INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY.

Josue Lampiño Anore

• Sana makatulong po sa mga kapwa ko nagsisikap makapasa sa battery exam

Witness --- man of the hour in court .

Victim --- the forgotten one.

Offender -- the principal character to the CJS

Suspect --- One who implicated to the commission of a crime (subject of investigation)

Respondent --- person who is a subject of Preliminary investigation or inquest proceeding.

Accused --- person who charged of an offense in court and facing trial.

Appelant --- one who filed an appeal .

Criminal --- who is found guilty by final judgement

Police --- initiator or prime mover of the CJS

Pardonee --- one who is given pardon.

Parolee --- one who is granted with parole.

Probationer --- one whose application for probation was granted.

Petitioner --- one who files an application for Probation,parole and pardon

Criminologia ---- (Italian word) Raffaelle Garofalo 1885

Criminologie ---- (French word) Paul Topinard 1887

R.A 6506 --- Act creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in the Phil. And other purpose.
(approved/effective=July 1,1972)

Criminal ecology --- study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a community.

Criminal epidiomology ---- study of the relationship between environment and criminality.

Criminal psychiatry --- study of human mind in relation to criminality.

Criminal psychology ---- study of human behavior in relation to criminality.

Criminal demography --- criminality and population.

Criminal physical anthropology ---- study of criminality in relation to Physical constitution of men.

Victimology ---- study of role of victim in the commission of the crime.

Criminal Etiology --- study of the cause or the origin of crime.

Penology ---- control and prevention of crime and the treatment of youthful offender.
Sociology ---- study of human society, its origin ,structure,functions and directions.

Criminological research ---- study if crime correlated to with antecedent variables ,state of the crime
trend.

Delinquency ---- act not inconformity with the norms of society .

August Comte --- Father of sociology

Emile Durkheim --- father / modern sociology .

Mala prohibitum crime ---- acts that are outlawed because they clash with current norms and public
opinion ,such as tax ,traffic and drugs law.

Mala in se crime --- acts that outlawed because they violate basic moral values such as rape, murder
,assault and robbery .

Mass murder --- killing a large number of person at one time.

Hypoglycemia --- which the glucose in the blood falls below levels/efficient brain functioning .

Hyperglycemia --- high blood sugar

Marital rape ---- forcible sex between legally married partners.

Statutory rape ---- sexual relation between an minor female and an adult male.(11yrsold below)

Jeremy Betham --- pain and pleasure

Cesare Becarria --- Free will theory

Edwin Sutherland ---- who introduced the ff definition of criminology. "Dean of criminology "

Gabriel Tarde ---- introduced the "Theory of imitation - suggestion "

Enrico Ferri ---- "Theory of imputable and denial of Free Will.

Ada juke --- Mother of criminals.

Henry Goddard ---- He was the first person to use the term "MORON"

Robert Merton ---- applied the theory of anomie of Durkheim to criminology

August Aichorn --- "Latent delinquency "

Ego --- "reality principle "

Id ---- "pleasure principle "

SuperEgo ---- resulted from incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of
parents,community /others /tell what is right from wrong.

Oedipus complex ---- Electra complex in man.

Electra complex ---- girls begin to have sexual feeling for their father's .
Erik Erikson ---- "identity crisis"

Monogamy --- one marriage (1 man and 1woman )

Polygamy --- marriage of one man with two or more wife.

Polyandry --- marriage of one woman with two or more husband.

18-70 --- full responsibility

18 --- age of majority or legal age

CRIM SOCIO

CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY- the scientific analysis of all crimes, the Couse of all crime

SOCIOLOGY OF LAW- scientific analysis of the condition under which criminal law was developed

ETYMOLOGY- accusation and study (Italian word criminlogia by: Raffaele Garafalo)

---

PRE-CLASSICAL- also known as demonological school, believe that people that commit crime are demons
(Retribution) (Aristotle, Plato’s)

CLASSICAL- the enlightenment period, free will, hedonistic (pleasure and pain)

(cesare becarria, Jeremy bentham)

NEO CLASSICAL- began during French revolution, introduce the application of mitigating circumstances
in imposing penalties

POSITIVIST/ITALIAN- emphasized the study that criminals are caused by physical stigmata, atavism,
physical features, and biological inheritance

(The holy 3 LOMBROSO, GARAFALO, FERRI) CESARE BECARRIA- he proposed his great essay “On Crime
and Punishment” (Social Contract Theory)*Demonstrated the fault and recommended remedies that all
persons violated a specific law should receive identical punishment regardless of the age, sanity,
position and circumstance JEREMY BETHAM - prolific writer “Greatest Happiness” (Principle of Utility)
 PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Reviewer For BATTERY EXAM

CRIMINAL SOCIOLOGY

PHILIPPINE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

1. Law Enforcement Pillar = initiator, prime mover.

2. Prosecution = (NPS/OPG) prosecute the accused on behalf of the state (People of the Phils.)
(Prosecutor =

presents the Governments case in courts of law.

