Q1) Right hand rule is for generators whereas left hand rule is for motors.

Q2) Full form of ETAP: Electrical transients and analysis of power

Q3) What is the difference between HT and LT lines?

Tension is a French word for voltage. In Pakistan, LT system is for 440 for 3-phase and 220V for
single phase. Whereas High tension is applicable for bulk power purchasers like industries,
universities, hostels which gets electricity from 11kV. Below 11kV is called LT and above this is
called HT.

Q4) what’s the difference between earthing and grounding?

These are different concepts which we people considers same.
1) Earthing means connecting the dead part (The part which doesn't carry current under normal
condition) to earth. For example, electrical equipment FRAME, support. While grounding means
connecting the live part (The part which carries current under normal condition to earth) like
neutral of a power transformer.
2) The purpose of earthing is to minimize risk of receiving an electrical shock if touching metal
parts when a fault is present while purpose of grounding is the protection of power system
equipments and to provide an effective return path for current from the machine to power source.
For example, grounding of a neutral point of star connected T/F.
3) Ground is a source for unwanted currents and also as a return path for main current sometimes
while earthing is done not for return path but only for protection of equipments.

Q5) why can't we store Ac in batteries instead of dc?

Because AC changes its polarity 50 times (when frequency is 50 Hz) in a second. Therefore
battery terminals keep changing positive and negative and vice versa but a battery cannot change
its terminals with same speed. Also when we connect ac supply to battery, it will charge during
positive cycle and discharges during negative cycle. Positive cycles cancels negative cycle so
average current or voltage in a cycle will be zero.

Q6) The purpose of ground wires at the top of TX tower is to protect the current carrying lines
from lightning strokes. They don't carry current and are often made of steel.

Q7) Normally power transformers are rated at 500 kVA or above.

Q8) Most common fault in overhead line is single line to ground fault.
Q9) Power factor can never be negative because p.f = cos (theta v - theta i). It depends on current
behavior If current lags behind voltage then phase angle will be negative but cosine of that angle
will be positive If current leads voltage then phase angle will be positive and cosine of angle is
also positive. In both cases cosine of angle is positive because of cosine even function property.

Q10) High voltage by itself is not dangerous. Static electricity: The sparks you produce by
rubbing your feet across the carpet can easily have thousands of volts behind them. What is
dangerous is when a high voltage source can also deliver a significant amount of current. 70ma is
enough to kill a person.

Q11) Practical examples of induction motor at home are: Ceiling fans, drill machine, Pump, ac
etc.

Q12) In an IM when you connect a capacitor bank then the reactive power demand by the IM is
supplied by the capacitor bank and not from the source. So for the system, reactive power
demand is decreased and power factor is improved by reducing the angle gap b/w voltage and
current. Inductive load consume reactive power and capacitive load delivers it.

Q13) If load is upto 150 MVA so substation designed would be of 132kv rating If load= 80
MVA then substation 66kv If load= 5mva so 33 or even 11kV.

Q14) Ferranti effect is when receiving end voltage becomes greater then sending end voltage
because of TX line capacitance at no load or at very light load. To reduce it we use reactors, facts
controllers or switching off compensating capacitor at the end of TX line.

Q15) K-electric has a policy that if load is greater than 5MW so consumer has to take electricity
from either 11kv 33kv 132 or 220kv and not from 440 or 220v. Because, more the load
increases, current increases so conductor size increases and ultimately cost of utility increases.

Q16) The system voltage is not changing even though we are operating system at different load
because. The more the load increases the reactive power drawn by the load from system also
increases but at the same time we use reactive power compensator that tries to maintain voltage
for different variation on load. Apart from these compensators we use tap changers, automatic
voltage controller and boosted transformers too.

Q17) If load is more than 40kw it would be called as industrial load.

Q18) Operation carried out in thermal power plant is that the water is boiled in the boiler and
coal is burnt so that steam is obtained. This steam is allowed to hit the turbine which is coupled
with generator. Turbine moves and generates electricity.
Q19) In fan we use single phase IM which have mostly squirrel cage rotor and are capacitor
start.

Q20) Synchronous generators are widely used for production of electricity because they have
capability to work on different power factors.

Q21) 3-phase symmetrical is more dangerous than 3-phase unsymmetrical fault because the
fault current is very high in first case. Where as in unsymmetrical fault occurs on only one or two
phase so fault current is less.

Q22) We mostly connect capacitor banks in parallel to correct the power factor and not in series
because. If we connect cap bank in series so it will create drop in the voltage across load. If we
connect in parallel we ensure the constant voltage across the load and at the same time improves
power factor.