HVAC

What is HVAC ?

H- Heating
V-Ventilation
AC- Air
Conditioning
refers to technology of
indoor and automotive
environmental comfort.
It describes “the process of treating air to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity,
cleanliness, and distribution to meet the desired
requirements of the occupants of the conditioned
space.”
 Need of special HVAC planning for
hospitals
Few people Think that HVAC is all about
luxury, BUT…. needs of the
• The environmental
facilities and spaces in a hospital
differ widely- A hospital has a
range of very specialized rooms,
and there are specialized IAQ
considerations for each type of
space
• Infection control and epidemic
disease concerns are leading many
hospitals to provide 100 percent
outside air with no air
recirculation, coupled with heat
recovery technologies.
• Hospital air change rates
contribute to their enormous
energy consumption
• In this era of expensive energy
and concerns about carbon
 The basic differences between
hospitals and other buildings
• The need to restrict air movement in and between various areas,
• Ventilation and filtration to dilute and remove odors, airborne
microorganisms, and hazardous chemical substances,
• Many areas that require 100% outdoor air with specified air changes,
• The need for different temperatures and humidy in areas for infection
control, patient therapy and comfort,
• The design sophistication needed to permit accurate control of
environmental conditions.
 Basics of HVAC Systems
• Compressor
• Condenser
• Throttling
device
• Evaporator
1 TR is the amount of heat to
be extracted from the
atmosphere for melting one
metric ton of ice in 24 hours
And
1 ton of refrigeration (TR)
equals to 12000 BTU/HR or
3025KCAL/HR
Classification of HVAC Systems
Window AC
Window AC
 Split AC
In a typical split system, the condenser and compressor are located in an
outdoor unit. The indoor unit consists of evaporator coil, fan motor and
blower.

The window and split air conditioners are usually used for the small air
conditioning capacities up to 5 tons
DX –Ducted Packaged AC
 DX -Centralized AC
The central air conditioning systems are used for where the cooling loads
extend beyond 20 tons
DX -Centralized AC
 Chilled Water -Centralized AC

Brime water- 2-10 % salt

HVAC design and Selection
 Considerations and Parameters

• COOLING AND HEATING LOAD CALCULATION

• FACTORS OF HEAT GAIN

• IMPORTANCE OF COOLING LOAD

CALCULATION
Cooling and Heating Load

Calculation
Cooling load calculations are carried out to estimate the heat gain by the building in
summer so as to arrive at required cooling capacities. Similarly Heating load calculations
are carried out to estimate the cold gain by the building in winters so as to arrive at
required heating capacities.
Cooling and Heating Load

Calculation
The whole building cooling/Heating load is based on two types of
loads:

•External load
•Internal load
The load due to heat
transfer through the
envelope is called as
external load, while all
other loads are called as
internal loads.
 Factors of heat
gain
T1

Difference between outside T2

temperature and inside
temperature.
T1>T2
The type of construction and
the amount of insulation is in
your ceiling and walls.

The amount of shade in

building’s windows, walls, and
roof

The size of room

The amount of air leaks into

indoor space from the outside
 Factors of heat
gain

No. of occupants

Activities and other equipment

within a building

Amount of lighting in the room

 IMPORTANCE OF
COOLING LOAD
CALCULATION

Provide information for equipment selection, system sizing and

system design.

Provide data for evaluating the optimum possibilities for load

reduction. This could be done either changing the material to be used
in envelope or changing the orientation of some of the spaces or
materials present in the building

Permit analysis of part loads as required for system design,

operation & control
Information about the additional partial loads required for the system
design, operation and control also.
Factors Affecting the Selection

• Budget Of Client
• Need of client
• Use of Space
• Depth of Beam
• Power Availability
• Water Availability
• Space for Servicing
 Types Of Chillers

Air Cooled

Water Cooled
 Chiller (Air -
Cooled)
Air cooled chillers absorb heat from process water,
and the heat is then transferred to the air around the
chiller unit. This type of chiller system is generally
used in applications where the additional heat
discharges is not a factor. In fact, it’s often practical to
use the excess heat to warm a plant during the winter,
thus providing additional cost savings.

Air cooled chillers require less maintenance than water-

cooled units, and they eliminate the need for a cooling
tower and condenser water pump. However, since a
wet surface will transfer heat better than a dry surface,
an air-cooled chiller will tend to consume
approximately 10% more power than a water-cooled
unit.
 Chiller ( Water -
Cooled )
Water cooled chillers absorb heat from
process water and transfer it to a separate
water source such as a cooling tower, river,
pond, etc. Industrial water chillers are
generally used for large capacity applications,
where the heat generated by an air cooled
water chiller creates a problem. They are also
considered when a cooling tower is already in
place, or where the customer requires
optimum efficiency of power consumption.

Water cooled chillers require condenser water

treatment to eliminate mineral buildup.
Mineral deposits create poor heat transfer
situations, which reduce the efficiency of the
unit.
Air Cooled Chilled Water Water Cooled Chilled Water
System System

15- 20 years Life 20-30 years Life

Depend on Ambient DB temp Depend on Ambient WB temp
Packaged kind System Additional pumps
No cooling tower or may be a Cooling Tower
cooling tower
Air Cooled Condensers consumes
30% more power than water
Cooled
Compressor capacity drops by 10%
for air cooled as compared to water
cooled
Air Cooled will always be a roof top Water cooled may or may not be a
Unit Roof top unit
Environment friendly refrigerants

• R-134a
• R-123
• R-407C
• R-410A
• R-22