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0 Introduction

Communicable diseases also known as infectious diseases or transmissible

diseases are illness caused by infectious agent or its toxic products that are
transmitted directly or indirectly to a well person through agent, vector or inanimate
object. There are two type of communicable disease that are infectious disease and
contagious disease. Infectious disease is not easily transmitted by normal contact but
required a direct inoculation through a break in the previously intact skin or mucous
membrane meanwhile contagious disease can easily transmitted from one person to
another through direct or indirect mean.

Communicable disease can be classified into sporadic, endemic, epidemic and

pandemic. For communicable disease to be class as sporadic is mean that the disease
occur occasionally or irregularly with no specific pattern. The disease will be class into
endemic if the disease are regularly found among particular people in a certain area.
The disease will be class into epidemic if the disease occur in a greater number than
what is expected in a specific area over a specific time and for the pandemic class to
occur it means that the epidemic has affects several countries or continents.

Some example of communicable diseases are common cold, dengue, chicken

pox, diphtheria, filariasis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), poliomyelitis,
malaria, measles, tuberculosis, tetanus, rabies, influenza, cholera, hepatitis A, B and
C, and salmonella. Even though some of the disease had been controlled before but
it keep spreading nowadays and attacking others. This is because some bacteria has
develop resistance to antibiotics, some microbes have so many strains that a single
vaccine cannot protect against all of them, most viruses resists the antiviral drugs and
most people have not received vaccinations.

For the pathogen to successfully spreading from one to another there are six
chain of infection that need to be followed. By breaking one of this chain the pathogen
cannot continue to spreading to the others. The six chain are pathogen, reservoir,
portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry and finally susceptible host. Figure
1 shows the six chain of infection of pathogen from one to another.

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 Figure 1: Chain of transmission

There are many factors that promoting communicable disease transmission.

The factors are mass population movement and resettlement in temporary locations,
overcrowding, economic and environmental degradation, impoverishment, scarcity of
safe water, poor sanitation and waste management, absence of shelter, poor
nutritional status as a result of food shortages, and poor access to health care.
Moreover, the collapse or overwhelming of public health infrastructure and absence of
health services hamper prevention and control program, with a consequent rise in
vector borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, measles and yellow fever.

The impact of communicable diseases is immense and is felt across the world.
In addition to affecting the health of individuals directly, infectious diseases are also
having an impact on whole societies, economies and political systems. In the

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developing country especially, crucial sectors for sustained development such as
health and education, have seen a marked loss of qualified personnel, most notably
to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), tuberculosis (TB) and malaria.
These and other infectious agents not only take an enormous physical toll on
humanity, but also cause significant economic losses both directly in the developing
world and less directly in the developed world. It is therefore a matter not only of public
health, but also of economic interest, to invest in and organize an internationally
coordinated strategy to fight the major infectious diseases, or at least to bring them
under control.

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2.0 Suggestion/solution for Implementation and Support United Nation
Sustainable Goal

The best solution for communicable disease are by minimizing the transmission
of infectious disease. One way to prevent the transmission of communicable disease
are by increasing the immunization of the people in the country. This is because
immunization has avoids about 2-3 million deaths each year, as well as serious
disability from vaccine-preventable disease including Yellow-fever, diphtheria, tetanus
and pertussis, rubella, rotaviruses, polio, pneumococcal diseases, mumps, measles,
human papillomavirus, polio, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenza type b.

To increase the coverage of the immunization throughout the country, national

vaccination plan should provide the affordable or free immunizations to all citizen and
the immunization must be provide to all health care provider in order for the citizens
easily get the immunization. Besides, public education also need to play their role by
having campaign to illustrate the importance and safety of vaccinations, monitoring of
vaccination rates and their impact on health outcomes, and limited exceptions for
individuals who for medical or religious reasons wish to avoid vaccinations.

Since vaccinations are important to reduce communicable diseases from

spreading, an act must be created. For example like Belize’s Public Health Act 2000
which illustrate some important features of a national vaccination strategy: all children
are to be vaccinated, vaccinations are to be documented, any person (including any
adult) may be vaccinated free of charge, and public health officials may require any
person to be vaccinated or revaccinated if an outbreak occurs.

