experience the
choose the car. In
lowest degree of quality and
Paper II, 237 children in grade 4 (aged 10-
activation,
11), in the City of Staffanstorp, Sweden,
something which is
recorded all
maintained throughout the
their journeys in a diary over one school
week, also reporting on their travel mode, school day (especially for

current mood girls). Social activities

while travelling, activities on arrival, and during travel bring a higher

experiences vis-à-vis those activities. degree of quality and

Participating in Paper excitement, while solitary

activities bring more

III was a sample of 345 children aged

between 10 and 15 attending five public stress. The findings further

schools in Värmland show that using a smartphone,

or doing a combination of
County, Sweden. These children rated their
activities
current mood, filled out the Satisfaction

with Travel during the journey, results in

better cognitive performance.

Scale (capturi
Thus, it is concluded that the

mode
 choice that parents make for

their children correlates with

those children’s mood and

experience.

Specifically, where and how

children travel, what they do

when they travel, and how

long they

travel for affect their

experiences, mood, and/or

cognitive performance.

34. Satisfaction Transportation is the backbone of life. The research strategy I Made Sukmayasa, M.,(2014).

with travel Convenience to move provides an specifically is to measure the Sukmayasa, Satisfaction with travel scale

scale perceived of performance (2014)

opportunity to develop experience and before and after

before and of quality attribute through

after knowledge as well as making it easier data collection in the pre-test implementing

implementing (before quality

to interact with all parts of the world new improvement. Karlstad:

new regardless of the distance traveled. attribute had been improved) Karlstads universitet

improvement and post-test (after quality

Displacement better and faster affects well-
improvement has
being because facilitating

been implemented). The

communication with both work and leisure
measurement is guided by
activities become easier and
quantitative method due to
comfortable. Economic equality in each
identifying a general pattern
region arising because there is a
of participants’ reactions to
platform facilitated people and goods to
treatment before and
move easily.
after employing of quality

attribute in Karlstadbuss

through pre-determined
 response categories from

preceding literature revie

35. Travel Accessibility of travel may be better Interpretation. In the Catherine Sudling, C., (2015). Travel

Behavior understood if psychological factors interpretation and cognitive Sudling, (2015) Behavior Change in Older

Change in underlying change in travel behavior are processing of a situation, the Travelers: Understanding

Older known. This paper examines older (65+) travelers’ goals and values Critical Reactions to

Travelers: travelers’ motives for changing their travel will affect the meaning Incidents Encountered in

Understanding behavior. These changes are grounded in ascribed to what is perceived Public Transport. PALE: Int

Critical critical incidents earlier encountered in [19]. For example, a delay on J Environ Res Public Health.

Reactions to public-transport travel. A scientific the way to an important 2015 Nov; 12(11): 14741–

Incidents framework is developed based on cognitive appointment may be 14763.

Encountered and behavioral theory. In 29 individual interpreted differently from a

Published online 2015 Nov
in Public interviews, travelers’ critical reactions (i.e., delay on the way home.
18. doi:
Transport cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral) to Interpretation is partly based
10.3390/ijerph121114741
77 critical incidents were examined. By on experiences that are shared

applying critical incident technique (CIT), due to, for example, shared
five reaction themes were identified that gender and culture, and is

had generated travel-behavior change: firm partly idiosyncratic [20].

