INTRODUCTION

Introduction to project/work completed during the internship

An internship is a period of work experience offered by an employer to give students and

graduates exposure to the working environment, often within a specific industry, which
relates to their field of study.

Internships can be as short as a week or as long as 12 months. They can be paid or voluntary;
however, before you start an internship it’s important to know your rights with regards to
getting paid.

Internships can be done in a range of sectors, including sales, marketing, engineering, graphic
design, management, I.T. and many, many more. Throughout an internship you will develop a
variety of soft skills, including communication skills, personal effectiveness, presentation
skills, creative problem solving and influencing skills.

Introduction to project/work completed during the internship

Climatic change and environmental monitoring have received much attention recently.
Man wants to stay updated about the latest weather conditions of any place like a college
campus or any other particular building. Since the world is changing so fast so there should
be the weather stations. Here in this paper we present a weather station that is very helpful for
any places. This weather station is based on IOT (internet of things). It is equipped with
environmental sensors used for measurements at any particular place and report them in real
time on cloud. To accomplish this we used Arduino Uno and different environmental sensors
like DHT11, soil moisture sensor and rain drop sensor .The sensors constantly sense the
weather parameters and keeps on transmitting it to the online web server over a wifi
connection. The weather parameters are uploaded on the cloud and then provides the live
reporting of weather information. This paper also focuses on the IOT application in the new
generation of environmental information and provides a new paradigm for environmental
monitoring in future. The system has been development particularly in the view of building
smart city by giving the weather update of any particular place like a particular office or
room. A system is considered as a smart system when the device equipped with sensors,
microcontrollers and various software applications becomes a self-protecting and self
monitoring system.
Event Detection based and Spatial Process Estimation are the two categories to which
applications are classified. Initially the sensor devices are deployed in environment to detect
the parameters (e.g., Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, LDR, noise, CO and radiation levels
etc.) while the data acquisition, computation and controlling action (e.g., the variations in the
noise and CO levels with respect to the quantified levels). Sensor devices are positioned at
different locations to collect the data to forecast the behaviour of a particular area of interest.
The main aim of this paper is to design and implement an resourceful monitoring system
through which the required parameters are monitored remotely using internet and the data
gathered from the devices are stored in the cloud and to project the predictable trend on the
web browser.
A solution for monitoring temperature and CO levels i.e., any parameter value crossing its
threshold value ranges, for example CO levels in air in a particular area exceeding the normal
levels etc., in the atmosphere using wireless embedded computing system is proposed in this
paper. The solution also provides an intelligent remote monitoring for a particular area of
interest. In this paper we also current results of collected or sensed data with respect to the
normal or specified ranges of particular parameters. The embedded system is an integration of
sensor devices, wireless communication which enables the user to remotely access the various
parameters and store the data in cloud.

Internet of Things (IOT):

It is the future technology of connecting the entire world at one place. All the objects,
things and sensors can be connected to share the data obtained in various locations and
process/analyses that data for coordinating the applications like traffic signaling, mobile
health monitoring in medical applications and industrial safety ensuring methods, etc. As per
the estimation of technological experts, 50 billion objects will be connected in IOT by 2020.
IOT offers wide range of connectivity of devices with various protocols and various
properties of applications for obtaining the complete machine to machine interaction.
 The proposed Embedded gadget is for checking Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, and
CO levels in the air to make the earth shrewd or intuitive with the articles through wireless
communication.
The primary motivation behind taking up this project is the large utility of the wireless
weather monitoring in varied areas ranging from agricultural growth and development to
industrial development.
The main objective of this project is to devise a simple low cost microcontroller based
weather monitoring system using wireless technology which fetches weather conditions using
various sensors like temp, humidity… etc , displays it on LCD.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

Weather monitoring plays an important role in human life, so the collection of information
about the temporal dynamics of weather changes is very important. In [1] any industry during
certain hazards it is very important to monitor weather. The fundamental aim of this paper is
to develop an embedded system to design a weather monitoring system which enables the
monitoring of weather parameters in an industry. Such a system contains pair of sensors like
temperature, Gas and humidity will be monitored and LPC1768 microcontroller (ARM9).
The data from the sensors are collected by the microcontroller and also microcontroller sends
the sensors data in to the LABVIEW by using the Serial Communication and this module will
keep the data in excel page & also we can get the SMS in the mobile with the help of GSM
module. The system uses a compact circuitry built around LPC1768 (ARM9) microcontroller
Programs are developed in Embedded C using the IDE Keiluvision4. JTAG is used for
loading programs into Microcontroller. Remotely monitoring of environmental parameters is
important in various applications and industrial processes. In earlier period weather
monitoring systems are generally based on mechanical, electromechanical instruments which
suffer from the drawbacks like poor rigidity, need of human intervention, associated parallax
errors and durability.

