Dagarag, Jobelle N.
BS PSYCH III
Obsessive-Compulsive and
Related Disorders
An obsession is intrusive and normally
seen as irrational, but the person with
OCD is not able to stop or ignore
these thoughts. People with OCD often
feel fear along with the obsessive
thoughts. The thoughts can
sometimes intrude into a person's
daily life and are unwanted.
Compulsion is often ritualistic behavior
to relieve intense and unbearable
anxiety.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:
 Sometimes accompanied by
actions, which become
compulsions.
 Characterized by unwanted
repetitive thoughts, which
become obsessions.
Obsessions
 recurrent, intrusive and
persistent thoughts
 unwanted thoughts that leads
to anxiety
 the individual attempts t ignore
or suppress such thoughts
Compulsions
 actions to reduce anxiety from
obsessions
 impact daily life
 repetitive behaviors
While obsessions are recurring
thoughts, compulsions are recurrent
actions.
DSM-V Criteria
1. Obsessions, compulsions, or
both
2. Time-consuming
3. NOT physiologic effects of
substance or medical condition
4. NOT better explained by
another disorder (ex:
dysmorphic disorder)
Cause unknown
Body Dysmorphic Disorder- People
with BDD look normal and yet are
terribly obsessed and distressed about
some aspect of their appearance.
People with BDD very commonly also
have a DEPRESSIVE DIAGNOSIS.
Hoarding Disorder- A person with
hoarding disorder experiences distress
at the thought of getting rid of the
items. Excessive accumulation of
items, regardless of actual value,
occurs.
Trichotillomania- It is a mental
disorder that involves recurrent,
irresistible urges to pull out hair from
your scalp, eyebrows or other areas of
your body, despite trying to stop.
often accompanied by other mental
disorders, most commonly major
depressive disorder and excoriation
disorder.
Excoriation Disorder- Recurrent skin
picking resulting in skin lesions.
Taijin Kyofusho- It is a fear of
interpersonal relations or of social
situations.
3 Variance of Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy
1. Rational Emotive Behavioral
Therapy
2. Cognitive Therapy
3. Cognitive Behavioral
Modification
Selective Serotonin Reuptake
Inhibitor- Medication for OCD
Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa- “Lack of Appetite
induced by Nervousness”
Is an intense fear of gaining weight or
becoming fat, combined with
behaviors that result in a significantly
low body weight.
2 Types of Anorexia Nervosa
1. Restricting Type
 limit the quantity of food
consumed
 Caloric intake is tightly
controlled
 Avoid eating in the presence of
other people
2. Binge-Eating/Purging Type
 binge involves an out-of-control
consumption of an amount of
food that is far greater than
what most people would eat in
the same amount of time and
under the same circumstances.
 followed by efforts to purge, or
remove from their bodies, the
food they have eaten
 purging commonly include self-
induced vomiting or misusing
laxatives, diuretics, and enemas
Bulimia Disorder- Recurrent
inappropriate compensatory behaviors
in order to prevent weight gain, such
as self-induced vomiting; misuse of
laxatives, diuretics, or other
medications; fasting; or excessive
exercise.
Pica- Persistent eating of
nonnutritive, nonfood substances over
a period of at least 1 month.
Rumination Disorder- Repeated
regurgitation of food over a period of
at least 1 month. Regurgitated food
may be re-chewed, re-swallowed, or
spit out.
Avoidant/RestrictiveFood Intake
Disorder- Persistent failure to meet
appropriate nutritional and/or energy
needs. (ex: dependence on enteral
feeding or oral nutritional
supplements)
Mood Disorders
Moods- The feeling states that color
our psychological lives.
People with mood disorders
experience disturbances.
Mania- Often characterized by intense
and unrealistic feelings of excitement
and euphoria.
Depression- Usually involve feelings
of extraordinary sadness and
rejection.
Depressive Disorders (Unipolar):
1. Major Depressive Disorder
(Severe mania)
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder
(Mild to moderate mania)
Mood Swing Disorders (Bipolar):
1. Bipolar Disorder (Mild to
moderate depression)
2. Cyclothymic Disorder (Severe
depression)
DepressiveDisorders
1. Major Depressive Disorder
(MDD)
2. Persistent Depressive Disorder
(Dysthymia)
3. Premenstrual Dysphoric
Disorder (PMDD)
4. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation
Disorder
Common Features of Deppression:
 Changes in emotional states
 Changes in motivation
 Changes in functioning and
motor behavior
 Cognitive changes
Seasonal Affective Disorder-
Changing of the seasons can lead to a
type of depression. It is a subcategory
of major depression.
In most cases, the depression lifts in
the spring.
Phototherapy- therapeutic use of
bright artificial light often helps
relieve depression in SAD.
Postpartum Depression- Often
accompanied by disturbances in
appetite and sleep, low self-esteem,
and difficulties in maintaining
concentration or attention.
Postpartum Psychosis- in which the
new mother loses touch with reality
and experiences symptoms such as
hallucinations, delusions, and
irrational thinking.
Anxious Distress is defined as the
presence of at least two of the
following symptoms during the
majority of days of a major depressive
episode or persistent depressive
disorder (dysthymia):
 1. Feeling keyed up or tense.
2. Feeling unusually restless.
3. Difficulty concentrating because
of worry.
4. Fear that something awful may
happen.
5. Feeling that the individual might
lose control of himself or
herself.
PREMENSTRUAL DYSPHORIC
DISORDER SYMPTOMS
• Mood swings
• Sudden tearfulness or feelings
of sadness
• Depressed mood or feelings of
hopelessness
• Irritability or anger
• Feelings of anxiety
• Tension
• Being on edge
• Greater sensitivity to cues of
rejection
• Negative thoughts about oneself
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder-
Cluster of physical and mood-related
symptoms occurring during the
woman’s premenstrual period.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation
Disorder- Its core feature is sevedre
persistent irritability.
Severe irritability has 2 prominent
clinical manifestations:
1. Frequent temper outbursts
2. Chronic, persistently irritable or
angry mood
Areas of the brain affected by
depression
1. Amygdala- Associated with
emotions, such as anger,
pleasure, sorrow, fear, and
sexual arousal. It is activated
when a person recalls
emotionally charged memories
such as frightening situation.
Activity in the amygdala is
higher when a person is sad or
clinically depressed. Increased
activity continues even after
recovery from depression.
2. Thalamus- Directs high-level
functions such as speech,
behavioral reactions,
movement, thinking, and
learning.
3. Hippocampus- Registers fear
when you are confronted. It has
a central role in processing
long-term memory and
recollection. It is smaller in
some depressed people.
Kinds of Neurotransmitters in
Depression
1. Acetylcholine- Enhances
memory and is involved in
learning and recall.
2. Serotonin- Helps regulate
sleep, appetite, mood, and
inhibits pain. Low levels of
serotonin byproduct have
been linked to a higher risk
for suicide.
3. Norepinephrine- Constricts
blood vessels raising blood
pressure. It may trigger
anxiety. It also help
determine motivation and
reward.
4. Dopamine- Influences
motivation and plays a role
in how a person perceives
reality. Problems in
dopamine transmission have
been associated with
psychosis.
5. Glutamate- A small molecule
to act as an excitatory
neurotransmitter and to play
a role in bipolar disorder and
schizophrenia.
6. Gamma-aminobutyric Acid
(GABA)- Acts as an
inhibitory neurotransmitter.
It is thought to help subdue
anxiety.