Gussingreport

Sustainable Clonakilty
Energy Working Group
Güssing Visit
4 November 2008
Report To Clonakilty Town Council
Authors: A Wickham & P Madden
Sustainable Clonakilty Energy Working Group
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................................... 3
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................3
MEMBERS OF THE DELEGATION TO GÜSSING.......................................................................................4
ITINERARY FOR THE GÜSSING VISIT .........................................................................................................5
DI DEAN MARCELJA’S PRESENTATION ..................................................................................................... 6
KEY POINTS ...........................................................................................................................................................6
CONCEPTUAL POINTS ON A SUSTAINABLE LOCAL ENERGY SUPPLY ................................................................. 7
ECRE MANAGING DIRECTOR ING. REINHARD KOCH .........................................................................8
KEY POINTS FROM SESSION ................................................................................................................................... 8
LEARNING FROM GÜSSING’S EXPERIENCE ...........................................................................................................8
WHAT CAN ECRE DO FOR CLONAKILTY? ..........................................................................................................9
GÜSSING’S PLANTS ...........................................................................................................................................10
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................10
WHAT DID THEY DO ...........................................................................................................................................10
GÜSSING BIOMASS PLANT.............................................................................................................................12
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF THE GÜSSING AREA ..................................................................14
GÜSSING DISTRICT HEATING PLANT .......................................................................................................15
BIOGAS PLANT STREM .........................................................................................................................................16
ACTIONS SUBSEQUENT TO VISITING GÜSSING....................................................................................18
RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................................18
SUMMARY.............................................................................................................................................................19
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................................................19
LINKS TO FURTHER INFORMATION .........................................................................................................19
CLARIFICATION OF TERMS ..........................................................................................................................20
UNDERSTANDING UNITS AND MULTIPLIERS USED IN THIS DOCUMENT. ...........................................................20
UNDERSTANDING WATTS AND WATT-HOURS .....................................................................................................20
BIOMASS ..............................................................................................................................................................20
BIOGAS .................................................................................................................................................................20
BIOFUEL ...............................................................................................................................................................20
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP) ................................................................................................................21
DISTRICT HEATING ...............................................................................................................................................21
Front Cover Picture

The delegation outside the European Center of Renewable Energy(ECRE) offices from
right to left: Peter Madden, Justin England (Town Clerk), Robert Lambert,
Mayor Micheal O'Regan, Trevor Buttimer, Alison Wickham, Cllr Cionnaith O'Suilleabhain,
Bob Hilliard.
Absent: The Photographer, Cllr Robert Walsh
Güssing Visit Report 2 of 21 2nd December 2008

Executive Summary
A delegation comprising Town Council and Sustainable Clonakilty Energy Working
Group members traveled to Güssing, Austria, to learn how they had reached
energy self-sufficiency.
The group engaged in discussions with representatives of the European Center of
Renewable Energy based in Güssing and visited three nearby renewable energy
power stations. Information was gathered that will be used to assist Clonakilty in
moving towards its goal of renewable energy self sufficiency by 2020. The visit to
ECRE and to the plants showed the practical side of their project and gave a clear
indication that the goal is achievable in Clonakilty.
Background Information
The Sustainable Energy Working Group, a sub-committee of Sustainable
Clonakilty, was formed in February 2008 by a group of volunteers from the
community who identified and were committed to the following objective:
To enable a strong, sustainable economy for Clonakilty and the surrounding
area by 2020, through self sufficiency in renewable energy.
Hence the project was born.
The group recognized that to meet this goal two interrelated elements needed to
be achieved; one element being the reduction of local energy demand through
conservation and greater efficiency in use, the other being the identification of local
sources of renewable energy and the introduction of means to use these to satisfy
that local energy demand. These two elements are to be concurrently progressed.
The group identified a need to conduct an energy audit to give baseline figures for
energy consumption in Clonakilty. These figures will help predict energy
requirements and enable measurement of progress towards meeting the group’s
objective. The group has received some funding from Failte Ireland (as part of the
2007 Best Emerging Rural Tourism Destination award prize) to initiate the energy
audit.
Güssing in Austria, a town of similar population to Clonakilty, had been identified
within the group as being a leader in the introduction of renewable energy to meet
its energy needs. In moving towards being energy neutral they had reduced their
carbon emissions by 93% over the course of 15 years and created over 1,000 jobs.
Their model facilitates others to follow suit and they were known to have carried
out similar energy audits to that the group thought was needed for Clonakilty.
The group decided that a visit to Güssing should be arranged and that the greatest
benefit would be gained if other local organisations, particularly the Town Council,
were to take part in the trip. Invitations were issued and an application made to the
Town Council for funding to facilitate the trip. Subsequently on Tuesday, 5th August
2008, the Clonakilty Mayor and Town Council unanimously supported Sustainable
Clonakilty’s application for community funding to make possible the group’s visit to
Güssing.