3. Court = the centerpiece (under the Judiciary).

4. Correction = custody, reformation & rehabilitation of convicted person.

5. Community = for integration.

Offender – Principal character in the Criminal Justice System

Suspect (Implicated to a crime) – one who is under investigation. (custodial Investigation)

Respondent----subject of inquest proceeding or Preliminary Investigation.

Accused ---- subject of the trial

Convict ---- once proven guilty by competent court.

Appellant ---- filed an appeal

Petitioner ---- (filed a petition for Motion for reconsideration/New Trial/ Probation, Pardon/Parole)

Absconding Petitioner = escape or evade pending petition.

Probationer/Pardonee/Parolee (once granted)----

Absconding Probationer = escape or evade after grant of probation.

Client (under supervision)

Victim = the forgotten one ( repaid by the state (restitution)

1. Law Enforcement Pillar (PNP, PDEA, NBI, MMDA, LTO, BIR, LTFRB, Bureau of Customs, Bureau of
Immigration).

Phil. National Police (National in scope and Civilian in Character– appointment is based on the merits
of their

qualifications)

Motto: To Serve and Protect

Primary Goal = Crime Prevention

Three Broad Goal : Protection of Life and Property, Ensure Public Safety and Maintenance of Peace
and Order.

NBI = investigative agency in support (DOJ) of investigation of syndicated crime

Police Discretion = wise use of police own judgment in the absence of order. (influence by the ff:
community attitudes,

social climate, moral crisis EXCEPT Treatment facilities)

Arrest = actual restraint of a person.

Entrapment = ways and means of trapping or capturing a law violator in the act of committing a crime.

Raid = Surprise invasion of building/establishment.

Search

Criminal Investigation = art of identifying law violator, locating and tracing them and provide evidence
of guilt.

Custodial Investigation = questioning initiated by law enforcers/prober.

Miranda Warning, R.A. 7438, R.A. 9745, Rule 115 of R.C.

Act No. 175 = Creates the Insular Constabulary.

Act. No. 255 = renamed the Insular Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary.

R.A. 157 = Bureau of Investigation (later named National Bureau of Investigation by virtue of E.O. 94).

P.D. 765 = Integrated National Police.

P.D. 1184 = INP personnel Professionalization Law of 1977.

R.A. 4864 = Police Professionalization Act of 1966 (created the POLCOM later become NAPOLCOM).

R.A. 6040 = The law which authorized the NAPOLCOM to administer the Entrance Examination for
Philippine National Police

Applicant.

R.A. 6975 = DILG Act of 1990 (creates the DILG and under which are the Tri-Bureaus – PNP, BJMP &
BFP primarily created

for Public Safety Services)

R.A. 8551 = PNP reform and Reorganization Act of 1998. (PNP Modernization Act).

R.A> 9263 = BJMP and BFP Modernization Act.

R.A. 9708
2. Prosecution (National Prosecution Services/Office of the Prosecutor General) = under the DOJ.

a. Inquest Proceeding (Arrested without warrant) = summary & informal proceeding.

b. Preliminary Investigation (At least 4yrs., 2 mos. & 1 day) = formal proceedings.

Probable Cause = such evidence that would convince a reasonable mind that a crime was committed
or that a certain person

is probably guilty of a crime.

Public Prosecutor (Fiscal) Prosecutes offenses on behalf of the State or People of the Phils.

Prosecution is the process whereby accusation is brought before a court to determine his guilt or
innocence.

Ombudsman (Tanod Bayan) = for offenses committed by Public Officer with Salary Grade of 27 &
above in relation to their

public office.

Special Prosecutors

Public Attorney’s Office (PAO) = provides legal assistance to indigent accused. (Ex-officio Counsel or
Counsel de Officio)

Counsel de parte (Ex-parte Counsel) = private lawyer hired by the accused.