The system proposed in this paper is an advanced solution for monitoring the weather
conditions at a particular place and make the information visible anywhere in the world. The
technology behind this is Internet of Things (IoT), which is an advanced and efficient solution
for connecting the things to the internet and to connect the entire world of things in a
network. Here things might be whatever like electronic gadgets, sensors and automotive
electronic equipment. The system deals with monitoring and controlling the environmental
conditions like temperature, relative humidity, light intensity and COlevel with sensors and
sends the information to the web page and then plot the sensor data as graphical statistics. The
data updated from the implemented system can be accessible in the internet from anywhere in
the world. Human needs demands different types of monitoring systems these are depends on
the type of data gathered by the sensor devices. A solution for monitoring the noise and CO
levels i.e., any parameter value crossing its threshold value ranges, for example CO levels in
air in a particular area exceeding the normal levels etc., in the environment using wireless
embedded computing system is proposed in this paper.
The proposed system is an advanced solution for monitoring the weather conditions at a
particular place and makes the information visible anywhere in the world. The technology
behind this is Internet of Things (IoT). The system deals with moni toring theenvironmental
conditions like temperature, humidity with respect to its measured time with a microcontroller
interfaced with sensors and GSM module to sends the information wirelessly to remote server
and then plot the sensor data as graphical statistics. The weather conditions are required to be
monitored to maintain the healthy growth in crops and to ensure the safe working
environment in industries, etc. IoT device can be used to measure physical parameters
pertaining to a physical object and upload them real-time to cloud storage where they can
even be analyzed in real-time. Thus, the measured data can be observed from anywhere
around the world using Internet-enabled devices. This can make monitoring possible even in
difficult geographical terrains. It can also reduce the manpower requirement and thus the risk
involved in visiting inhospitable sites. The primary motivation behind taking up this project is
the large utility of the wireless weather monitoring in varied areas ranging from agricultural
growth and development to industrial development. The data from the sensors are collected
by the microcontroller and also sends the sensors data in to the remote server by using SIM
900A modem.

The system proposed in this paper is an advanced solution for monitoring the weather
conditions at a particular place and make the information visible anywhere in the world. The
technology behind this is Internet of Things (IoT), which is an advanced and efficient solution
for connecting the things to the internet and to connect the entire world of things in a
network. The data updated from the implemented system can be accessible in the internet
from anywhere in the world.In agriculture zone it will be very difficult to check and monitor
the weather parameter through wires and analog devices during some weather hazards. To
overcome this problem here the wireless sensors are used to check and monitor the weather
parameters. The other idea is Vertical farming system. It is implemented for cultivating
different crops in small area. Existing technology mainly focus on controlling and monitoring
of different activities. These are increasingly emerging to reach the human needs. An efficient
environmental monitoring system is required to monitor and assess the conditions in case of
exceeding the prescribed level of parameters.Sensors are placed at different locations to
collect the data to predict the behavior of a particular area of interest.
The IOT based Weather Monitoring and Reporting System project is used to get Live
reporting of weather conditions. It will Monitor temperature, humidity, moisture and rain
level. Suppose Scientists/nature analysts want to monitor changes in a particular environment
like volcano or a rain-forest. And these people are from different places in the world. In this
case, SMS based weather monitoring system has some limitations. Since it sends SMS to few
numbers. And time for sending SMS increases as the number of mobile numbers increases. In
order to know the information about weather of a perticular place then they have to visit that
particular sites. Where everyone can see it. Climatic change and environmental monitoring
have received much attention recently. Man wants to stay updated about the latest weather
conditions of any place like a college campus or any other particular building. Since the
world is changing so fast so there should be the weather stations. Here in this paper we
present a weather station that is very helpful for any places. This weather station is based on
IOT (internet of things). It is equipped with environmental sensors used for measurements at
any particular place and report them in real time on cloud. To accomplish this we used
Arduino Uno and different environmental sensors like DHT11, soil moisture sensor and rain
drop sensor .

In the last few years, the occurrences of natural disasters have been continuing
changing our lives, damaging property and life styles in many different ways. In this paper,
we present a system that can be used to prevent enormous damage from natural disasters. In
this system, a wireless sensor network based on Zigbee/IEEE802.15.4 standard is utilized as a
weather station network sending weather information and disasters’ alerts. The weather
information is analyzed by using decision tree techniques to announce the disasters’ alerts.
This proposed system takes advantage of wireless sensor networks which can send signals
over far distances by using a mesh topology, this transfers the data and also consumes low
power. Therefore, this system can be installed in locations that are difficult to hardwire or
have no access to electricity. In this research, the advantages of a wireless sensor network are
taken to benefit weather monitoring stations. Many sensor stations measure and send
parameters through a wireless network server. Or if the station is outside the server’s radius, it
can send data to the nearest wireless weather station forwarding the data to the server. In
addition, the wireless sensor network is easy to maintain, devices are cheaper and uses less
energy.
Several years ago, digital data loggers replaced the old mechanical mechanisms for
environmental monitoring. The digital data loggers are more easy to operate and maintain and
cheaper than the old mechanisms used to record data at specific intervals and which required
human intervention. However, digital data loggers usually provide monitoring at one point
only, and in many cases, multiple points need to be monitored. So several different solutions
are used. Accordingly, the word “smart” in “smart environmental monitoring” does not mean
only automatic collection without supervision. It means involving ambient intelligence (AmI)
in data analysis and decision making. Ambient intelligence (AmI) refers to electronic
environments, which are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people, where devices
work in concert to support people in carrying out their daily life activities and tasks easily and
naturally using information and intelligence that is hidden in the network connecting these
devices. As these devices grow smaller and more integrated into the environment, the
technology disappears into the surroundings until only the user interface remains perceivable
by users .

This research paper describes the design of a room temperature and humidity controller using
fuzzy logic. The proposed model consists of two fuzzy logic controllers to control
temperature and humidity respectively. The first controller accepts two input values-the
current temperature as detected by temperature sensor and its deviation from user set-
temperature, and controls the speed of heat-fan and cool-fan accordingly . When the current
temperature in the room reaches set point, it serves as one of the input for second fuzzy logic
controller that controls the humidity. The ideal relative humidity level for user’s set
temperature is present in the system. Current humidity in % as detected by the humidity
sensor in the room serves as the second input to the controller. The humidifier and exhaust
fan speed is controlled accordingly to maintain the correct humidity level for that
temperature.This researchwork will increase the capability of fuzzy logic control systems in
process automation with potential benefits. MATLAB-simulationis used to achieve the
designed goal. Acontrol systemis a device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs
or regulates the behavior of other device(s) or system(s).Industrial control systems are used in
industrial production for controlling an equipment or a machine. The control system design,
development and implementation need the specification of plants, machines or processes to
be controlled. A control system consists of controller and plant, and requires an actuator to
interface the plant and controller.
The objective of the work describes the observation and construction of low cost solution for
temperature and humidity monitor and control using touch screen and character LCD Display
for industrial, laboratory and house-hold uses. In this paper a low cost embedded system
based temperature and humidity monitor and control is built using AVR ATmega16
Microcontroller, Resistive Touch Screen and DHT11 (Temperature and Humidity Sensor).
This model is purely electronics with high sensitivity and less error probability. Now days
temperature and humidity monitor and control systems and touch screen technology is widely
used separately. So this paper is about how to interface touch screen technology with
temperature and humidity sensor to provide a low cost solution for industrial, laboratory and
house-hold uses. An AVR ATmega16 microcontroller is implemented and a DHT11 sensor
circuit and resistive touch screen is interfaced to it as per the proposed design. The controlling
part of the device is done by a relay circuit which interfaces the A.C. mains with the
controller circuit. The model works as similar to an embedded circuit. The circuit works with
a standard +5V D.C. power supply with reference to ground. A sensor module interfaced with
microcontroller circuit continuously read the actual temperature and relative humidity of the
environment and these values are sent to the display unit for the LCD display’s first row.