Members of the Delegation to Güssing

The Working Group invited Town and County Council representatives and a
selection of their full time officials; government energy and funding agencies, as
well as local business people whose projects have an impact on the town. Despite
a great deal of interest shown, ultimately most were unable to come due to other
personal or work commitments.
The following people were able to find time to take part:
Clonakilty Town Council

Mayor, Micheal O'Regan
Cllr Cionnaith O'Suilleabhain
Cllr Robert Walsh
Town Clerk, Justin England
Sustainable Clonakilty Working Group members funded by the Town Council
Robert Lambert
Peter Madden
Alison Wickham, Secretary Sustainable Clonakilty
Independently funded
Trevor Buttimer, Renewable Energy Management Services Ltd.
Bob Hilliard, Hillback Developments.
The group meeting with Reinhard Koch in ECRE

Itinerary for the Güssing Visit

The itinerary was designed to extract the maximum information in the minimum
amount of time.
Monday, 3rd November 2008
0900 Travel to Cork Airport, left Clonakilty by hackney
2300 Arrived Vienna, delayed due to fog at Heathrow.
Tuesday, 4th of November 2008
0115 Arrived Güssing.
0900 Presentation at The European Center of Renewable Energy (ECRE)
on ‘The Güssing Model’ by DI Dean Marcelja.
1000 Visited Biomass Plant Güssing, District heating Plant Güssing and
Biogas Plant Strem.
1200 Lunch at the ECRE restaurant ‘Cafe Innovation’.
1330 Discussion with the current Managing Director of ECRE, Ing.
Reinhard Koch. He along with Güssing’s mayor initiated the project in
1991 and he has remained at the forefront of the project since.
1500 Visited the ECRE training centre - an opportunity to see their
teaching facilities where solar technology installation technicians
(known as ‘Solarteurs’) and municipal energy managers are trained.
1630 Visited Güssing town centre.
1900 Debriefing discussion of the day’s events.
Wednesday, 5th November 2008
1030 Left Güssing for Vienna.
1330 Arrived Vienna for check in.
1505 Departed Vienna for Cork via London.
1920 Arrived Cork.
2100 Arrived Clonakilty by hackney.

DI Dean Marcelja’s Presentation

Key Points
Sixteen years ago the town of Güssing did not have enough money to pay its
municipal energy bills. Situated in Burgenland, the poorest area of Austria at that
time, the town was isolated due to its location at the end of the road to Hungary,
the border with which had been closed with a military presence (the Iron Curtain)
for 50 years. As a result the infrastructure was poor, unemployment was high and
many people migrated from the area. Of those left 70% commuted to Vienna, 160
km to the north.
The crisis galvanised the new Town Mayor, Peter Vadasz, into action. Reinhard
Koch, a local to Güssing and an electrical engineer, was appointed as the town’s
engineer. They recognised that their current situation was not sustainable and that
the energy cycle was an opportune area for improvement. They set about
assessing local energy needs (126,500 MWh pa), how these could be reduced,
and how these could be met using the local resources. They considered an area of
45 sq km around Güssing, this area comprising 45% woodland, 44% fields and
11% urban. Some of the urban land was municipally owned and this was made
available for siting the plants.
In 1991 the town was spending !6.2m per year on energy which immediately left
the region. After 17 years of renewable energy investment Güssing town now
meets its own energy needs (185,500 MWh pa) from the local area and as a result
has a net annual income from energy of over !9m. This money stays in the region,
thus enabling the local people to run and further develop local resources and
industries. The greater Güssing area (45 sq km) is currently 60% energy self-
sufficient and is benefiting by retaining more than !19m of a year. This is expected
to increase shortly, to more than !37m per annum when they are 100% energy
self-sufficient.
Due to stable energy prices, over 50 new businesses have started up or moved to
the region and 1,100 local jobs have been created. Energy sales volume is now
greater than !14m per year. The manufacture of parquet flooring is one of the
major industries now located in Güssing and they also have a sizable eco-tourism
industry. Currently Solon are developing a !60m plant to produce high-energy
solar cells (photovoltaic) attracted by the renewable energy availability in the town.
Dean Marcelja summarised the benefits of going for a regional renewable energy
supply as:
• Money spent on energy is retained in the region.
• Stable energy prices are guaranteed through the use of long term (10 year)
contracts both in the raw material supply to the plants and energy delivery
from them, making the area attractive to new businesses.
• New businesses create new jobs enabling local people to remain or return
to work in their home town.
• More local jobs mean fewer commuters, resulting in less road traffic.