3. Court = under the Judiciary Branch.

BP. 129 = Judiciary Reorganization Act.

R.A. 7695 = expanding the jurisdiction of MTC

Regular Courts: MTC, MCTC, MeTC, MCTC/ RTC/ CA/ SC

SC = 15 justices including the Chief Justice.

LAW ENFORCEMENT ORGANIZATION AND ADMIN

REVIEWER FOR BATTERY EXAM

Law Enforcement Administration

Law Enforcement Administration - the process

involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper
obedience of laws and related statutes. Focuses on
the policing process  or how law enforcement
agencies are organized and manage in order to
achieve the goals of law enforcement most
effectively, efficiently and productively.
Law - the system of rules that a particular country
or community recognizes as regulating the actions
of its members and may enforce by the imposition
of penalties.

Enforcement - means to compel obedience to a

law, regulation or command.

Administration - an organizational process

concerned with the implementation of objectives
and plans and internal operating efficiency.
Connotes bureaucratic structure and behavior,
relative routine decision-making and maintenance
of the internal order.

Sir Robert Peel - considered a "father of law

enforcement".

Sir Robert Peels Nine Principles of Policing

1. The basic mission for which the police exist is to

prevent crime and
     disorder.

2. The ability of the police to perform their duties is

dependent upon
     public approval of police actions.

3. Police must secure the willing cooperation of the

public in voluntary
    observance of the law to be able to secure  and
maintain the
    respect of the public.
  
4. The degree of cooperation of the public that can
be secured
     diminishes proportionally to the necessity of the
use
     of force.

5. Police seek and preserve public favor not by

catering to public
    opinion but by constantly demonstrating
 absolute  impartial
    service to the law.
 
6. Police use physical force to the extent necessary
to secure
    observance of the law or to restore order only
when
    the expertise of persuasion, advice and warning
is found to be
    insufficient.

7. Police at all time should maintain a relationship

with the public that
    gives reality to the historic tradition; the  police
are the public and
    the public are the police. The police being only
full time individuals
    charged with the  duties that are incumbent on
all of the citizens.

8. Police should always direct their actions strictly

towards their
   functions and never appear to usurp the powers 
of the judiciary.

9. The test of police efficiency is  the absence of

crime and disorder
    not the visible evidence of police action in 
dealing with it.

Administration of Police Organization

Police - one of the pillars of the criminal justice

system that has the specific responsibility of
maintaining law and order and combating crime
within the society.
         - comes from Latin "politia"-civil
administration which itself derives from the ancient
Greek police "city"

Administration - an organizational process

concerned with the implementation of objectives
and plans and internal operating efficiency.

Organization - a group of persons working together

 for a common goal or objectives.

Police Organization - a group of trained personnel

in the field of public safety administration engaged
in the achievement of goals and objectives that
promotes the maintenance of peace and order,
protection of life and property, enforcement of the
laws and the prevention of crimes.

Enforcement - means to compel obedience to a

law, regulation or command.

Law Enforcement Agency - pertains to an organization responsible for enforcing the laws.

Objectives - refer to the purpose by which the organization was created. Refer to the goals of the
organization.

Supervision - means the act of watching over the work or tasks of the members of the organization to
ensure that desired results are achieved.

Management - the process of directing and facilitating the work of people organized in formal groups in
order to achieve objectives. Judicious or wise use of resources (manpower, material,money,equipment,
supplies and time).

Hierarchy - represents the formal relationship among superiors and subordinates in any given
organization. Serves as the framework for the flow of authority downward and obedience upward, through
the department.

Authority - the right to command and control the behavior of employees in lower positions within an
organizational hierarchy. Must be viewed in terms of prescribed roles rather than of individuals.
A particular position within the organization. Carries the same regardless of who occupies that position.

Management/Administrative Functions
1. Planning
2. Organizing
3. Directing
4. Controlling
5. staffing
6. Reporting
7. Budgeting

Principles of efficient Management

* Division of work - work specialization can increase

   efficiency with the same amount of effort.

* Authority and Responsibility- authority  includes the

   right to command and the power to require
   obedience. One can not have authority without
   responsibility.

* Discipline - necessary for an organization to function

   effectively, however, the state of the disciplinary
   process depends upon the quality of its leaders.

* Unity of Command - subordinate should receive

   orders from one superior only.

