14.

6 U-shaped reinforced bellows (Austenitic steel)

The calculation pressure: P 1,5 [Mpa]

The test pressure: Ptest 2 [Mpa]
The minimum yield strength or 1,0% proof strength at
calculation temperature (bellows): Rp1,0T 450 [Mpa]

The minimum tensile strength (bellows): Rm 800 [Mpa]

The minimum yield strength or 1,0% proof strength at
calculation temperature (collar): Rp1,0Tc 355 [Mpa]
The minimum tensile strength (collar): Rmc 470 [Mpa]
The minimum yield strength or 1,0% proof strength at
calculation temperature (reinforcing rings): Rp1,0Tr 350 [Mpa]

The minimum tensile strength (reinforcing rings): Rmr 470 [Mpa]

The minimum yield strength or 1,0% proof strength at
calculation temperature (reinforcing fastener): Rp1,0Tf 350 [Mpa]

The minimum tensile strength (reinforcing fastener): Rmf 470 [Mpa]

The crest convolution radius: ric 30 [mm]
The root convolution radius: rir 30 [mm]
The nominal thickness of one ply: ep 8 [mm]
The number of plies: np 1 []
The number of convolutions: N 4 []
The off-set angle of the sidewalls: α 15 [°]
The inside diameter of bellows convolution and end
tangents: Di 1200 [mm]
The convolution height: w 250 [mm]
The end tangent reinforcing collar thickness: ec 10 [mm]
The end tangent length: Lt 35 [mm]
The bellows collar length: Lc 40 [mm]
Fixing flange width: Lf 40 [mm]
The modulus of elasticity of bellows material at design
temperature: Eb 210000 [Mpa]
The modulus of elasticity of bellows material at room
temperature: E0 195000 [Mpa]
The Poisson's ratio of the bellows material: νb 0,3 []
The modulus of elasticity of collar material at design
temperature: Ec 210000 [Mpa]

The modulus of elasticity of reinforcing fastener

material at design temperature: Ef 210000 [Mpa]
The modulus of elasticity of reinforcing ring member
material at design temperature: Er 210000 [Mpa]
The cross sectional metal area of one reinforcing
fastener: Af 300 [mm2]
The cross sectional metal area of one bellows
reinforcing ring member: Ar 400 [mm2]
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑟 ; 𝑟
≥ 0,9
𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑟 ; 𝑟 1,000 yes
The internal radius of torus at the crest and root of U-
shaped convolutions:
𝑟 +𝑟
𝑟 =
2
ri 30 [mm]
𝑟 ≥ 3𝑒 24,0 yes
−15° ≤ 𝛼 ≤ +15° yes
𝐷
𝑤≤
3 400,0 yes
𝑛 ≤5 yes
The bellows nominal thickness:
𝑒 =𝑛 ∗𝑒
e 8 [mm]
𝐿 − 𝐿 ≤ 0,5 𝑒 ∗ 𝐷 yes
The nominal design stress for normal operating cases
(bellows):
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;
1,5 1,2 3
f 300,0 [Mpa]

The nominal design stress for test cases (bellows):

𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;
1,05 2
ftest 428,6 [Mpa]
The nominal design stress for normal operating cases
(collar):
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;
1,5 1,2 3
fc 236,7 [Mpa]

The nominal design stress for test cases (collar):

𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;
1,05 2
ftestc 338,1 [Mpa]

The nominal design stress for normal operating cases

(reinforcing rings):
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;
1,5 1,2 3
fr 233,3 [Mpa]
The nominal design stress for test cases (reinforcing
rings):
𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;
1,05 2
ftestr 333,3 [Mpa]

The nominal design stress for normal operating cases

(reinforcing fastener):
𝑅 , 𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ;
1,5 1,2 3
ff 233,3 [Mpa]

The nominal design stress for test cases (reinforcing

fastener):
𝑅 , 𝑅
𝑓 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ;
1,05 2
ftestf 333,3 [Mpa]
The mean diameter of end tangent reinforcing collar:
𝐷 = 𝐷 + 2𝑒 + 𝑒
Dc 1226 [mm]

The mean diameter of bellows convolution:

𝐷 =𝐷 +𝑤+𝑒
Dm 1458 [mm]
The thickness of one ply, corrected for thinning during
forming:
𝐷
𝑒∗ = 𝑒
𝐷
ep* 7,258 [mm]
The bellows thickness, corrected for thinning during
forming:
𝑒∗ = 𝑛 ∗ 𝑒∗
e* 7,258 [mm]