restrictions, unpredictability, unfair Although sharing the same

treatment, complicated trips, and earlier kind of functional limitation,

adverse experiences. To improve older different individuals may still

travelers’ access to public transport, key interpret a situation in

findings were: (a) service must be designed different ways. Consequently,

so as to strengthen the feeling of being in the functional limitation is not

control throughout the journey; (b) sufficient for understanding

extended personal service would increase travel behavior. Moreover,

predictability in the travel chain and even if a barrier does not exist

decrease travel complexity; consequently, in the “actual” environment, it

(c) when designing new services and will hinder travel as long as it

making effective accessibility is present in the person’s

interventions, policy makers should mind [20]. Perceived control

consider and utilize underlying of one’s behavior and of its

psychological factors that could direct outcome will influence the

traveler behavior. interpretation of the situation

[21]. Perceived external

control over an outcome (that

is, low personal control) may

evoke psychological distress,

possibly lowering the

motivation to solve the

problems encountered

[19,22]. Thus, regardless of

what is encountered in the

external environment, positive

and negative incidents in

traveling may be created in

the imagination and therefore

depend on personal (e.g.,

 personality), situational,

biological, and cultural

factors, as well as on earlier

experiences. Older persons

report a lower sense of control

than do younger adults.

Beyond the age of 60 years,

perceived control decreases at

an accelerating rate, possibly

because of retirement,

deteriorating health,

increasing rate of widowhood

[23], as well as a contracting

personal network due to the

death of friends and kin.

36. This study addresses two questions: (1) Parents’ wish to accompany Friman, Friman, M., (2004).
Implementing What effect does quality improvement their children to school, and Margareta, (2004) Implementing quality

quality have on satisfaction with public transport the convenience of the car, improvements in public

improvements services? (2) What effect does quality both impact transport. Karlstad

in public improvement have on passengers’ University, Sweden: Journal

upon the travel mode
transport. perceived frequency of negative critical of Public Transportation 7:
decision. In addition, parents
incidents? A representative sample was 49-6
also seem to choose the car
used of people 16 to 75 years old in the 13
regardless of the
regions in Sweden that were conducting
distance between home and
quality improvements in public transport.
school. The findings further
Data were collected before and after
reveal that the mood children
implementation (n=2797)
are in varies

with how they travel and

where they go, and that there

is a difference between boys’

and girls’

experiences. Children who

travel by car experience the

lowest degree of quality and

activation,

something which is

maintained throughout the

school day (especially for

girls). Social activities

during travel bring a higher

degree of quality and

excitement, while solitary

activities bring more

stress. The findings further

show that using a smartphone,

or doing a combination of

activities

during the journey, results in

better cognitive performance.

Thus, it is concluded that the

mode

choice that parents make for

their children correlates with

those children’s mood and

experience.

Specifically, where and how

children travel, what they do

when they travel, and how

 long they

travel for affect their

experiences, mood, and/or

cognitive performance.

37. Quality Examination of the perceived total quality The perceived total quality of Kerkko Vanhanen, K., & Kurri, J.,

factors in of public public transport is the Vanhanen, and (2014). Quality factors in

public Jari Kurri, (2014) public transport. PLACE: K

transport includes the identification and result of the combined effect
transport Vanhanen
classification of objective (actual

of various quality factors, determination of travel time, actual travel costs,

passenger accidents, if any, etc.)

satisfaction with these quality factors and and subjective factors in

the evaluation of the relative significance individual travel experiences

of the quality factors. accumulated over a longer

period of time
The two research projects in the Public
Transport Research Programme have – Satisfied passengers

focused on developing methods to evaluate perceive also the quality of

perceived quality especially in urban the

bus traffic. A pilot survey was used to public transport service they

study the relative receive as good

weighting of quality factors based on – Traditional measurable

hierarchical classification of the quality quality and passenger

factors. The empirical element satisfaction partly differ from

one another
of the study further examined the

combined effect on – Passengers may feel overall

public transport quality

the travel experience of driver helpfulness

and driving has deteriorated even if

monitoring of the operator’s

style on the one hand and bus cleanliness

and tidiness quality criteria indicates it has

on the other. The second project involved remained unchanged

analysing
or has even improved (Friman

data from the extensive customer 2004)

satisfaction surveys
– Quality factors that are

conducted on a regular basis in the perceived to be in order and

Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA). In

to which little attention is
these surveys, passengers are
therefore paid in daily

asked to rate an average of ten quality

travel situations can easily be
factors. The
undervalued (Friman

desire to elaborate the research methods in

2004)
customer
– Quality factors that are
surveys is grounded in the changes
perceived as requiring much
proposed to the
improvement are deemed to
 competitive tendering of bus traffic and its be important even if

incentive

systems.