* Scalar Chain - the hierarchy of authority is the order

   of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the
   organization. Shows the vertical hierarchy of the
   organization which defines an unbroken chain of
   units from top to bottom describing explicitly the
   flow of authority.

Organizational Units in the Police Organization

1. Functional Units
   
   Bureau - the largest organic functional unit within a
    large department; comprised of several divisions.

    Division - a primary subdivision of a bureau.

    Section - functional unit within a division that is

    necessary for specialization.

    Unit - functional group within a section or the

    smallest functional group within an organization.

2. Territorial Units

    Post - a fixed point or location to which an officer is

    assigned for duty.

    Route - a length of streets designated for patrol

    purpose, also called line beat.

    Beat - an area designed for patrol purposes

    whether foot or motorized.

    Sector - an area containing two or more beat,

    route or post.

    District - a geographical subdivision of a city for

    patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
 
    Area - a section or territorial division of a large city
    each comprised of designated districts.

EVOLUTION OF THE POLICING SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF THE WORD “POLICE”

POLITEIA – Greek word which means government of the city

POLITIA – Roman word which means condition of the state or governmentPOLICE – French word which
was later adopted by the English language

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1.  HOME RULE THEORY
    - policemen are regarded as servants of the community, who rely
    for the efficiency of their functions upon the express needs of
    the people.
    - policemen are civil servants whose key duty is the
    preservation of public peace and security.
   
2. CONTINENTAL THEORY
    - policemen are regarded as state or servants of the
    higher authorities
    - the people have no share or have little participation
    with the duties nor connection with the police
    organization.

CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1. OLD CONCEPT
    - police service gives the impression of being merely a
    suppressive machinery
    - this philosophy advocates that the measurement of
    police competence is the increasing number of arrests,
    throwing offenders in detention facilities rather than
    trying to prevent them from committing crimes
2. MODERN CONCEPT
    - regards police as the first line of defense of the
    criminal justice system, an organ of crime prevention
    - police efficiency is measured by the decreasing number
    of crimes
    - broadens police activities to cater to social services
    and has for its mission the welfare of the individual
    as well as that of the community in general.

EARLY POLICING SYSTEM

1. KIN POLICING
    - the family of the offended individual was expected to
    assume responsibility for justice
    - the family of the victim was allowed to exact
    vengeance
2. EGYPT
    - ancient rulers had elite unit to protect them
    - created the MEDJAYS, a form of police force whose
    duties include guarding of the tombs and apprehending
    thieves
    - introduced the use of dogs as guards and protectors.
3. ROME
    - created the first organized police force called
    VIGILES OF ROME, or VIGILES URBANI (watchmen of the
    city), which had the primary task of firefighting and
    policing
    - the Vigiles acted as night watch, apprehendinng
   thieves, keeping an eye out for burglars and hunting
   down runaway slaves, and were on occasion used to
   maintain order in the streets
    - the Vigiles dealt primarily with petty crimes and
    looked for disturbances of the peace while they
    patrolled the streets
    - created a special unit called PRAETORIAN GUARDS, a
    special force of guards used by Roman Emperors as the
    Emperors' personal guards
    - as personal guards of the Emperor, their primary duty
    was to protect the Emperor from assassination and
    other forms of attack against the Emperor.
4. ENGLAND
    a) FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM/MUTUAL PLEDGE SYSTEM
    - required all males aged 12 and above to join a group
    of nine to form a TYTHING
    - members of the tything are called a TYTHINGMEN
    - a CONSTABLE served as a leader of ten tythings
    - the primary task of the things was to protect their
    village from thieves and animals
    - tythings were later organized into SHIRES
    - a shire was headed by a leader called SHIRE REEVE,
    which is the origin of the word “sheriff”
    - their duty was to apprehend offenders
    b) PARISH CONSTABLES
    - a parish official charged with controlling crimes
    - appointed to serve for one year
    - duties included organizing watchmen to guard the 
    gates
    - during trouble, the watchman would raise a “HUE AND
    CRY”, a call to arms where the rest of the parish
    would stop what they were doing and come to the aid  
    of the constable.