The factor considering the stiffening effect of the

attachment weld and the end convolution on the
pressure capacity of the end tangent:
𝐿
𝑘 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 ; 1,0
1,5 𝐷 ∗ 𝑒
k 0,238 []
The convolution pitch:
𝑞 = 4𝑟 + 2𝑒
q 136 [mm]
The cross sectional area of one convolution:
𝜋−2
𝐴= 𝑞 + 2𝑤 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
2
2
A 4192,3 [mm ]
Coefficient:
𝑞
𝐶 =
2𝑤
C1 0,272 []
Coefficient:
𝑞
𝐶 =
2,2 𝐷 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
C2 0,601 []
The convolution height factor for reinforced bellows
for calculation pressure:
100
𝐶 𝑃 = 0,3 −
1048𝑃 , + 320
Cr(P) 0,298 []
The convolution height factor for reinforced bellows
for test pressure:
100
𝐶 𝑃 = 0,3 − ,
1048𝑃 + 320
Cr(Ptest) 0,299 []
The resultant total internal pressure force acting on
the bellows and reinforcement for calculation
pressure:
𝐻 𝑃 = 𝑃𝐷 𝑞
H(P) 2,97E+05 [N]

The resultant total internal pressure force acting on

the bellows and reinforcement for test pressure:
𝐻 𝑃 =𝑃 𝐷 𝑞
H(Ptest) 3,97E+05 [N]
The ratio of the internal pressure force resisted by the
bellows on the internal pressure force resisted by the
reinforcement:

- For integral reinforcing ring members:

𝐴𝐸
𝑅=𝑅 = →𝐿 =0
𝐴 𝐸
R1 10,5 []
- For reinforcing ring members joined by fasteners:
𝐴𝐸 𝐿 𝐷
𝑅=𝑅 = +
𝐷 𝐴 𝐸 𝐴 𝐸
R2 10,9 []
R 10,9 []
Coefficient: α0 0,955 []
Coefficient: α1 -2,708 []
Coefficient: α2 7,279 []
Coefficient: α3 14,212 []
Coefficient: α4 -104,242 []
Coefficient: α5 133,333 []
Coefficient:
𝐶 =∝ +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶 +∝ 𝐶
Cp 0,671 []
Coefficient: β0 1,003 []
Coefficient: β1 1,338 []
Coefficient: β2 -1,717 []
Coefficient: β3 1,908 []
Coefficient: β4 0,020 []
Coefficient: β5 -0,550 []
Coefficient:
𝐶 = 𝛽 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶 +𝛽 𝐶
Cf 1,278 []
Coefficient: γ0 1,005 []
Coefficient: γ1 1,263 []
Coefficient: γ2 5,184 []
Coefficient: γ3 -13,929 []
Coefficient: γ4 13,828 []
Coefficient: γ5 -4,83 []
Coefficient:
𝐶 =𝛾 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶 +𝛾 𝐶
Cd 1,520 []

The meridional bending stress for calculation pressure:

0,85 𝑤 − 𝐶 𝑃 𝑞
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝐶 ∗𝑃
2𝑛 𝑒∗
σm,b(P) 356,3 [Mpa]
The meridional bending stress for test pressure:
0,85 𝑤 − 𝐶 𝑃 𝑞
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝐶 ∗𝑃
2𝑛 𝑒∗
σm,b(Ptest) 474,4 [Mpa]

The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure

for calculation pressure (the end tangent):
1 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,t(P) 20,0 [MPa]

The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure

for test pressure (the end tangent):
1 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,t(Ptest) 26,7 [MPa]

The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure

for calculation pressure (collar):
1 𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,c(P) 20,6 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress due to pressure
for test pressure (collar):
1 𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
𝜎 , 𝑃 = ∗ ∗𝑃 ≤𝑓
2 𝑒∗ 𝐷 +𝑒 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 +𝑒 ∗𝐷 ∗𝐿 ∗𝐸 ∗𝑘
σθ,t(Ptest) 27,5 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress for calculation
pressure:
𝐻 𝑃 𝑅
𝜎 𝑃 = ≤𝑓
2𝐴 𝑅+1
σθ(P) 32,5 [MPa]

The circumferential membrane stress for test pressure:

𝐻 𝑃 𝑅
𝜎 𝑃 = ≤𝑓
2𝐴 𝑅+1
σθ(Ptest) 43,3 [MPa]
The meridional membrane stress for calculation
pressure:
𝑤−𝐶 𝑃 𝑞
𝜎 , 𝑃 = 0,85 ∗𝑃
2𝑒 ∗ σm,m(P) 18,4 [MPa]
The meridional membrane stress for test pressure:
𝑤−𝐶 𝑃 𝑞
𝜎 , 𝑃 = 0,85 ∗𝑃
2𝑒 ∗
σm,m(Ptest) 24,5 [MPa]
Effective stress concentration factor:

for annealed bellows (without cold work) 3

for as-formed bellows (with cold work) 1,5

Effective stress concentration factor: Kf 3 []

𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 ≤𝐾 ∗𝑓 374,7 yes
𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 ≤ 𝐾 ∗𝑓 498,9 yes
The circumferential membrane stress for calculation
pressure: - reinforcing rings:
𝐻 𝑃 1
𝜎´ , 𝑃 = ≤𝑓
2𝐴 𝑅 +1
σ´θ,r(P) 32,4 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress for test pressure:
- reinforcing rings:
𝐻 𝑃 1
𝜎´ , 𝑃 = ≤𝑓
2𝐴 𝑅 +1
σ´θ,r(Ptest) 43,2 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress for calculation
pressure: - reinforcing fastener:
𝐻 𝑃 1
𝜎´´ , 𝑃 = ≤𝑓
2𝐴 𝑅 +1
σ´´θ,f(P) 41,8 [MPa]
The circumferential membrane stress for test pressure:
- reinforcing fastener:
𝐻 𝑃 1
𝜎´´ , 𝑃 = ≤𝑓
2𝐴 𝑅 +1
σ´´θ,f(Ptest) 55,7 [MPa]
The bellows axial rigidity:
𝜋 𝑛 𝑒∗ 1
𝐾 = ∗𝐸 ∗ ∗𝐷 ∗ ∗
2 1−𝜈 𝑁 𝑤−𝐶 𝑃 𝑞 𝐶
Kb 4301,7 [N/mm]
Column squirm:
𝜋𝐾
𝑃 , = 0,3 ≥𝑃
𝑁∗𝑞
Ps,c 7,5 [MPa]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for
calculation pressure: Δq 10 [mm]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for test
pressure: Δqtest 10 [mm]
The specified number of fatigue cycles for calculation
pressure: Nspe 100000 []
The specified number of fatigue cycles for test
pressure: Nspetest 500 []
The meridional membrane stress for calculation
pressure:
𝐸 ∗ 𝑒∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
2 𝑤−𝐶 𝑃 𝑞 ∗𝐶
σm,m(Δq) 4,7 [MPa]

The meridional membrane stress for test pressure:

𝐸 ∗ 𝑒∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
2 𝑤−𝐶 𝑃 𝑞 ∗𝐶
σm,m(Δqtest) 4,7 [MPa]

The meridional bending stress for calculation pressure:

5𝐸 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
3 𝑤−𝐶 𝑃 𝑞 ∗𝐶
σm,b(Δq) 380,8 [MPa]

The meridional bending stress for test pressure:

5𝐸 ∗ 𝑒 ∗
𝜎 , ∆𝑞 = ∆𝑞
3 𝑤−𝐶 𝑃 𝑞 ∗𝐶
σm,b(Δqtest) 381,3 [MPa]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for
calculation pressure:
𝑄 = 0,7 ∗ 𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 + 𝜎 , ∆𝑞 + 𝜎 , ∆𝑞
σeq 647,8 [MPa]
The total stress range due to cyclic loading for test
pressure:
𝑄 = 0,7 ∗ 𝜎 , 𝑃 +𝜎 , 𝑃 + 𝜎 , ∆𝑞 +𝜎 , ∆𝑞
σeqtest 735,3 [MPa]
The allowable number of fatigue cycles for calculation
pressure:
,
𝐸 24452,5
𝜎 ≥ 630,4𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝜎 − 288,2
𝐸
,
𝐸 28571,9
𝜎 < 630,4𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝐸 𝜎 − 230,6
𝐸
𝜎 ≤ 230,6𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 = 10
𝐸
𝑁 ≥𝑁
Nalw 296039 []
The allowable number of fatigue cycles for test
pressure:
,
𝐸 24452,5
𝜎 ≥ 630,4𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝐸 𝜎 − 288,2
,
𝐸 28571,9
𝜎 < 630,4𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 =
𝐸 𝐸
𝐸 𝜎 − 230,6
𝐸
𝜎 ≤ 230,6𝑀𝑃𝑎: 𝑁 = 10
𝐸
𝑁 ≥𝑁
Nalwtest 157565 []
The cumulative fatigue damage index:
𝑁 𝑁
𝐷= + ≤1
𝑁 𝑁
D 0,34 []