• Energy independency, the energy cycle run by local people for local people
using local resources, means a secured supply of energy.
• As a result there is less likelihood of political tension arising in the region, as
the energy supply cycle is an area of common local interest.
• The raw material supply is secure if sustainable growing and harvesting
practices are used. Currently daily consumption of fossil energy sources on
the planet equals 1347 years of the sedimentation process (clearly not
sustainable).
• Carbon footprint is reduced (in Güssing’s case by 93%).
• A Regional Sustainable Energy Supply is a win/win situation for all, whether
they are in industry, the public sector, agriculture, craftwork, or households.
Conceptual Points On A Sustainable Local Energy Supply

1. It is most important that we prioritise and commit to saving energy in
everything we do. Güssing reduced its energy requirements by 40% through
this process. In particular they ensured that homes were not wasting heat
and that public buildings led the way in the energy conservation process.
Street lighting was targeted as an area of energy waste and timers and
special bulbs fitted to allow lower lighting levels at times of less need.
2. Cover the remaining real energy demand from renewable sustainable local
resources.
3. Measure everything – energy requirements, all inputs, all outputs etc.
4. If the plants are the optimum size for the purpose for which the energy is to
be used, it makes them more affordable and more efficient. Large plants are
very expensive to build and generally slower to react to changes in demand.
5. It is important to ensure that the energy generating plants are easily
expandable should the situation later require it.
6. Simple logistics are important – the raw materials and energy user need to
be in close proximity. This results in low overall energy losses (shorter raw
material transportation and lower energy distribution losses).
7. Intelligent networks are necessary for transferring the energy to the end
user with minimal energy loss.
8. Large centralised power plants mean dependency on things beyond local
control, which is undesirable.
9. If you understand that the above is the only possible way to go, then there is
hope for the future.

ECRE Managing Director Ing. Reinhard Koch

Key Points from session
In an informal question and answer session between the participants and Reinhard
Koch the following points were made:
1. Capitalise on free natural resources first, and then use waste or by-products
of other processes for energy production, before taking products with other
uses. For example, use forest thinnings rather than growing crops
specifically for energy generation.
2. Liquid or gaseous fuels are the most flexible and valuable energy sources to
produce.
3. Heat is a by-product of other energy generation processes and can be used
for central heating purposes or in business applications such as the drying
of timber or other products.
4. Long-term contracts, for both raw material supply and the delivery of energy,
are critical for stable energy prices, thus attracting investment in local
industry.
5. One hundred percent local ownership of the plants is desirable. In Güssing
this has been achieved through 49% municipal ownership and 51% local
investors.
6. Municipal conservation of energy led to savings, which were used to invest
in more energy saving and ultimately freed capital for other projects.
7. Reinhard Koch sees it as important that the project be locally driven, at least
95%. He suggests that an individual is appointed to manage the process.
His/her leadership, management & communication skills are critical, but they
can learn most of the technical requirements for the job whilst on the job and
through training modules provided at the ECRE. He made the point that
appointing an effective person saves money in the long term.
Learning from Güssing’s Experience

1. When asked about mistakes they had made, Ing. Koch commented that
they should have avoided building plants in the centre of town. As the town
has grown it is more desirable to have the plants closer to the industrial end
users of their energy products and away from residential areas.
2. One of the best things that they did was to ‘involve researchers’ from
universities and technical institutes in Vienna and Graz and further a field.
Their expertise allowed creative and inventive solutions to evolve and have
made some Güssing projects world leaders e.g. the biomass plant using
patented wood gasification technology.