38. Frequency A mail survey was conducted to investigate Another theoretical possibility Margareta Frimana, M., Edvardssona,

of negative factors affecting public transport users’ is that judgments of Frimana, Bo B., & Gärling, T., (2001).

critical satisfaction with the service. The satisfaction are not based Edvardssona, and Frequency of negative

incidents and respondents were residents of a onmemory but are made on- Tommy Gärling, critical incidents and sat-

sat-isfaction metropolitan area of Sweden. A model was line (Hastie and Park 1986). (2001). isfaction with public

with public proposed and estimated using the This implies that impressions transport services. Journal of

transport maximum-likelihood method available in areimmediately updated as Retailing and Consumer

services LISREL VIII. In the model, overall information is encountered. Services

cumulative satisfaction is positively related An example of an on-line

Volume 8, Issue 2, March
to attribute-specific cumulative satisfaction judgment of aservice is that
2001, Pages 95-104
which in turn is negatively related to the customers update their current

remembered frequency of negative critical cumulative satisfaction for

incidents. In addition, measurement models every NCI. Thus, itmay be

indicated that both attribute-specific assumed that neither memory

satisfaction and the frequency of negative for particular critical incidents

critical incidents are related to treatment by nor their frequencies play any

employee, reliability of service, simplicity role for cumulative

of information, and design. satisfaction. Whether

satisfaction judgments are

memory-basedor on-line (see

Figure 2) has obvious

theoretical, methodological,

and practical

implications.Therefore, it is

important to attempt to

empirically distinguish

between these

alternatives.Consider the
 following example of a

methodological implication

39. Service The purpose of this thesis is twofold: In this paper, an index based David A. Hensher, D. A., Stopher, P.,

quality — Firstly, it explores the reasons parents state on customer perspective is Hensher, Peter & Bullock, P., (2003).

developing a for choosing the proposed for evaluatingtransit Stopher, and Service quality —developing

service quality service quality. Te index, Philip Bullock, a service quality index in the
car to take their children to school;
index in the named Heterogeneous (2003) provision of commercial bus
Secondly, it investigates how the
provision of Customer Satisfaction contracts. Transportation
characteristics of the journey
commercial Index,is inspired by the Research Part A: Policy and
relate to children’s wellbeing, mood, and
bus contracts traditional Customer Practice
cognitive performance. This thesis consists
Satisfaction Index, but takes
Volume 37, Issue 6, July
of three
into account theheterogeneity
2003, Pages 499-517
papers (Papers I, II, and III). Participating among the user judgments

in Paper I were 245 parents of about the different service

schoolchildren aged aspects. Teindex allows

service quality to be
between 10 and 15 in Värmland County, monitored, the causes

Sweden. These parents answered a generating customer satis-

questionnaire wherein faction/dissatisfaction to be

identified, and the strategies

they stated to what degree certain
for improving the
statements correlated with their decision to
servicequality to be defined.
choose the car. In
Te proposed methodologies
Paper II, 237 children in grade 4 (aged 10-
show some advantages
11), in the City of Staffanstorp, Sweden,
comparedto the others
recorded all
adopted for measuring service

their journeys in a diary over one school quality, because it can be

week, also reporting on their travel mode, easily appliedby the transit

current mood operators.

while travelling, activities on arrival, and

experiences vis-à-vis those activities.