To develop Sensor Networking and Weather Station Monitoring System without human
intervention using Wireless ZigBee Technology. The project is mainly targeted towards the
reliability of the Pollution Monitoring system. A WMS keeps track of temperature, humidity,
wind speed and direction, rainfall amount etc. The system displays these readings in real time
on a display. It also keeps track of historical information on an hourly and daily basis. This
data can be display on LCD. Various techniques are used to monitor the weather like
satellites, radars, microcontrollers and many other simple instruments. Weather can also be
monitored by using remote wireless sensors. Zigbee is the latest wireless weather monitoring
technique. The existing monitoring systems of Weather Monitoring System are manual. We
need human support for so. There are limitations for human to know about exceeding
hazardous parameters of Environment. There are chances of human errors. Like human
calculations may not be precise sometimes. Or human may not cover larger area. We need
some smart system which will automatically measures the parameters. In this application,
Wireless sensor network can solve the problem, where parameters calculations and
controlling will be precise even over the larger area.
CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION AND ANALYSIS
Requirement means different things to different people depending on the context in
which it is used, to some people it means careful elicitation and specification of the user’s
needs towards the development of any application such that the content, navigation and
structure of any application focus on the users, while some viewed it as just system
requirements without considering user as the main target. Basically requirements are
categorized into software and hardware requirements.
3.1 System Hardware
This System can be developed using Arduino IDE and hardware components. The hardware
components required for development of the system are:
i. Arduino Uno Board.
ii. Data cable.
iii. Power source.
iv. DHT11 temperature and humidity sensor.
v. Bread board
vi. Connecting wires
3.1.1 Arduino Uno Board.
 Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino
consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller)
and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your
computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.
The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with
electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the
Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load
new code onto the board you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE
uses a simplified version of C++,making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino
provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the microcontroller into a
more accessible package.
Arduino is a single-board microcontroller meant to make the application more
accessible which are interactive objects and its surroundings.
The hardware features with an open-source hardware board designed around an 8-bit
Atmel AVR microcontroller or a 32- bit Atmel ARM. Current models consists a USB
interface, 6 analog input pins and 14 digital I/O pins that allows the user to attach various
extension boards.

Types of sensors:
1. Temperature Sensor
2. IR Sensor
3. Ultrasonic Sensor
4. Proximity Sensors
5. Pressure Sensor
6. Level Sensors
7. Smoke and Gas Sensors
8. Touch Sensor
9. Humidity and Temperature Sensor
1. Temperature Sensor
 Temperature is one of the most commonly measured environmental quantity for
different reasons. There are different types of temperature sensors that can measure
temperature, such as thermocouple, thermistors, semiconductor temperature sensors,
resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), and so on. Based on the requirement, different types
of sensors are used for measuring temperature in different applications.

2. IR Sensor

The small photo chips having a photocell which are used to emit and detect the
infrared light are called as IR sensors. IR sensors can be used for detecting stacles of robotic
vehicle and thus control the direction of the robotic vehicle. There are different types of
sensors which can be used for detecting infrared lights.

3. Ultrasonic Sensor

A transducer that works on the principle similar to the sonar or radar and estimate
attributes of the target by interpreting is called as ultrasonic sensors or transceivers. There are
different types of sensors that are classified as active and passive ultrasonic sensors that can
be differentiated based on the working of sensors.

4. Proximity Sensors
 A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of Electromagnetic
radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The
object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor’s target. Different proximity
sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor
might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal
target.

5. Pressure Sensor

A pressure sensor is a device for pressure measurement of gases or liquids. Pressure is

an expression of the force required to stop a fluid from expanding, and is usually stated in
terms
of force per unit area. A pressure sensor usually acts as a transducer; it generates a signal as a
function of the pressure imposed.

6. Level Sensors

Level sensors detect the level of liquids and other fluids and fluidized solids,
including slurries, granular materials, and powders that exhibit an upper free surface.
Substances that flow become essentially horizontal in their containers (or other physical
boundaries) because of gravity whereas most bulk solids pile at an angle of repose to a peak.
The substance to be measured can be inside a container or can be in its natural form (e.g., a
river or a lake). The level measurement can be either continuous or point values. Continuous
level sensors measure level within a specified range and determine the exact amount of
substance in a certain place, while point-level sensors only indicate whether the substance is
above or below the sensing point. Generally the latter detect levels that are excessively high
or low.

7. Smoke and Gas Sensors

A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.

Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm
system, while household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a
local audible or visual alarm from the detector itself.

8. Touch Sensor

Touch sensors can be defined as switches that are activated by the touch. There are
different types of touch sensors that are classified based on type of touch such as capacitance
touch switch, resistance touch switch, and piezo touch switch.
9. Humidity and Temperature Sensor

DHT11 is a Humidity and Temperature Sensor, which generates calibrated digital

output. DHT11 can be interface with any microcontroller like Arduino, Raspberry Pi, etc. and
get instantaneous results. DHT11 is a low cost humidity and temperature sensor which
provides high reliability and long term stability.
3.2 System Software

Arduino IDE
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for
Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated
from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a
software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. Userwritten code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the
main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main( ) into an
executable cyclic executive program with the GNU tool chain, also included with the IDE
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code
into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware.
 The implemented system consists of a microcontroller (ATmega328) as a main
processing unit for the entire system and all the sensor and devices can be connected with the
microcontroller. The sensors can be operated by the microcontroller to retrieve the data from
them and it processes the analysis with the sensor data and updates it to the internet through
Wi-Fi module connected to it.

Arduino UNO:
Arduino is an open source tool for making computers that can sense and control more
of the physical world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing
platform based on a simple micro controller board, and a development environment for
writing software for the board. Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking
inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and
other physical outputs. The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased pre-assembled; the
open-source IDE can be downloaded for free. The Arduino programming language is an
implementation of Wiring, a similar physical computing platform, which is based on the
Processing multimedia programming environment. It has 14 digital input/output pins , 6
analog inputs, a 16MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header,
and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the micro-controller; connect it to
a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
All the modules in the circuit are connected to Arduino module. Sensors are connected to
Arduino UNO board for monitoring, ADC will convert the corresponding sensor reading to
its digital value and from that value the corresponding environmental parameter will be
evaluated.

Wi-Fi Module

Here we used ESP8266 Wi-Fi module which is having TCP/IP protocol stack
integrated on chip. So that it can provide any microcontroller to get connected with Wi-Fi
network. ESP8266 is a preprogrammed SOC and any microcontroller has to communicate
with it through UART interface. It works with a supply voltage of 3.3v. The module is
configured with AT commands and the microcontroller should be programmed to send the
AT commands in a required sequence to configure the module in client mode. The module
can be used in both client and server modes.

Sensors: The system consists of temperature sensor, LDR, sound and CO sensor. These 4
sensors will measure the primary environmental factors light intensity, temperature, CO
levels and sound intensity relative respectively. All this sensors will gives the analog voltage
representing one particular weather factor. The microcontroller will converts this analog
voltage into digital data.

Temperature Sensor

The LM35 is an integrated circuit sensor that can be used to measure temperature with
an electrical output proportional to the temperature (in oC). If the temperature is high then the
fan will on and vice versa.., The Temperature Sensor is shown in Fig3. The scale factor is .
01V/oC. The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an
accuracy of +/- 0.4oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8oC over a range of 0 oC to +100oC.
 CO Sensor

Carbon Monoxide (CO) sensor, suitable for sensing CO concentrations in the air.
The MQ-7 can detect CO-gas concentrations anywhere from 20 to 2000ppm.This sensor has a
high sensitivity and fast response time. The sensor’s output is an analog resistance. The drive
circuit is very simple; all you need to do is power the heater coil with 5V, add a load
resistance, and connect the output to an ADC.

Sound Sensor

The Sound Sensor detects the decibel level: the softness or loudness of a sound. The
Sound Sensor detects both dB and dBA. dBA: the sounds human ears are able to hear. dB: all
actual sound, including sounds too high or low for the human ear to hear. The Sound Sensor
can measure sound pressure levels up to 90 dB – about the level of a lawnmower. For
comparison, 4-5% is like a silent living room and 5-10% is about the level of someone talking
some distance away. From 10-30% is normal conversation close to the sensor or music played
at a normal level and 30-100% represents a range from people shouting to music playing at
high volumes. These ranges are assuming a distance of about 1 meter between the sound
source and the Sound Sensor.
LDR Light-Dependent Resistor

An LDR is a component that has a (variable) resistance that changes with the light
intensity that falls upon it. This allows them to be used in light sensing circuits. A light-
dependent resistor (LDR) is a light-controlled variable resistor. The resistance of this
decreases with increasing incident light intensity; in other words, it exhibits photo-
conductivity. An LDR can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits, and light- and dark-
activated switching circuits. An LDR is made of a high resistance semiconductor. In the dark,
an LDR can have a resistance as high as a few mega ohms (MΩ), while in the light, an LDR
can have a resistance as low as a few hundred ohms. If incident light on an LDR exceeds a
certain frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough
energy to jump into the conduction band.
REFERENCES
[1]. P.Susmitha, G. Sowmyabala, Design and Implementation of Weather Monitoring
and Controlling System, International Journal of Computer Applications.
2. Bulipe Srinivas Rao , Prof. Dr. K. Srinivasa Rao , Mr. N. Ome, “Internet of Things (IOT) Based Weather
Monitoring system”, IJARCCE Journal,vol. 5, no. 9, sept. 2016.
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Chaw Myat Nwe1, Zaw Min Min Htun2
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R Suresh Babu, T Palaniappan,K Anushya, M Kowsalya , M Krishnadevi
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Anita M. Bhagat1, Ashwini G. Thakare1, Kajal A. Molke1, Neha S. Muneshwar1, Prof. V.
Choudhary2
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Sathapath Kilaso
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Environmental Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks”,K15146_C025.indd, 2013
8. Tarun Kumar Das, Yudhajit Das , Design of A Room Temperature And Humidity
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