3. Something they learned was that it is better to ‘take longer and involve all
parties in consultation’ before making changes. This latter point is of
particular relevance to Clonakilty as Sustainable Clonakilty considers
involvement and communication, of and with, the community a vitally
important means of bringing about change, particularly when the threat
necessitating the change is of a longer term nature than that facing Güssing
in 1991.
4. In retrospect, they would not build such a large district heating scheme
using hot water, but would build a gas distribution grid with only a short
distance heating grid to take the heat by-product to nearby consumers. This
way the infrastructure would be much cheaper, it would be more efficient
due to less energy loss in transmission and it is easier to store gas to meet
fluctuations in demand.
5. Reinhard Koch mentioned that Güssing is now the Austrian centre for
research into alternative automotive fuels and reiterated that one should
take only waste products for fuel production.
6. Regarding forestry, which in the Güssing region is mixed deciduous and
evergreen trees, they achieve around a 6 to 7% annual growth rate. They
are now experimenting with fast growing woods such as willow. Much of the
wood they use is grown in small parcels in private ownership, but forest
management unions oversee forest management for most woodlots.
What Can ECRE Do For Clonakilty?

ECRE, a non-profit organisation, can offer assistance in:
• Sustainable regional energy concepts.
• Feasibility studies (power plants, financing).
• Technology Research & Development.
• Neutral moderation.
• Education – Municipal Energy Manager and Solateur training.
• Learning from their mistakes.
However, ECRE believe it is important to acknowledge that local people know their
own area best. ECRE will provide support, with local involvement progressing 95%
of the task of achieving the local aims.
Their residential training sessions are frequently tailored specially to the needs of
the individual, and can last from 3 days up to three months depending on the
circumstances. They find it more beneficial to provide Municipal Energy Manager
training in short blocks of time, interspersed with time on the job, rather than in one
extended stay.

Güssing’s Plants
Introduction
This section describes the energy plants and associated delivery systems
demonstrated on our visit to Güssing together with some additional information to
give context. It does not cover all the plants they operate to enable them to live
energy neutral*. These plants were developed by the Güssing team to meet their
energy needs from the resources available in the Güssing area. Information on
other Güssing plants can be found at: http://eee-info.net/english.php
Under Sustainable Clonakilty’s 2020 energy project our energy requirements will
need to be met from renewable resources available locally; as a result an exact
copy of the Güssing operation would not be appropriate.
*The term ‘Energy neutral’ in this context means the energy used in an area equates to that available from sustainable
resources within that same area.
What Did They Do

Güssing gained a firm understanding of their energy needs in terms of volume,
time of use and useable energy forms. They also established what sustainable
resources they had available to meet their energy needs. The diagram below
shows their available resources (left side), the processes used to convert those
resources (Centre) and the resultant usable energy forms (right side).

We were shown how Güssing has been able to react to external factors, both
political and environmental.
A political example of this being one of Güssing’s transport fuel plants where they
had been making Rape Methyl Ester (RME), a form of bio-diesel with no mineral oil
content. This was made from Rape Oil (and waste cooking oil) using a process
called ‘Transesterification’. The by-product of this process, Rape-Cake, was used
to make biogas in a separate plant thereby minimising waste. The RME plant was
closed following the introduction of a 20 % bio-diesel content requirement for all
diesel sold in Austria, this resulted in the price of the main ingredient, rapeseed,
increasing making the process uneconomic.
An environmental example is that of wind energy which is not used in Güssing as
there is not enough of it to convert into a usable energy form viably with current
technology. We did note that it is used in the Vienna area as shown in the picture
below.
Solar power is used in Güssing. In the picture below a combined heat and power
plant (CHP) that we passed during our visit is shown.