MODERN POLICING SYSTEM

1) ENGLAND
    a. BOWSTREET RUNNERS - a group of men
        organized to arrest offenders.
      - organized by Henry Fielding, a magistrate in  
        London,in 1749 in London, England.
      - the name was adopted from the name of the street
        where the office of Henry Fielding was located.
      - when Henry Fielding retired as magistrate, he was
        replaced by his blind brother, John Fielding
    b. METROPOLITAN POLICE OF ACT 1829
      - the law that created the first modern police force in
        London England, called the Metropolitan Police  
        Service.
      - this law was passed through the initiative of Sir
        Robert Peel, a member of the Parliament
      - the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service
        is the Scotland Yard, now known as the New  
        Scotland Yard

SIR ROBERT PEEL - recognized as the father of modern policing system.

2. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

    a. NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT
     - created in 1845 in New York, USA
     - recognized as the first modern style police   
       department in the US.
     - the largest police force in the world
     - modeled after the Metropolitan Police Service of
       London
    b. BOSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT
     - the oldest police department in the US
     - the first night watch was established in Boston in
       1631.
     - formally founded in May, 1854.

AUGUST VOLLMER - recognized as the Father of Modern Law Enforcement for his contributions in the
development of the field of criminal justice in the US
- author of the book, Police Administration, which
served as the basic guide in the administration of the
police organization in the US
- was the first police chief of Berkeley, California.

Important Personalities in the Evolution of Philippine Policing

Brig.Gen. Rafael Crame - the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1917.

Col. Antonio Torres - the first Filipino Chief of Police of the Manila Police Department in 1935.

Col. Lambert Javalera -  the first chief of police of the Manila Police Department after the Philippine
Independence from the United States of America in 1946

Dir.Gen. Cesar Nazareno - the first chief of the Philippine National Police.

HIGHLIGHTS OF RA 6975 – THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ACT OF
1990, RA 8551 – THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE REFORM AND REORGANIZATION ACT OF
1998 and RA 9708

A. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL 

     GOVERNMENT (DILG)
    - formerly Department of Local Government (DLG)
    - reorganized under RA 6975

ORGANIZATION: - consist of:

a) the Department proper
b) existing bureaus and offices of the DLG
c) local government units (LGU)
    1) provincial governors
    2) city and municipal mayors
d) the National Police Commission
e) the Philippine Public Safety College
f) Philippine National Police
g) Bureau of Fire Protection
h) Bureau of Jail Management and Penology

  - the PPSC, PNP, BFP and BJMP were created under RA

    6975
  - headed by the Secretary to be appointed by the
    President and who shall serve at the pleasure of the
    President
  - the Secretary shall be assisted by two (2)
    Undersecretaries and three (3) Assistant Secretaries
      a) Undersecretary for Local Government
      b) Undersecretary for Peace and Order
  - No retired or resigned military officer or police
    official may be appointed as Secretary within one
   (1) year from date of retirement or resignation
  - the Secretary is also the ex officio chairman of the
    National Police Commission
 
POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DILG
1. Assist the President in the exercise of general
    supervision over local governments;
2. Advise the President in the promulgation of policies,
    rules, regulations and other issuances on the general
    supervision over local governments and on public    
    order and safety;
3. Establish and prescribe rules, regulations and other
    issuance's implementing laws on public order and
    safety, the general supervision over local 
    governments and the promotion of local autonomy
    and community empowerment and monitor compliance
    thereof;
4. Provide assistance towards legislation regarding local
    governments, law enforcement and public safety;
    Establish and prescribe plans, policies, programs and
    projects to promote peace and order, ensure public
    safety and further strengthen the administrative,
    technical and fiscal capabilities of local government
    offices and personnel;
5. Formulate plans, policies and programs which will meet
    local emergencies arising from natural and man-made
    disasters; Establish a system of coordination and
    cooperation among the citizenry, local executives and
    the Department, to ensure effective and efficient
    delivery of basic services to the public;
6. Organize, train and equip primarily for the
    performance of police functions, a police force that
    is national in scope and civilian in character.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE DILG WITH THE DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE (DND)

- under RA 6975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines(AFP) was in charge with external security while the
DILG was in charge with internal security
- under RA 8551, the Armed Forces of the Philippines
is now in charge with both internal and external
security with the PNP as support through information
gathering and performance of ordinary police
functions.

NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION

- an agency attached to the DILG for policy
   coordination
- shall exercise administrative control and
   operational supervision over the PNP.

