MODULE 2

Electrical Services - Internal Electrical

distribution systems and Renewable
Energy Systems
Residential & Commercial Building internal electrical Distribution system:

• Rising Mains,
• Sub-Mains,
• UPS requirements,
• Wiring Systems,
• Wiring Installation systems.

• Circuit-Mains,
• Server power requirements,
• Point Wiring,
• Point Matrix,
• Utility Loads,
 CIRCUIT-MAINS

Mains electricity is the term used to refer to the electricity supply from power
stations to households.
Mains electricity is supplied as alternating current (a.c.)
Alternating current can easily be converted to higher and lower voltages by a
transformer.
By transporting the electrical energy from a power station at a high voltage and
low current is more efficient as if a high current and low voltage was to be used
most of the energy would be wasted as heat due to the resistance in the power
lines.

Mains electricity (electricity from the power station) enters the house via the Live
wire. The live wire carries the incoming electricity and is therefore at 230V and
so very dangerous. Mains voltage is more than enough to kill somebody.

The neutral wire is also supplied from the power station and is used to complete
the circuit. it is earthed back to the power station. Therefore once the electricity
from the live wire has given its energy to the appliances in the household the
current travels back out of the house via the neutral wire – hence the neutral wire
has a lower voltage than the live wire.
The earth wire is used for safety purposes and carries the current away when
there is a fault.
POINT WIRING
 POINT MATRIX
The term matrix describes the arrangement of individual elements in an orderly, regular
shape.
Switching matrix stands for the entirety of all test points ( It is a pin / connector point in the
outlet plug of a front plate module ) .
Single Point Matrix
A single point matrix is an available option of the switching matrix.
In a single point matrix one relay / transistor controls one contact / test point. This way, each test
point can be interconnected with high and/or low value of the test voltage—independently from
any other test point.
This single point control allows for more flexibility when developing the test algorithm , since
each test point can be separately controlled and individually connected with any other test point,
the generator and the measurement units.
In the Dual Point Matrix, always two test points are controlled by one relay. This leads to
limitations when developing test programs in the editor, especially when bundles of wires need
to be tested together in one test step.

A switching matrix is a multiplexer designed to automate a test process. It allows you to

simultaneously test several devices or several points on the circuit of a device. Matrixes
are organised into modules (typically with 4 test points) in order to provide greater
flexibility.

When several high voltage or ground bond test points are needed, fully automated
solutions will let you save time and improve testing quality and traceability.
 SERVER POWER REQUIREMENTS
A server without electricity is just a heap of metal parts, useless for anything
other than anchoring boats.
What kind of electricity does it take to keep a data centre going?

A power supply is used to convert wall/line AC power to DC power, which

can be distributed and used to power various components in a server, such
as the motherboard and the hard drives.
This conversion process has some overhead, which comes in the form of
heat, and which reduces the overall efficiency of the power supply.
The more efficient the power supply, the less heat that is generated. In
simplistic terms, the efficiency of the power supply is the amount of energy
that makes its way to the components needing the power. The remainder of
the energy is given off as heat.

Many single-use servers are overbuilt to handle potential demand peaks.

This means that these servers often run at well below their specs and never
make their way into the higher efficiency ranges on the power supply due to
the fact that the power supplies are never pushed to their limits.
 UTILITY LOADS

Load management, also known as demand side management (DSM), is the

process of balancing the supply of electricity on the network with the electrical
load by adjusting or controlling the load rather than the power station output.
This can be achieved by direct intervention of the utility in real time, by the use
of frequency sensitive relays triggering the circuit breakers (ripple control), by
time clocks, or by using special tariffs to influence consumer behavior. Load
management allows utilities to reduce demand for electricity during peak
usage times (peak shaving), which can, in turn, reduce costs by eliminating
the need for peaking power plants
 NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS ( NZEB )
An increasingly popular goal for green building is achieving Net Zero Energy -
when your building is energy efficient and generates enough energy on-site
to equal its annual energy needs.

Net zero energy buildings are highly energy-efficient and will use, over the
course of a year, renewable technology to produce as much energy as they
consume from the grid.

Designing Net Zero Energy Buildings

The key to designing net zero energy buildings is first reducing energy demand
as much as possible, and then choosing good energy sources. Here’s a simple
“order of operations”...
1. Reduce energy loads
2. Optimize design for passive strategies
3. Optimize design of active systems
4. Recover energy
5. Generate energy on-site
6. Buy energy/carbon offsets
Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) Certification is awarded by the International
Living Future Institute and is based around one central requirement:
100 percent of the project’s energy needs must be supplied by on-site renewable
energy on a net annual basis, without the use of on-site combustion.

Buildings must also meet an additional list of rigorous performance standards

over a minimum of 12 months of continuous occupancy. Net zero buildings
consequently contribute less greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than non-NZE
buildings.
 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Introduction to Renewable Energy Systems (On-Site and Off-Site):

• Solar,
• Wind,
• Bio-Mass,
• Achieving Net Zero Building design through utilization of above natural
resources;
• Energy Conservation techniques in Electrical systems.
 What is renewable energy?
Renewable energy is an energy source which can be replenished naturally and
indefinitely and thus is not going to run out.
Renewable energy is energy that comes from resources which are continually
replenished such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and geothermal heat.
About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewable resources,
with 10% of all energy from traditional biomass, mainly used for heating, and 3.4%
from hydroelectricity.

Forms of renewable energy:

• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy
• Geothermal Energy
• Bio energy
• Hydropower
• Ocean Energy
RENEWABLE ENERGY : An Overview

 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems

 Solar Thermal Solutions

 Wind Turbine

 Bio-gas for cooking & electricity generation

Why Renewable Energy

Alternate Source of Energy is the need of the hour and would provide the means
to :

• Combat rising energy prices by harnessing Perpetual sources of

Energy - Wind, Solar, Water and Geo-Thermal Energy.

• Virtual ZERO Global Warming.

• Achieve Freedom and Insulation from Crude Oil Price fluctuations.

• Self Reliance, since Renewable Energy Generation can be set up at point

of usage, thereby reducing Transmission Losses and Pilferage.

• Increase bottom lines due to guarantee in meeting production schedules,

minimal loss of productive time and fixed price of energy.
SOLAR ENERGY

• Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun.
• Sunlight, or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes
and other buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar
cooling, and a variety of commercial and industrial uses.

• Problem: Variable amounts of sunshine.

Major uses of Solar Energy

 Heating Water

 Space Heating

 Generating Electrical Energy

 What is Photovoltaics
• In Photovoltaic (solar) systems light energy is converted into
electricity.

• A Solar Cell is the basic element of each photovoltaic

system.

• Solar cells produce direct current electricity from light, which

can be used to power equipment or to recharge a battery .

• The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power

orbiting satellites and other spacecraft.
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

• Photovoltaic is a solid-state device that converts

sunlight into electricity.

• Silicon is a material known as a ‘semiconductor’

as it conducts electricity and it is the main material
for photovoltaic cells.

PHOTOVOLTAIC COMPONENTS

 PV Cells

 Modules

 Arrays
 SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES

• Day lighting

• Passive Solar Heating

•Concentrating Solar
Thermal

•Photovoltaic's (PV)
Power Tower
Typical Off-grid Solar PV Systems
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

Clean

Sustainable (can be used for longer duration)

Free of cost

Provide Electricity to Remote Places

DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY

Inefficient – maximum efficiency up to 30%.

Costly equipment.

Part Time.

High maintenance cost.

Photovoltaic Array Fields
 WIND ENERGY
•The wind is used as the prime mover that turns the wind turbines (wind mill)
that is connected to the shaft of the generator producing the mechanical
energy that is later converted to electrical energy.
•Problems: large, remote, windy sites are needed. Winds are variable.

Wind power:
• Airflows can be used to run wind turbines. Modern utility-scale wind turbines
range from around 600 kW to 5 MW of rated power, although turbines with
rated output of 1.5–3 MW have become the most common for commercial
use; the power available from the wind is a function of the cube of the wind
speed, so as wind speed increases, power output increases dramatically
up to the maximum output for the particular turbine.

• Areas where winds are stronger and more constant, such as offshore and
high altitude sites, are preferred locations for wind farms.

• Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be

five times total current global energy production, or 40 times current
electricity demand. This could require wind turbines to be installed over
large areas, particularly in areas of higher wind resources.
• The Electrical energy that is obtained from harnessing the wind
with wind mills or wind turbines is called Wind Energy.

• Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by

the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of
the earth.

• Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into

mechanical power.

• Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind

turbines which are connected to the electric power
transmission network.
Wind Energy
Winds are caused by the uneven heating of
the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities
of the earth's surface, and rotation of the
earth.

The terms "wind energy" or "wind power"

describe the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or
electricity
 Common Wind Turbine Construction

Rotor

• Blades are connected to a hub, which is connected to a shaft

• Rotational speed will depend on blade geometry, number of blades, and wind speed (40 to 400
revolutions per minute typical speed range)
• Gear box needed to increase speed to 1200-1800 RPM for generator
 Location of wind
farms
o Mountains or hilly areas

o It can be build even on

sea sides or oceans
Sizes and Applications

Small (10 kW)

• Homes Intermediate
• Farms (10-250 kW)
• Remote Application • Village Power
• Hybrid Systems
• Distributed Power

Large (660 kW - 2+MW)

• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind
ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER
1. No by-product is produced
2. Although wind turbines can be very tall each takes up only a small plot
of land.
3. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can
use wind turbines to produce their own supply.
4. Wind turbines are available in a range of sizes which means a vast
range of people and businesses can use them.

DISADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER:

1. Not uniform
2. Wind turbines are noisy. (About 70 mph).
3. Capacity of wind turbines is less.
4. Less efficiency (About 30%)
BIO ENERGY
• Bio energy is the energy from organic matter. Bio energy is energy derived from the
conversion of biomass where biomass may be used directly as fuel, or processed into
liquids and gases.
Biomass is fuel that is developed from organic materials, a renewable and sustainable
source of energy used to create electricity or other forms of power.

Biomass (plant material) is a renewable energy source because the energy it

contains comes from the sun. Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture
the sun's energy. When the plants are burnt, they release the sun's energy they
contain.
• In this way, biomass functions as a sort of natural battery for storing solar
energy. As long as biomass is produced sustainably, with only as much used as is
grown, the battery will last indefinitely.
• In general there are two main approaches to using plants for energy production:
growing plants specifically for energy use (known as first and third-generation
biomass), and using the residues (known as second-generation biomass) from
plants that are used for other things.
• The best approaches vary from region to region according to climate, soils and
geography.
• Biomass is expected to be about twice as expensive as natural gas, slightly more
expensive than nuclear power, and much less expensive than solar panels.
OVERVIEW

• Biomass is a renewable energy source that is derived from living or recently

living organisms.
• Biomass includes biological material, not organic material like coal.
• Energy derived from biomass is mostly used to generate electricity or to
produce heat.
• Thermal energy is extracted by means of combustion and gasification.
• Biomass can be chemically and biochemically treated to convert it to a
energy-rich fuel.
Converting biomass to other forms of energy
Burning is only one way to release the energy in biomass. Biomass can be converted to
other useable forms of energy such as methane gas or transportation fuels such as
ethanol and biodiesel.

Methane gas is a component of landfill gas or biogas that forms when garbage, agricultural
waste, and human waste decompose in landfills or in special containers called digesters.

Crops such as corn and sugar cane are fermented to produce fuel ethanol for use in
vehicles. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, is produced from vegetable oils and animal
fats.
BIOFUEL
• Biofuels include a wide range of fuels which are derived from biomass. The term
covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases. Liquid biofuels include
bioalcohols, such as Bioethanol, and oils, such as biodiesel. Gaseous biofuels
include biogas, landfill gas and synthetic gas.

• Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant

materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced
technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also
used as feed stocks for ethanol production
• Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as
a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is
widely used in the USA and in Brazil. However, according to the European
Environment Agency, biofuels do not address global warming concerns.
 BIOMASS ENERGY

Carbon neutral
CO2 ultimately released in energy generation is freshly captured and so
ideally does not change total atmospheric levels
Carbon leaks can result in a net increase in CO2 levels
Sequestration in soil can result in a net decrease in CO2 levels
CONTRIBUTION OF BIO-ENERGY

• Bio energy plays a role in all three main energy-use sectors: heat (and
cooling), electricity and transport.
• The contribution of bio energy to final energy demand for heat (traditional
and modern) far outweighs its use in either electricity or transport.

ADVANTAGES
• Renewable resource
• Dependency on Fossil Fuels is Reduced
•Carbon Neutral
•Widely Available
• Reduces landfills
• Protects clean water supplies
•Reduces acid rain and smog
• Reduces greenhouse gases – Carbon dioxide – Methane
DISADVANTAGES
• Not totally clean when burned
• Can lead to deforestation
•Biodiesel product are inefficient as compared to gasoline.
•Requires lot of space
•Expensive process
HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY RESOURCES

• This employs the use of a generator that uses falling water as the prime
mover to turn the generator shaft that provides the mechanical energy which is
later converted to electrical energy.

•Problems: Expensive to build. Few areas of the world are suitable.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• This form of energy uses the steam from underground springs or steams that
are produced from water that is pumped down to hot rocks deep underground
as a prime mover that turns a steam turbine connected to the shaft of a
Generator.

• Problems: drilling is expensive and difficult.

 Renewable energy scenario in India
Government created the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES)
in 1982. In 1992 a full fledged Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources was
established under the overall charge of the Prime Minister.
The range of its activities cover

1. Promotion of renewable energy technologies,

2. Create an environment conducive to promote renewable energy
technologies,
3.Create an environment conducive for their commercialization,
4.Renewable energy resource assessment,
5.Research and development,
6.Demonstration,
7.Production of biogas units, solar thermal devices, solar
photovoltaics, cookstoves, wind energy and small hydropower
units.
THE ADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

i. It is sustainable and so will never run out.

ii. Renewable energy facilities generally require less

maintenance than traditional generators.

iii. Renewable energy technologies are clean sources of

energy that have a much lower environmental impact
than conventional energy technologies .

iv. Produces little or no waste products such as carbon

dioxide or other chemical pollutants.

v. Cost effective.
THE DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
I. Difficult to generate the quantities of electricity that are as large as those
produced by traditional fossil fuel generators.

II. Renewable energy often relies on the weather for its source of power.

CHALLENGES OF NET-ZERO BUILDINGS

1- Net-zero is very difficult for buildings of more than four stories.

2- PV system is too expensive especially in undeveloped countries.
3- Best orientation can save up to 50% of heating and cooling energy.

Net-zero energy is an ambitious goal for any building—one that can’t be

achieved without thorough attention to every aspect of a building’s
design, construction, and operation. Like the related goal of creating a
carbon-neutral building, any net-zero building has to first achieve
significant load reductions and system efficiencies, and then meet the
remaining loads with onsite energy generation.
Conclusion

 It is extremely important to understand that NO single

Renewable Source of Energy can fulfil the complete annual
requirements of an end user

 It is essential to study the customer's requirement, the

availability of renewable resources in the specific location

 Requirement of customized solutions based on specific

needs

 The key to making Renewable Energy Solutions effective, is

in providing Integration of the various Renewable Energy
Resources