Güssing Biomass Plant
The first plant that we visited was the Biomass plant on the edge of Güssing town,
shown above. To give the plant scale, the yellow building in the foreground is
single story. The plant is evolving as a result of research and development.
The fuel that the plant is optimised for is woodchip. This comes from adjacent
factories – the waste product of parquet flooring manufacturing and hardwood
drying* – and from local forests.
*Both new industries attracted to Güssing and sited near the Biomass plant for maximum efficiency.
The picture below shows timber and wood chips at the plant. The timber used in
the plant has been separated from timber that has other uses and is therefore a by-
product. Whilst this can be chipped at the plant, most is now chipped in the forest
as it is more efficient to transport and less noisy for local residents.

The picture below shows that the wood chips are not overly processed, this
minimises the energy used in producing them, whilst maintaining their gassing /
burning efficiency.
The basic product of the plant is gas; this is produced by heating the wood chip to
850°C in a chamber containing steam. This process is known as ‘Fluidised Bed
Steam Gasification’. The benefits of using this process (steam instead of air) are
that very little tar is produced and that the gas produced has a high calorific value –
if produced in air it would be diluted with nitrogen.
Wood chips are burnt together with some of the gas the plant produces to heat the
woodchips to the point where gas is produced. This gas is then cooled and
cleaned. The heat given off in the cooling process is fed into the town’s district
heating system. The residues are fed back into the system so no effluent / waste
results. The remaining gas can be used to fuel a gas engine, which drives a
generator; the resultant electricity is fed to the Grid – again waste heat is fed into
the district heating system.
If running at maximum capacity and all the gas is used to generate electricity the
plant can produce 2 MW, this equates to 25% to 28 % of the energy contained in
the woodchip. Of the rest of the energy contained in the wood chip, 4.4 MW (55%)
is output as heat and fed to the district heating system. This gives the plant an
overall efficiency of better than 80%, the rest is used in the process or lost as heat.
When running at maximum capacity the plant uses 2.3 tonnes of woodchip per
hour. This plant is operated for 8000 hours (11 months) per year.
The gas does not all have to be used to generate electricity. Because of its good
quality it has several other uses. It can be stored as synthetic natural gas, used as
fuel gas for vehicles, made into bio-ethanol (petrol), diesel, methanol or hydrogen.
The output of the plant can be tweaked, within limits, to maximise the product most
needed.
The Güssing plant cost approximately !40m to develop, but we were advised that
a plant of the same capacity could be put in for approximately !9m.
A patent is held for this particular wood gasification process.

Associated with the Biomass plant is the Fischer Tropsch Reactor shown below.
This is a research plant focusing on producing vehicle fuels using gas from the
biomass plant.
Pictorial Representation of The Güssing Area
Güssing ! 5 km" Strem !

Red boxes denote plants using renewable energy.
Green raindrops denote renewable energy generating plants.

Güssing District Heating Plant
The Güssing district heating plant that we visited is shown above, it was built in
1996 and shows that the plants can be much more visually pleasing than the
biomass plant. The vehicles give the scale to the plant. The fuel used is wood chip,
which is processed into heat by efficient combustion. That heat is fed into the
town’s district heating system. This plant can deliver up to 14 MW of heat to the
district heating system and uses approximately 22,000 tonnes of wood per year.
The Güssing town’s district heating system*, which includes a network of pipes 27
km in length through which the heat is distributed, has a 42 MW heat distribution
capacity. When this was installed it was fed to all homes and businesses in the
town, regardless of whether the occupier wanted a connection or not. This was
because they were confident of future buy in and did not want to have to disrupt
the road system more than necessary. The early concerns with respect to
convenience were soon overcome when people realised that it was more
convenient than oil and the price was equal. It now costs 30% less than using oil
for an equivalent amount of energy.
*If starting now they would install a gas grid, with a short distance heating grid only, as the infrastructure would be much
cheaper, it would be more efficient and it is easier to store gas to meet fluctuations in demand.
Examples of the district heating pipes are shown above.

Biogas plant Strem
Strem was located about 5 km from Güssing and has a population of

approximately 250. It has a small district heating system supported by this plant
which also produces gas that can drive a gas motor / electric generator or be used
as a vehicle fuel.