VISION OF THE NAPOLCOM

"We envision the National Police Commission as a
highly dynamic, committed and responsive administering and
controlling body, actively and effectively facilitating the
evolvement of a highly professional, competent,
disciplined, credible and trustworthy PNP"

MISSION OF THE NAPOLCOM

"To administer and control the Philippine National
Police with the end in view of maintaining a highly
professional, competent, disciplined, credible and
trustworthy PNP”

POWERS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE NAPOLCOM

A. Exercise administrative control and operational
    supervision over the Philippine National Police (PNP)  
    which shall mean the power to:
  1. Develop policies and promulgate a police manual
      prescribing rules and regulations for efficient
      organization, administration, and operation, including
      criteria for manpower allocation distribution and
      deployment, recruitment, selection, promotion, and
      retirement of personnel and the conduct of qualifying
      entrance and promotional examinations for  
      uniformed members;
  2. Examine and audit, and thereafter establish 
      standards for such purposes on a continuing basis,
      the performance,activities, and facilities of all police
      agencies throughout the country;
  3. Establish a system of uniform crime reporting;
  4. Conduct annual self-report surveys and compile
      statistical data for accurate assessment of the crime
      situation and the proper evaluation of the efficiency 
      and effectiveness of all police units in the country;
  5. Approve or modify plans and programs on education 
      and training, logistical requirements, communications,
      records,information systems, crime laboratory, crime
      prevention and crime reporting;
  6. Affirm, reverse or modify, through the National
      Appellate Board, personnel administrative actions 
      involving the demotion or dismissal from the service
      imposed upon members of the Philippine National 
      Police by the Chief of the Philippine National Police;
  7. Exercise appellate jurisdiction through the Regional
      Appellate Boards, over administrative cases against
      policemen and over decisions on claims for police    
      benefits;
  8. Prescribe minimum standards for arms, equipment, 
      and uniforms and, after consultation with the 
      Philippine Heraldry Commission, for insignia of ranks,
      awards, medals of honor;
  9. Issue subpoena and subpoena duces tecum in 
      matters pertaining to the discharge of its own
      powers and duties,and designate who among its 
      personnel can issue processes and administer oaths
      in connection therewith;
  10. Inspect and assess the compliance of the PNP on 
        the established criteria for manpower allocation,
        distribution and deployment and their impact on the
        community and the crime situation, and thereafter
        formulate appropriate guidelines for maximization of
        resources and effective utilization of the PNP 
        personnel;

  11. Monitor the performance of the local chief

        executives  as deputies of the Commission; and
  12. Monitor and investigate police anomalies and
        irregularities.

B. Advise the President on all matters involving police

     functions and administration;

C. Render to the President and to Congress an annual 

     report of its activities and accomplishments during thethirty (30)days after the end of the calendar
year, 
     which shall include an appraisal of the conditions
     obtaining in the organization and administration of 
     police agencies in the municipalities, cities and 
     provinces throughout the country, and 
     recommendations for appropriate remedial   
     legislations;
D. Recommend to the President, through the Secretary,
    within sixty (60) days before the commencement of
    each calendar year, a crime prevention program; and

E. Perform such other functions necessary to carry out  

    the provisions of R.A. 6975, as amended, other 
    existing laws and Presidential issuance's, and as the 
    President may direct.

COMPOSITION OF NAPOLCOM
1. One chairperson
2. Four regular commissioner
3. The Chief PNP as ex officio member
Note:
    * shall serve a term of office of six (6) years
        without reappointment or extension
    * three of the four regular commissioners shall come
       from civilian sector and not former members of the
       police or military
    * the fourth regular commissioner shall come from the
       law enforcement sector either active or retired
    * at least one (1) of the four regular commissioners
       shall be a woman
    * from among the three regular commissioners from 
       the civilian sector, the Vice Chairperson shall be
       chosen
    * the Vice Chairperson shall act as the Executive
       Officer of the Commission
    * refer to the organizational structure of the
       NAPOLCOM

Important dates in the history of modern Philippine Policing

 1901 - ACT no. 175 of the Philippine Commission established the Philippine constabulary on
august 8, 1901.
 1905 - the Philippine constabulary school was established at the sta.lucia barracks in Intramuros
on February 17, 1905.
 1908 - the Philippine constabulary school was transferred to Baguio City.
 1916 - the Philippine constabulary school was renamed academy for officers of the Philippine
constabulary.
 1917 - on December 17, 1917, Brigadier General Rafael Crame from Rizal Province, became the
first Filipino chief of the Philippine constabulary.
 1926 - the academy for officers of the Philippine constabulary was renamed Philippine
Constabulary Academy.
 1936 - the Philippine Constabulary Academy became the present day Philippine Military
Academy. 
 1938 - The Philippine Constabulary became the existing and organized national police force of
the country pursuant to commonwealth act no. 343 dated June 23, 1938 and EO no. 389 dated
December 23, 1950. This decree integrated local police forces into the Philippines constabulary
operational and organizational set up.
  1966 - congress enacted RA no. 4864, the police act of 1966. This law also created the Police
Commission (POLCOM).
 1972 - The POLCOM was reorganized as the National Police Commission.
 1975 - PD 765 was enacted. This law is called the Police Integration Law of  1975. The Integrated
National Police was established with the Philippine Constabulary as nucleus under the
Department of national Defense. The NAPOLCOM, originally under the office of the President
was transferred to the Ministry of National defense.
 1985 - The National Police Commission was returned to the office of the President pursuant to
E.O 1040.
 1989 - Executive order 379 placed the Integrated national Police directly under the command,
supervision and control of the President. This order vested the NAPOLCOM with the powers of
administrative control and supervision over the Integrated National Police.
 1990 - RA 6975 was passed on December 13, 1990 establishing the Philippine National Police
under a reorganized Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). A new National
Police Commission was created under the DILG.
 1998 - congress passed into law RA no. 8551 on February 25, 1998, otherwise known as the
Philippine National Police reform and reorganization act of 1998. This act strengthened and
expanded NAPOLCOM,s authority over the PNP to include administration of police entrance
examination and conduct pre-charge investigation against police anomalies and irregularities and
summary dismissal of erring police members.

FUNCTIONS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. PRIMARY OR LINE FUNCTIONS

- functions that carry out the major purposes of the
organization, delivering the services and dealing
directly with the public
- the backbone of the police department
- examples of the line functions of the police are
patrolling, traffic duties, crime investigation

2. STAFF/ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS
- functions that are designed to support the line
functions and assist in the performance of the line
functions
- examples of the staff functions of the police are
planning, research, budgeting and legal advice

3. AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
- functions involving the logistical operations of the
organization
- examples are training, communication, maintenance,
records management, supplies and equipment management

ORGANIC UNITS IN A POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. OPERATIONAL UNITS
- those that perform primary or line functions
- examples are patrol, traffic, investigation and vice
control,
2. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
- those that perform the administrative functions
  examples are personnel, finance, planning and  
  training.
3. SERVICE UNITS
- those that perform auxiliary functions
- examples are communication, records   
  management,supplies.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
- the systematic arrangement of the relationship of   the members, positions,departments and
  functions or work of the organization
- it is comprised of functions, relationships,
  responsibilities and authorities of individuals within
  the organization

KINDS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES

1. LINE
- the oldest and simplest kind; also called military
- defined by its clear chain of command from the  
   highest to the lowest and vice versa
- depicts the line functions of the organization
- orders or commands must come from the higher l 
   level of authority before it can be carried out
- involves few departments

2. FUNCTIONAL
- structure according to functions and specialized units
- depicts staff functions of the organization
- responsibilities are divided among authorities who 
  are all accountable to the authority above.

3. LINE AND STAFF

- a combination of the line and functional kind
- combines the flow of information from the line
  structure with the staff departments that service,
  advise, and support them
- generally more formal in nature and has many
  departments

ORGANIZATIONAL PRINCIPLES

FOUR PRIMAL CONDITIONS OF AN ORGANIZATION

1. AUTHORITY
- the supreme source of government for any  
  particular organization
- the right to exercise, to decide and to command  
  by virtue of rank and position
2. MUTUAL COOPERATION
- an organization exists because it serves a   
  purpose.
3. DOCTRINE
- provides for the organization’s objectives
- provides the various actions, hence, policies,
  procedures, rules and regulations of the org. 
  are based on the statement of doctrines
4. DISCIPLINE
- comprising behavioral regulations

ELEMENTS OF POLICE ORGANIZATION

1. UNITY OF COMMAND
- dictates that there should only be ONE MAN commanding
the unit to ensure uniformity in the execution of
orders

2. SPAN OF CONTROL
- the maximum number of subordinates that a superior can effectively supervise

Factors affecting the span of control:

a) Leadership qualities of the supervisors
b) Nature of the job and work conditions
c) Complexity of task
d) Education and skill of the employees

3. DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
- conferring of an amount of authority by a superior
   position to a lower-level position.

4. HIERARCHY OF AUTHORITY
- the relationship between superiors and   
  subordinates
- serves as the framework for the flow of authority
  downward and obedience upward through the
  department

  HIERARCHY - represents the formal relationship

 among superiors and subordinates in any given
 organization

5. SPECIALIZATION
- the assignment of particular personnel to particular tasks

SPECIALIZATION OF JOBS (AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION)

- the designation of certain activities or tasks as     
  ones that must be performed in a highly.
  technological,scientific or precise manner
- areas of police specialization include undercover
  works, crime scene operations, legal advising,
  computer work, SWAT operations and others

SPECIALIZATION OF PEOPLE (SPECIALISTS)

- the designation of particular persons as having
  expertise in a specific area of work
- signifies the adaptation of an individual to the
  requirements through extensive training
6. CHAIN OF COMMAND
- the arrangement of officers from top to bottom    
   on the basis of rank or position and authority.

7. COMMAND RESPONSIBILITY
- dictates that immediate commanders shall be
   responsible for the effective supervision and   
   control.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

The institution of police in the Philippines formally

started during the Spanish period. The establishment of
the police force was not entirely intended for crime
prevention nor peacekeeping. Rather, it was created as an
extension of the colonial military establishment.

Ancient Roots

The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftains to select
able-bodied young men to protect their barangay
during the night and were not required to work
in the fields during daytime.Among the duties of
those selected were to protect the properties
of the people in the barangay and protect their
crops and livestock from wild animals.

Spanish Period

Carabineros de Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying the regulations
of the Department of State; this was armed
and considered as the mounted police; years after, this kind of police organization discharged the duties
of a port, harbor and river police.

Guardrilleros/Cuardillo – this was a body of rural police by the Royal Decree of 18 January 1836, this
decree provided that 5% of the
able-bodied male inhabitants of each province were to be enlisted in this police organization for
three years

Guardia Civil – this was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on 12 February 1852
to partially relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of
their work in policing towns,it consisted of a body
of Filipino policemen organized originally in each
of the provincial capitals of the central provinces
of Luzon under the Alcalde Mayor

American Period

The Americans established the United States Philippine

Commission headed by General Howard Taft as its first
governor-general. On January 9, 1901, the Metropolitan
Police Force of Manila was organized pursuant to Act No 70of the Taft Commission. This has become the
basis for the
celebration of the anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 9th.

ACT NO 175 – entitled “An Act Providing for the

Organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary”,enacted on July 18, 1901.

Henry T. Allen - Captain of the 6th US cavalry, a graduate of West Point class 1882. Father of the
Philippine Constabulary.The first chief of the Philippine Constabulary in 1901.

ACT NO 183 - created the Manila Police Department, enacted on July 31, 1901.

CAPT GEORGE CURRY - the first chief of police

 of the Manila Police Department in 1901.

Act No 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine Constabulary,
 enacted on October 3, 1901

Executive Order 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on
December 23, 1940.

Post-American Period

RA 4864 – otherwise known as the Police Professionalization Act of 1966, enacted on September 8,
1966; created the Police Commission
(POLCOM) as a supervisory agency to oversee the
training and professionalization of the local
police forces under the Office of the President; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM).

Martial Law Period

PD 765 – otherwise known as the Integration Act of 1975,enacted on August 8, 1975;

established the Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
as the nucleus and the integrated local police forces
as components, under the Ministry of National
Defense
- transferred the NAPOLCOM from the Office of the
President to the Ministry of National Defense

Post Martial Law Regime

Executive Order No 1012 – transferred to the city and municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their locality; issued on July 10, 1985

Executive Order No 1040 – transferred the administrative control and supervision of the INP
from the Ministry of National Defense to the National Police Commission

RA 6975 – otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990,
enacted on December 13,1990; reorganized the
DILG and established the Philippine National Police,
Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail
Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College.

RA 8551 – otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act
of 1998, enacted on February 25, 1998; this law
amended certain provisions of RA 6975.

RA 9708 - law amending the provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and
adjusting the promotion system; approved on 12 August 2009.
- An Act extending for five (5) years the reglementary  period for complying with the minimum educational
qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system thereof,amending for the
purpose pertinent provisions of RA 6975 and RA 8551 and for other purposes.

PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT & ETHICAL STANDARD