Communicable disease also can be prevent by doing the screening to

individuals to determine if they have been infected with or exposed to an infectious
disease. By conducting the screening process it will enable the health care providers
to begin treatment in a timely manner, to manage co-morbidities more effectively, to
encourage patients to reduce high-risk behavior and, in certain cases, to identify the
need for compulsory treatment.to take quick action and begin treatment at the earlier
stage before the disease can spreading.

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 By isolating the infectious person from others can reduce the transmission of
communicable diseases. This is the long-established public health strategy that may
be applied to both individual and groups. During outbreak of serious, contagious
disease occurs, it will be hard or impossible to identify the carrier of the communicable
disease. Therefore, public health laws should authorize officials to evacuate or to order
the closure of premises such as super markets and to prevent access to public spaces
where people would gather.

The challenges when dealing with communicable disease are the new
lifestyles will spread the diseases further. In era of rapid global change, many of these
factors are almost inevitable. Among them are the fast and intense mobility of people,
with increased transport and international travel, and greater inter-connectivity
between megacities which are major transport hubs for aircraft, trains, road vehicles
and ships. At the same time, globalization means increased trade among countries as
well as greater movement of people within and between them. For decades, more and
more people have been migrating from the countryside into cities, in search of better
jobs and improved living standards. The unprecedented levels of urbanization and
swelling populations of city dwellers inescapably pose greater risks of infectious
disease transmission.

All the effort that had been done in order to reduce the spreading of
communicable diseases. This is in order to support one of the united nation goal that
is to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.

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3.0 Do’s and Don’ts During Epidemic

Water Borne Diseases

DO’S DON’Ts
 Drink water from a safe source or  Don't drink water from unsafe
water that has been disinfected sources.
(boiled or chlorinated).  Don't eat uncooked food unless
 Store water in narrow mouthed it is peeled or shelled.
container.  Don't eat cut fruits.
 Cook food or reheat it thoroughly  Don't defecate indiscriminately.
and eat it while it is still hot.
 Keep food items covered.
 Wash hands before preparing or
eating food and after defecation.
 Increase fluid intake in case of
diarrhoea. Use ORS solution or
home available fluids as soon as
diarrhoea starts.
 Refer the diarrhoea case to a
health facility in case of following:
 Child is irritable, restless
or lethargic or
unconscious.
 Eating or drinking poorly.
 Child has marked thirst.
 Child has fever or blood in
stool.

Vector Borne Diseases

DO’S DON’Ts
 Use insecticide treated bed nets  Don't allow water to stagnate.
(ITBN) or insect repellents while  Do not allow discarded items to
accumulate such as tyres, tubes,

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 sleeping to keep away empty coconut shells, household
mosquitoes. items and objects where water
 Wear clothes that cover arms may collect.
and legs.  Don't allow children to wear
 Keep patients protected from shorts and half sleeved cloths.
mosquito bite in acute phase.
 Empty water containers at least
once a week.
 Cover and seal septic tanks and
soak-away pits.
 Remove water from coolers and
other places where water has
remained stagnant.
 All fever cases to be given
vaccine presumptive treatment
for malaria.

Vaccine Preventable Diseases

DO’S DON’Ts
 Do ensure vaccination especially  Don't hide occurrence of cases
measles along with vitamin A of vaccine preventable diseases
supplementation for all children especially measles.
between the age of six months to
5 years residing in camps.
 Ensure routine immunization to
all children

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4.0 Awareness Poster

Figure 2: Awareness Poster

Figure 3: Share through Social Media

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5.0 References
1. Pricing infectious disease: The economic and health implications of infectious
diseases. (2008, July 1). Retrieved December 2, 2019, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3327542/
2. Edemekong, P. (2019, August 10). Epidemiology Of Prevention Of
Communicable Diseases - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. Retrieved December
2, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470303/
3. Global Strategies for the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases and
Non-Communicable Diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2019, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808683/
4. Break the Chain of Infection. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2019, from
https://professionals.site.apic.org/protect-your-patients/break-the-chain-of-
infection/.
5. Communicable Diseases Module: 2. Prevention and Control of Communicable
Diseases and Community Diagnosis. (n.d.). Retrieved December 2, 2019, from
https://www.open.edu/openlearncreate/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=85&printa
ble=1.
6. Managing epidemics. (2018, July 4). Retrieved December 2, 2019, from
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics/en/.