The on-site store contains a year’s fuel, which consists primarily of grass silage
and maize and is shown below.
In this picture the silage in one lane is covered in wood chip and the other, slurry
produced as waste by the plant. This is to test maintaining the silage condition
with organic products in place of plastic sheeting. There were four lanes, each
approx 20m X 100m which equates to an area of approx 8000 sq m.
The process for producing gas is anaerobic digestion. The by-product slurry (this is
not animal waste) has just been collected by the tanker pictured, to be returned to
the land producing the fuel for the plant. The plant produces 4,250 MWh/year of
electricity to the grid and 4,500 MWh/year heat to the district heating system.

Actions Subsequent To Visiting Güssing

Sustainable Clonakilty held a public meeting at the Quality Hotel, Clonakilty on
Thursday November 13, 2008 to report back on the findings of the trip to Güssing.
Around 85 people attended the presentation describing what was seen and learned
in Güssing. It generated a lot of excitement and a lively question and answer
session followed.
Local people were also made aware of the Energy Audit proposed by Sustainable
Clonakilty. In addition to being fundamental to the project in technical terms the
energy inventory process is seen as a key way to obtain local involvement and
commitment to the whole change process.
Recommendations
A meeting of the Energy Working Group Steering Committee, which includes the
Council Energy Sub-committee, is recommended to work together on addressing
the following issues:
1. How best to progress the project from the Town Council point of view.
2. Identifying what mechanisms exist, or can be created, to save money on
energy expenditure within the Council operations, and infrastructure.
3. Identifying a mechanism whereby any energy money saved by the Town
Council, through conservation, can be ring fenced for five years for
investment to enable further savings, and thus not lost from future Council
budgets.
4. A show of commitment from the Town Council through an energy audit and
an energy savings campaign in the Town Council run buildings and
operations, with attendant publicity.
5. Identifying suitable Council owned land that could be used to site renewable
energy power plants.
6. Ensuring the Town Council leads the way in ensuring all new properties are
built to the highest BER standards.
7. Ensuring all new industrial and commercial developments built in the area
will be able to be supported by locally produced renewable energy.
8. Gaining commitment and involvement from the Cork County Council, and in
particular the Planning Department.
9. Lobbying the Government for changes in policy, and where necessary
legislation, to support the project objectives.

Summary
In order to assist the Sustainable Clonakilty Energy Working Group progress
toward its project objective – that is ‘To enable a strong, sustainable economy for
Clonakilty and the surrounding area by 2020, through self sufficiency in renewable
energy’ - Güssing in Austria was identified as a town that was a leader in meeting
that objective and a place from which lessons could be learnt, thereby speeding
the project’s progress.
A visit was planned and as a result a delegation comprising Town Council and
Sustainable Clonakilty Energy Working Group members traveled to Güssing to
learn how they had reached energy self-sufficiency over a period of fifteen years.
The visit was centered on the European Center of Renewable Energy based in
Güssing. The group engaged in discussions with the center’s representatives and
visited three nearby renewable energy power stations. Descriptions of how and
why Güssing had moved to a renewable energy economy and how they could
assist Clonakilty in progressing toward being energy neutral were given. The visit
to ECRE and to the plants showed the practical side of their project and gave a
strong feeling of what is possible in Clonakilty. The Information gathered will be
used to assist us in moving towards renewable energy self sufficiency by 2020.
Acknowledgements
• The Mayor & Clonakilty Town Council for funding.
• The Mayor, Town Clerk, Councilors and others who made time to go on the
trip.
• REMS for arranging the visit to ECRE and sponsoring transport and seminar
costs in Austria.
• ECRE for the use of some of their images.
Links to further information

European Center of Renewable Energy Website:
http://eee-info.net/english.php
Article by Richard Douthwaite on Güssing
http://www.feasta.org/documents/landhousing/construct_06.pdf
Sustainable Energy Ireland: www.sei.ie
Sustainable Clonakilty: www.sustainableclon.com