 Participating in Paper

III was a sample of 345 children aged

between 10 and 15 attending five public

schools in Värmland

County, Sweden. These children rated their

current mood, filled out the Satisfaction

with Travel

Scale (capturi

40.Valuing This article investigates the Public transit use has been declining for Todd Litman, (2008) Litman, Todd. 2008.

transit value transit travelers place on decades. Between 1940 and 1990, the Valuing Transit Service

service qualitative factors, such as Quality Improvements.

number of trips made using public
quality comfort and convenience, and Journal of Public
transit in the United States fell from
improvement practical ways to incorporate Transportation, 11 (2): 43-
over 13 to
s these factors into transport 63.
under 9 billion, as the population more
planning and project
evaluation. Conventional than doubled (O’Sullivan, 1996). In DOI:

evaluation practices generally http://doi.org/10.5038/237

tandem with this decline in transit usage,
assign the same time value 5-0901.11.2.3
private vehicle usage has continued to
regardless of travel conditions,
Available at:
rise. Between 1975 and 1990, the
and so undervalue comfort and
https://scholarcommons.us
civilian population grew by 15.9% while
convenience impacts. More
f.edu/jpt/vol11/iss2/3
total
comprehensive analysis of

transit service quality tends to vehicle miles traveled in passenger cars

expand the range of potential grew by 43.6% (Downs, 1992)

transit improvement options,

and justify more investments in

transit service quality

improvements. This article

examines the value passengers

place on transit service quality,

summarizes research on travel

 time valuation, explores how

transit service quality factors

affect travel time values and

transit ridership, and discusses

implications of this analysis.

41. The There is increasing concern meto Mackett, R. L., and Mackett, R. L., &

impact of about dependence on the car M. Edwards. (1998) Edwards, M., (1998). The

new public and the need to improve the impact of new public

transport environment in many cities. transport systems: Will the

systems: Will One approach is to construct expectations be met?

the new public transport systems. Place: Transportation

expectations Many of these are being Research Part A: Policy

be met? planned and constructed in and Practice, Elsevier, vol.

cities around the world. This 32(4), pages 231-245,

paper is concerned with the

way in which decisions are

made about such systems, in

particular the rationale

underlying the decision-making

process and the implications

for the city in terms of travel

demand, urban development

and the environment. The

analysis is based upon a

worldwide survey carried out

as part of a project to

investigate the decision-making

process involving the selection

of the most appropriate

technology for an urban

transport system.
42. Appeal In the Philippines, there are This chapter described the procedures of GABRIEL PEREZ, PEREZ, G., (2018).

and numerous forms of public the study, the research instrument and (2018) Appeal and Satisfaction

Satisfaction transportation that normal techniques utilized in data gathering and Perceived by the

Perceived by commuters can use on a daily the statistical treatments employed in Commuters in the Service

the basis .These range from small analyzing and interpreting the results of Quality of Tricycle in

Commuters type vehicles to the larger types the research problem. Pangil-Siniloan, Laguna.

in the Service that can accommodate a greater Faculty of Senior High

RESEARH DESIGN
Quality of amount of people at a particular School Siniloan Integrated
This study will used the descriptive
Tricycle in time .all around the country
National High School.
research design. This design fits best in
Pangil- these modes of transportation
Laguna: Digital Agency
studies which aim to describe the nature
Siniloan, are frequently seen along roads
Word Press
of a situation at the time of the study and
Laguna and they serve as the primary
to explore the causes of particular
form of getting from one place
phenomena Ardales,( 2008)
to another.

. Further Good and Scates (2002)

Public transport should become
part of a solution for emphasized that descriptive research

sustainable transport in the

method includes that the present facts
future. However, in order to
concerning anything, a group of person,
keep and attract more
number of objects, a set of conditions, a
passengers, public transport
class of events, a sequence of thoughts
must to have high service
or any kind of phenomenon which one
quality to satisfy and fulfil
wishes to study.
more wide range of different

customer’s needs (Anable

2015). It is important to

summarize knowledge about

what drives customer

satisfaction and dissatisfaction

in public transport area to

design an attractive and

 marketable public transport.

43. The Understanding how levels of The data used in this research was Evelyne St-Louis, St‐Louis, E.,

happy satisfaction differ across obtained from a commuter survey Kevin Manaugh, Manaugh, K., van

commuter: A transportation modes can be carried out at McGill Dea van Lierop, and Lierop, D., & El‐

comparison helpful to Ahmed El-Geneidy, Geneidy, A. (2014).

University in Montreal, Canada. The
of commuter (2014) The
encourage the use of active as survey targeted all McGill staff and
satisfaction
well as public modes of faculty in addition to a 47 happy commuter:
across modes
transportation over the use of A comparison of
sample of one third of the student
the commuter
population that was randomly selected.
satisfaction across
automobile. This study Each person on the list
modes. Transportation
uses a large-scale travel survey
received an email invitation to
Research
to compare commuter
participate in the online survey. Prizes
satisfaction across 48 Part F: Traffic
were offered to participants
Psychology and
six modes of
as incentives to take part in the survey.
Behaviour, 26, 160–170.
transportation (walking,
bicycle, automobile, bus, The survey was active for 35 days in

metro, commuter train) and March and April

investigates how the 2013, during which 20,851 survey

determinants of commuter invitations were distributed. A single

satisfaction differ across reminder was sent to

modes. The framework

every person who did not respond

guiding this research assumes to the original invitation after 2 weeks of

that external and internal receiving the first

factors influence satisfaction:

invitation. The response rate was
personal,
31.7%, and after cleaning the data and

social, and attitudinal variables applying other sampling

must be considered in addition

criteria (described in the following
to objective trip characteristics.
section), 3,377 surveys were kept as

Using ordinary least square usable responses. The

regression technique, we survey asked for a description of

develop six mode-specific respondents' commute on a typical cold

models of trip snowy day and a typical

satisfaction that include the warm dry day. Respondents were

same independent variables asked to describe every part of their

(trip and travel characteristics, commute, specifying the

personal
mode used and time spent on the

characteristics, and travel and mode. Additionally, respondents were

mode preferences). We find asked to rate their

that pedestrians, train

satisfaction levels with every mode
commuters and
used for both seasons. The survey also

cyclists are significantly more gathered respondents'

satisfied than drivers, metro

travel and mode preferences, and
and bus users. We also
socio-demographic information.
establish that

determinants of satisfaction

vary considerably by mode,

with modes that are more

affected by external factors

generally displaying lower

levels of satisfaction. Mode

preference (need/desire to

use other modes) affects

satisfaction, particularly for

transit users. Perceptions that

the commute

has value other than arriving at

a destination significantly
 increases satisfaction for all

modes.

Findings from this study

provide a better understanding

of determinants of trip

satisfaction to

transport professionals

who are interested in this topic

and working on increasing

satisfaction

among different mode users.

44. This study focused on the The researcher used the descriptive Felipe E. Balaria, Balaria, F. E., (2016).

Cabanatuan tricycle industry in Cabanatuan research method. Randomized block (2016) Cabanatuan City: Tricycle

City: City located within the heart of design was the method employed in Capital of the

Tricycle
Capital of the the Province of getting the Philippines. International

Journal of Management
Philippines Nueva Ecija, also known as the sample population. In this design, the
and Commerce
“Tricycle Capital of the researcher identified first the number of
Innovations ISSN 2348-
Philippines”. More particularly, registered tricycles (thru CLFO
7585 (Online)
it delved on describing the
Cabanatuan) in a given area and then
Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp: (307-
demographic profile of the determined the sample size based on
314), Month: April 2016 -
tricycle sector including its their location or terminal post, and
September 2016,
internal and external randomly
Available at:
environments, and the viability
picked respondents from that
www.researchpublish.com
of
population. The study was conducted in

owning one. Descriptive 89 barangays in Cabanatuan City in the

research method was used and years 2011

randomized block design was

and 2012 which involved 412 tricycle
employed in getting the
operator-drivers who were either
sample that involved 412 roaming by their availability or were

respondents in 89 barangays of stationed in

the city. Findings revealed that

their terminal post in their respective
tricycle driver-operators
barangays. Driver-operator would

were males, in their productive otherwise refer here to the tricycle

age, married, mostly high operator or

school graduates, and that

owner and at the same time the driver or
tricycle driving was the only
the one who operates the unit. Simple

means of livelihood. Limited accounting method was used in the

job opportunities and

financial assumptions of this study to
educational background were
illustrate briefly the financial viability of
the reasons for choosing this
this undertaking.

occupation. Owning a unit

requires only a very small

capitalization where investment

can be recouped in so short a

time. Tricycle units were

usually financed. Organization

and management was very

simple. Majority used 4-stroke

motor engine which was more

environment-friendly than two-

stroke. Tricycle sidecar was

undersized and risky

for passengers. Abuses were

rampant as to the fares charged

to passengers, and often

contracted to as high as
three-hundred percent or more.

Many of them disliked tricycle

driving because of long hours

of waiting and

physical fatigue. Majority were

not ready yet for a change in

the mode of transportation like

the use of e-trike.

Environmental concerns

include used lube oil was

stockpiled in the backyard and

tricycle driver-operator

urinated

in public places. Income

 derived from this insufficient to

the needs of their family.

45. A Study The study is aimed at METO Karl N. Vergel, Vergel, N., Cacho, T., &

on Roadside quantifying the levels of noise Frielly T. Cacho and Capiz, E., (2004). A

Noise contributed by tricycles in the Cheryl Lyne E. Study on Roadside Noise

Generated by roadside residential Capiz, (2004) Generated by Tricycles.

Tricycles University of the

environment. Specific
Philippines Diliman
objectives include the

measurement of roadside noise Quezon City 1101

levels, relating noise levels PHILIPPINES:

PHILIPPINE
and road traffic flow
ENGINEERING
characteristics and relating the
JOURNAL
noise performance of tricycles

with loading, speed PEJ 2004; Vol. 25 No.

2:1–22
and road gradient (sloping or
level) at on-road conditions,

and with type of engine,

loading, fuel-oil

mix ratio and type of lubricant

at simulated loading

conditions. Tricycles comprise

majority of the

traffic passing through the

study area. Results from the

24-hour survey of noise levels

have shown

that all readings exceeded the

existing local standards. A

multiple linear regression

model predicting

roadside noise level as a

function of the traffic speed

and tricycle traffic volume is

developed with

a relatively high correlation,

indicating the significant

contribution to noise by

tricycles. There is a

relationship of on-road noise

performance of tricycles with

its speed and load and type of

road. With

respect to noise performance

 under simulated loading, there

is an increase in noise level

with increase

in speed level.

46. Gender- This contribution analyzes The analysis is based on the British Natascha Nisic and Nisic, N., & Kley, S.,

specific gender-specific effects of long- Household Panel Study (BHPS) waves (2019). Gender-specific
Stefanie Kley, (2019)
effects of distance commuting and 1997–2008. effects of commuting and

commuting
residential relocation on the We first give extensive descriptive relocation on a couple’s
and
social integration of couples. overview on the social structure of social life. PLACE

relocation on Research on geographical mobile couples VOLUME 40, ARTICLE

a couple’s 36, PAGES 1047-1062

mobility in the partnership and the amount and perceived quality of
social life
context focused very much on social contacts men and women PUBLISHED 18 APRIL

gender differences of regional maintain. 2019

mobility with respect to labor Second the effects on quality (i.e., the http://www.demographic-
market outcomes and economic satisfaction with one’s social life) are research.org/Volumes/Vol

success. The effects of analyzed 40/36/

regional mobility and their within a panel fixed-effects framework. DOI:

possibly gendered impact on 10.4054/DemRes.2019.40.

social networks and the social 36

integration of households have

been understudied. However,

one would expect that

regional mobility imposes

severe temporal and

geographical restrictions on the

formation and upholding of

social relationships. Moreover,

these restrictions can be

 assumed to differ by gender

due to differential involvement

of women and men in

market and domestic care

work, which also present

different opportunities and

constraints for maintaining and

forming social contacts.

47. Gender The results show a greater This research uses publicly available M Isabel Olmo Sáncheza, M., &

differences in female sensitivity to the data from the Social Survey 2011: Sáncheza and Elvira Gonzálezb, E., (2016).

commuting different variables that affect mobility in the urban regions of Maeso Gonzálezb, Gender differences in

behavior: their modal choice, which helps Andalusia (2016) commuting behavior:

Women's to better Women's greater

by the Institute of Statistics and
greater
understand the different Cartography of Andalusia IECA (2013) Sensitivity. University of

mobility patterns and it is Malaga, Spain: XII

sensitivity useful for planning measures This survey took place in November Conference on Transport

favoring sustainable mobility 2011 although the micro-data was not Engineering, CIT 2016, 7-

policies and equity published until March 2013. The target 9 June 2016, Valencia,

Spain
population was aimed at people aged 16

and over residing in Andalusia. Finally

the sample size was 5,767 people

performing 17,190 trips in total.

The sample design was made by a three-

stage cluster model. The expected

relative error for all urban areas was

1.5% for a statistical confidence level of

95.5%, under the assumption of

maximum indetermination (p = q =

50%)
 and a design effect of 2. The micro-data

analysis has been performed using the

SPSS statistical package (V15.0).

The descriptive statistical analysis of

this data, allows us to reach very

interesting conclusions regarding the

current

gender differences in commuting to

work, confirming women's greater

sensitivity to changes in their

environment has

an important influence on their modal

choice.

48. Active To compare the differences in This research is a retrospective and Maribel Parra Saldías, M., Castro-

Commuting the modes and distance of the cross-sectional study, with a purposive Saldías, Jose Castro- Piñero, J., Paredes, C.,
Behaviours displacements in high school sample for convenience, composed of Piñero, Antonio Leal, P., Martínez, D., et

from High and university stage in the 1288 volunteer university students (614 Castillo Paredes, al., (2018). Active

School to same sample. Methods: A total males and 674 females), with an average Ximena Palma Leal, Commuting Behaviours

University in of 1288 volunteer university age of 22.7 ± 5.8 years, carried out in Ximena Díaz from High School to

Chile: A students (614 males and 674 four different private and public Martínez, and University in Chile: A

Retrospective females) participated, with an universities, located in four Chilean Fernando Rodríguez- Retrospective Study. place

Study average age of 22.7 ± 5.8 years, urban cities (Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Rodríguez, (2018) Int J Environ Res Public

belonging to four private and Santiago, and Chillán), corresponding to Health. 2019 Jan; 16(1):

public universities in Chile the Universidad del Bío Bío (UBB), 53.

where a validated self-report Universidad Técnica Federico Santa

Published online 2018
questionnaire was applied to María (UTFSM), Pontificia Universidad
Dec 26. doi:
the study, which included the Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), and
10.3390/ijerph16010053
modes, travel time, and Universidad de Las Americas (UDLA),

distance at school and respectively. The students belonged to

university. Results: The active diverse faculties (art, engineering,

commuting decreases from sciences, and education) attending the

school to university when first three years of university studies.

leaving home (males: 39.6% to The range of stay of the university

34.0%; p = 0.033 and females: students was from one to five years.

32.9% to 18.5%, p < 0.001), as

well as when returning (males:

44.1% to 33.7%; p < 0.001 and

females: 38.6% to 17.6%, p <

0.001). Conversely, non-active

modes of transport increase,

especially in females (go:

67.1% to 81.4%, return: 61.5%

to 82.6%), affected by the

increase in the use of public

transportation in university. It

was also defined that at both

school and at university, the

active commuting decreases the

greater the distance travelled.

Conclusion: The active modes

of commuting decreased

between high school and

university and the non-active

mode of commuting was the

most frequent form of mobility

to high school and university,

observing that the active trips

decreased when the distance

from the home to high school

or university increased. Public

and private intervention

policies and strategies are

required to maintain or increase

 the modes of active commuting

in the university stage for an

active life in adulthood.

Keywords: active transport,

high school, students, physical

activity

49. Research This study used the 2001 U.S. The selected authors were asked to write Report of a Conference

on Women’s National Household Travel a first draft

VOLUME 2:
Issues Survey (NHTS) to examine the
paper for the next stage of the review TECHNICAL PAPERS

in travel patterns of foreign-born process. Each

November 18–20, 2004
Transportati adult women living in the
topic leader, with other committee
Chicago, Illinois
on United States and to compare
members, reviewed
their patterns
the resulting papers. The best papers
with those of native-born were selected for

women. Typically, foreignborn

presentation at the conference: 43 papers
women and their households
for presentation in the breakout sessions
are different from
and 10 for the poster session. Authors

those of the native born; they also received extensive comments to

themselves are younger, assist

less educated, and less likely to in developing the final version of their

be employed than the papers.

native born. They are more

likely to live in a rental

property, have more members

in the household, and

live in a household with

children. However, even when

these demographic factors were

controlled for, the

authors found differences in the

travel patterns of

foreign- and native-born

women. Foreign-born women

are less likely to be drivers, but

even among those who

are drivers, foreign-born

women are less likely to use

an automobile and are more

likely to use public transit.

Although foreign-born women

live in larger households, their

households have fewer

personal vehicles.

In fact, a greater percentage of

foreign-born women

live in households with no

vehicles. Both groups spent

similar amounts of time

traveling on the travel day,

but foreign-born women took

fewer trips and traveled

fewer miles. Not surprisingly,

 foreign-born women

take more international trips

and travel with more

household members.

50 Gender A gender analysis of workers In Spain, companies are obliged to Miguel A. Camino Miguel A. Camino

Differences injured while commuting in insure their employees and to notify the López ,1 Óscar J. López ,1 Óscar J.

in Spain is presented, Ministry of Employment and Social González Alcántara , González Alcántara ,1

Commuting distinguishing between injury Security of all injuries to their 1 and Ignacio and Ignacio Fontaneda

Injuries in due to traffic-related accidents employees in the workplace that involve Fontaneda (2017).Gender

Spain and and injury due to other causes. one day or more away from work. Differences in Commuting

Their Impact Method. A total of 266,646 Moreover, taking into account the fact Injuries in Spain and

on Injury traffic-related injuries and that the daily compensation rate paid to Their Impact on Injury

Prevention 168,129 nontraffic-related a worker is notably higher when it is due Preventio.Volume2017 |

injuries are studied over the to a workplace injury, we may consider Article ID 3834827 | 11

period 2006–2010. Results. In that accident notifications in this country pages |

Spain, the accident rate are around 100%. https://doi.org/10.1155/20

recorded in working hours is 17/3834827

much higher among men;

Finally, the duty doctor has the
nevertheless, it is curious that
obligation of diagnosing the severity of
commuting-related accident
occupational injuries. A total of 97.9%
rates are higher among women
of the commuting injuries under analysis
than men, in both traffic-related
were categorized as slight, 1.8% were
injuries and nontraffic-related
diagnosed as serious, and, finally, 0.3%
injuries. The study of the
had fatal consequences.
frequency distribution

confirmed that many more

injuries occurred in Spain

while commuting to
rather than from work and that
women suffered twice as many
injuries as men at nine in the
As we know, workers suffer what are
work
known as commuting injuries when
travelling to and from work. Part of
these occupational accident rates are
morning. Musculoskeletal traffic-related: for example, the traffic

disorders are the only injuries injury that the work suffers when going

that registered a higher number to work, either in a vehicle as a

of cases among women and passenger or driver or as a pedestrian hit

falls to the same level are the by a car. Another part of the commuting

most relevant cause among accidents are nontraffic-related, for

women. Conclusions. The example, the worker that injures a foot

analysis of these and more stepping off the curb or going down the

findings established that a great stairs at home on the way to work.

effort should go into the

promotion of preventive

measures in favour of women

workers. These results may

encourage companies to

modify their accident

prevention plans, so as to
increase their effectiveness in

the struggle against

occupational accidents

following the five points

described in this article.