Clarification of terms
Understanding Units and Multipliers used in this document.
System International (SI) units are used unless otherwise stated. This system
includes prefixes, for those who are not familiar with this system, prefixes with the
following meaning are used in this document;
k Kilo Meaning 1,000 times the base unit i.e. 1 kW = 1000 W.
M Mega Meaning 1,000,000 times the base unit.
G Giga Meaning 1,000,000,000 times the base unit.
It should be noted that the kilogram is a base unit and 1000 kg is 1 Tonne.
Understanding watts and watt-hours
Power is the rate at which energy is used (or generated), measured in watts (W), at
any instant. However, energy is normally sold by the watt hour, which is the
product of power and time.
For example, if a 100 watt light bulb is turned on for one hour, the energy used is
100 watt-hours or 0.1 kilowatt-hour. This same quantity of energy would light a 40-
watt bulb for 2.5 hours.
A power station would be rated in watts, but its annual energy sales would be in
watt-hours (or kilowatt-hours or megawatt-hours).
A kilowatt-hour is the amount of energy equivalent to a steady power of 1 kilowatt
running for 1 hour.
Biomass
Biomass is organic matter available on a renewable basis. Biomass includes forest
and mill residues, agricultural crops and wastes, wood and wood wastes, animal
wastes, livestock operation residues, aquatic plants, fast-growing trees and plants,
and municipal and industrial wastes.
Biogas
Biogas can be produced from all kinds of biomass. The biomass can be
anaerobically (in the absence of oxygen) fermented into gas (or the gas can be
made by other methods such as the biomass plant described in this document).
The raw biogas is cleaned and the final product consists of methane.
Biofuel
A renewable fuel derived from biological matter (biodiesel, biogas, methane).

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Combined heat and power (sometimes know as cogeneration) is the use of a heat
engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful
heat. This is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. In separate production of
electricity some energy must be rejected as waste heat, but in cogeneration this
thermal energy is put to good use.
District heating
This is a system for distributing heat generated in a centralized location for
residential and commercial heating requirements such as space heating and water
heating. The heat is often obtained from a cogeneration plant burning biomass
increasingly in place of fossil fuels, although heat-only boiler stations, geothermal
heating and central solar heating are also used. District heating plants can provide
higher efficiencies and better pollution control than localized boilers.
Güssing Castle viewed from down town at dusk.

Gussingreport

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Gussingreport

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Sustainable Clonakilty

Energy Working Group

Front Cover Picture

Güssing Visit Report 2 of 21 2nd December 2008

Güssing Visit Report 3 of 21 2nd December 2008

Members of the Delegation to Güssing

The following people were able to find time to take part:

Clonakilty Town Council

The group meeting with Reinhard Koch in ECRE

Itinerary for the Güssing Visit

Güssing Visit Report 5 of 21 2nd December 2008

DI Dean Marcelja’s Presentation

Güssing Visit Report 6 of 21 2nd December 2008

Conceptual Points On A Sustainable Local Energy Supply

Güssing Visit Report 7 of 21 2nd December 2008

ECRE Managing Director Ing. Reinhard Koch

Learning from Güssing’s Experience

Güssing Visit Report 8 of 21 2nd December 2008

What Can ECRE Do For Clonakilty?

Güssing Visit Report 9 of 21 2nd December 2008

What Did They Do

Güssing Visit Report 10 of 21 2nd December 2008

Güssing Visit Report 11 of 21 2nd December 2008

Güssing Biomass Plant

Güssing Visit Report 12 of 21 2nd December 2008

Güssing Visit Report 13 of 21 2nd December 2008

Pictorial Representation of The Güssing Area

Güssing ! 5 km" Strem !

Güssing Visit Report 14 of 21 2nd December 2008

Güssing District Heating Plant

Examples of the district heating pipes are shown above.

Güssing Visit Report 15 of 21 2nd December 2008

Biogas plant Strem

Strem was located about 5 km from Güssing and has a population of

Güssing Visit Report 16 of 21 2nd December 2008

Güssing Visit Report 17 of 21 2nd December 2008

Actions Subsequent To Visiting Güssing

Güssing Visit Report 18 of 21 2nd December 2008

Links to further information

Güssing Visit Report 19 of 21 2nd December 2008

Güssing Visit Report 20 of 21 2nd December 2008

Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

Güssing Castle viewed from down town at dusk.

Güssing Visit Report 21 of 21 2nd December 2008

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen