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PO\VERLINEREVIE\VCENTER
MEZZANINE FLOOR, DONA AMPARO BUILDING
CORNER ESPANA & G. M. TOLENTINO STREETS
SAMPALOC, MANILA.
TEL NOS. 735-73-02 & 733-2i-iS

CEERS- PO\VERLINEREVIE\VCENTER
TEL NOS. (032)261.-2244 & (032)261.-8452
 H¥DRAULICS
, !ydraulics~the science dealing with the mechanical
properties of liquids, as water and their applica-
tions in engjneeriI1g , 6, A mercury barometenitthe foot (JqVlount Makiling
Hydrostatics ~ is that b~,IllChof physics which',deals
with fluids af rest.
Hydrodynamics or Fluid Dynamits- deals with the
study oftl~e laws of motion of fluids,
Ideal Fluid ~is often defmed as a substance which can
not transl1lit shearhp <;;;resses,and which if not
totally confined, shows a free horizontal surface
when at rest Fluids can further be subdivided into
liquid and gdsses,
DENSITY
Density, OJof substances is defined as the mass, m per
unit volume, V. The S,1. the unit of density is com.
manly expressed in grams per cubic centimeter;
sometimes called mass density, in the British Sys.
tem, pounds per cubic foot, sometimes called weight
density,
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Specific gravity- 8 of a substances, is defined as the
ratio of the density of the substances to the den.
sity to a given standard substanc,e usually water.
is the dep!hofthecen,terofpressure on the "er'
tical plate,P]35,prob, 35 ,
A. 6 ft C, 6,66 ft
B 6,56ft D, 7.43 ft
reads 654 mrn and at the same t~leanother similar
barorrete~ at the top of the mountain reads 480
'Jm1. As'suming specific gravity of air to be con-
stant at12 Nh,:nJ,What is the approximate height
of Mount Makiling? Ans; 1934.5m,
7,' On the top of the roof 'of a high rise building, a
mercury barome'er reads 750 rnm, At the same
time a second barometer on the ground of the
same structure reads 760mrn, Assummg that the
specific weight of air is uniform within the eleva-
tion from the ground floor to the roof ofthe build.
ing, having a value of I I,8 Nlm3: Determine the
height of the building,
A 112,985 m C 85,058m
B. 96.493 m .6, 115.253m
8, A bOttle consisting of a cylinder 30 cm in diameter
and 10 cm,high has a neck of 5cm dia and 10 cm
high, If the bottle is filJed with air under atmo-
spheric pressure is 'iIwetted and submerged in
water until its neck is justfull of water,: Neglecting
the vapor pressures, find the depth at which the
open end of the b(Jttle is submeEged" .

In the SI units, density and specific gra\'ity have A) 35195cm C 38.711 cni
the same numerical value, because the mass of lcc B) 31.356cm D,37,'195cm
of water at 4°(: weighs approximatelY,l gram 9, The SI unit of atmospheric pressure, is the
A N/m2 C psi
SPECIFIC VOLUME B. Atmosphere D. Ton
Specific Volume- is the ,reciprocal of densi,ty
BOUYANCY
HYDROSTATICS Archimedes' Priflciple~ states "Any body submerged
1. A rectangular tank 5111long, wide and 4m deep is or immersed in a flUId is subjected to an upward
fllled with glycerine (sp, '" 126), Whatis the total force equal to the weight of the displaced fiuid"
force on the bottom, on one side and on the other
side? AlIs: 247,212 N, 494,424N, 98,884.8 N Where:
2, What is the total pressure of a 2ft by 4 ft long gate Fb - buoyant force
when the top is 1ft below the water level?
AlIs: 1,497.6Ibs W0 - weight of object in air
.', A vertical gate 4ft wide and 6ft high hinged at the Ws - weight of object in fluid
'upper edge is kept dosed by the pressure ofwa- Vd - volul1ll; displaced
tel' standing 8ft, deep over its top edge, What OJ ~ density 0 f fluid,
force normally applied 'at the bottom of the gate 1, A hol1ow metal sphere of outside diameter of 10
would be required to open it AttS: 8,985.6Ibs.
4,
cm weighing 5grnicmJ in air floats half submerged
A vertical triangular plate whose height is 12ft has
inJresh water. Determine the a radius of the cav-
its base horizontal and vertex uppermost in the
wat'er surface, Find the depth to which it must be ity is
lowered so that the vertical level beteen the c,g, 2, A mass of coppe)' 'suspected'of being hallows
and c.p, is8 in, Ails: 4ft 'weightc523 grams in air.andA47,5 grams water If
s A rectangu1ar plate is measuring 4 ft by.6 ft is specific gravity of copper is 8.92 the volwne of
submetged in water such that the top of the the cavity IIIcc is: P95 prcbA
shorter side is 4 ft below the water surface, What A) 58,63 C) 16,87
, B)J7,50 D)2U5
 3.. What is the area of the smallest block ofice'0.5m
2. Find th(:!o.tal.~~e :eq~ire? t?,efPty a tank "!
thick that wilIjustslippOrt amariofmass 100 kg. is paraboloid'ofte'iToli1hoI1 wltlrSvery horizol
The specific graVity-oficeis 0.917 and it is fleet- section a circle }'\'h()se radiu$..t;qu,!!s'!h.c::,'Squ~r~.
ing iA'fresh "Yater? Ans 2.411112 Sim # 15 roo~ of thel.1eight al:\ove,the b().ttori,1;i!lfO~gji
which is cut a 1 inch round, sll\lrp-edge9,prifici~
4. \Vf!!e~ floW? t];)r()qgh,ahorjzoJJ,taLpip<: of cross
The depth of water aqhestartoftime is.10 ft,lJ'se
se~ti<?md ar~ IOcm2. The pressure difference be- C=0.60.P64prob.l SET III OCT 91
tWeen the area is 5 cm2. . The pressure difference A) 32.,54!11in. C) 42.03 min.
B)25.21 min. D) 21.95 min.
between the two sectioPs is 300 N/m2. How many
cubic meters ofwa'ter will fio}¥ out of the pipe in 1
minute'? Ans. 0.0268 m 2 QUESTIONS/PRO:aJ;..E~S
~,',.' 5. . A cubjcal block of steel (sp. gra. = 7.8g/cmJ) floats . 1. .A ceiltrifugal pump dischargcs water through 160,.
on mercury (sp. gra. =I3.g!em'). . mm ho.rizontal pipe floating full at the outlet. The "

a) what fraction of the block is.above the mer- jet striking the ground at a horizontal distance of
curysurface? 1.2 from the end of the pjpe. Find the discharge
b) If water is poured on the Hg surface, how rate of the pump in cubic'meters per sec.
deep must the water layer be so that the A) 7.07m'/sec . B) 0.707
water surface just rises to the top of the C) 0.142 D) 5
. steell:\IQck') 2. A centrifugal pump discharges water through a
,:'~£6. Apiece of glass weighs I25ginair,75gi.'1.water, 180 mm diameter pipe flowing full at the outlet
and 92 g ingasoline. What is the specific gravity The jet striking the ground at a horizontal dis-
0'[ the gasoiiile? . tance of 4m and vertical distance of 1.5m from the
7. A cube of wood floating in water supports a 200g end 'of the pipe. The capacity of the pump in
mass. When the.Inass is removed, the cube rises GPM is nearest to: P52 prob. 2
2.cm. Deterinihe the size of the cube. Ans. IOcm A)5,100 . (':)2,900
x 10cm x 1Ocm. See siinilar prob # 16 . B) 10,000 D) 6,200
3. Isa device for measuring.intensities of pressure
TORlUCELLI'S 1,1IEOREM exerted by the atmosphere:
A) Siphcm i~) Barometer
1. An orifice 2 inches in diameterdischarges fluid
C) VenlUrimeter D} Bourdon Gage
from a tank with.a head of 15 feet. Discharge rate,
4. Is a tUbeusually bent in the form ofU, containing .,
Q, is measured at 0.5 efs. Actual velocity at the
a liquid.ofknown specifi9 gravity, the surface of
vena contact, V.c., is 29.0 feetisec. The coeffi-
which moves proportionally to the changes of
cient of discharge, CDis nearest to: .
..pressure:
A) 0.94 QO,74 A) Vennlri Meter C)Pitot Tube
B)0.79 . D)0.86
(13)Manometer D)Barometer
2. .A steel box rectangular plan floats with a draft of 5. ts an overflow structure built across an open
4 ft Ifth.e bQx is 20 ft long and 40 ft wide and 6
channeI for.the purpose of measuring the flow:
.teet deep. Compute the time necessary 1;,0sink to
A)Dam cgWeir
its top edge by opening a standard orifice 6 inches
B) Spillway, .:0) penstock
in radius in its bottom. Neglect thickness ofver-
tical sidesand assumeC =06. .
6. Is a graphical representation, with respect to any
chosen datum of the potential head or energy
A) 135 sec C) 309 sec
which the liquid possesses at all sections of a
BlJ II sec D) 405 sec pipe system .

(~) Hydraulic GradientC) Maxwell Diagram

TIME OF DISCHARGE OF B) Energy Gradient, D) Surface Diagram
7. Is a conveying tube attached to the end of a pipe
.FLUID IN A VESSEL or hose which serve to increase the velocity of ~
1. A hemispherical shell, with base horizontal and the issuing jet:
uppermost, is filled with water. Ifthe diameter is A) Orifice C) Siphon
16 ft., determine the time in minute to empty "B)Nozzle . D) Glass U-Tube
through a sharp-edged-3 in. radius required with E) PenstockE) Caisson
C = 0.6 located at the lowestpointP24 prob. I 8. A kind if valve used on pipelines to prevent
SEf III OCT 89 APRIL 2000 backtlow ofliquid.
A) 9.355 . C) 5.463 A) Gate Valve' C)Plug Valve
- B) 6.128 D) 2.755 13)Check Valve D) Regularion Valve
 9. At sea level and normal temperature, atm<;>sphere ies ,inversely as the volum~ and di,~ctly as the
presi;u.te isequival~nt tiJ: derisitjl". ,",'" , ',. ," ,I

A) 1O0cmcblumnofwatet A)'Chaile's'or'G<iY Lussac's Law

@J 76cm colurim of wM@j"113 CIDBoyle'sLaw
C) 75 cm column ofwater OJ' Avogadro's Lor",'
D) lOOcIncolurnn of water D) Dahan's Law
10, A theorem thar'states; the velocity of a jet of E) Kelvin's Law
liquid discharging w.1det'a head is eq)lal to the 17. A law that states, " in equal volurnes of gases
acquitedby the b'bdy falling through the sane with the s~i:rie'temperature and pressure the n um-
height. ber ofmolecllles are the same".
A) Bernoulli's 111eorem , A)
/" Charle's or Gay Lussac's Law
C]) Torricelli's 111eorem /B) BoyJe's Law 19
Avogadro's Law
jrt;,)Conservation ofEnetgy Theorem D}Dalton'sLaw E) Kelvin's La,v
D)Poisson's Theorem , 18. A law that states," when one or more liquids are
11. The vena contracta of a sharp edged hydrauI.ic put into a space of given volume the total pres-
orifice ussually occurs: . sure of the gas and vapor contained in the spaced
A) At the geometric center of the orifice. is the sum of the separate pressure \vhich each
B) At a distance o(about 10% of the orifice exert if were the only one present".
diameter downstream from the plane of the A) Char!e's or Gay Lussac's Law
orifice. B) Boyle's Law C) Avogadro's Law
C) At a distance equal to about 2 orifice diam- (iJ)
., 7
Dalton's Law E) Kelvin's
'
Law
eters, downstream from the plane of the 19. A cylindrical water tank tower 12 m in diaineter
orifice. contains water to a depth of 20 m. The pressure
(JjJ At a distance equal to about one-half the on the base is nearcst ,to:
orifice diameter downstream Irom the plane (EJ 196 KpaC)2 Mpa
of the orifice. B) 196Pa D) 2 Kpa
12. A lawin fluids which states, " At any point in a 20. An open top cylindrical wate\"tank 10ft in diam-
liquid at rest, the pressure is the same in all.direc- eter contains water at a height of 10 ft. The total
tions" pressure on the side is nearest to: ,.
A) Dalton's Law C) Newton's Law A) 28.5 tons C) 25.2 tons
B) Boyle's Law. @ Pascal's Law v' B) 62.7tons (122~ 15.6tons
13. Which ofthc following properties of water is not 21. A block of ice 12 inches in height with specrtIc
true? ., gravity of 0.917 floats on fresh water. What must
. ,~ it is compressible . its surface area be to support'a 180 Ib man ifthe
B) it has higher density than oil
C) its, boiling temperature lowers at higher alti-
ice is to submerge so that
with the water surface. .
*
top is coincident

tude ' (i\.) 34.75ff C)54.25ft2

D) at its purest state, it is a perfect insulator B) 34J5 in2 D)75.51fe
.1'4. A theorem that states," in steady flow the sum of <i~ A cube of wood floating in water suppGrts a 500g
the velocijyhead and the elevation h~<1.dof any mass, when the mass is removed the cube rises 5
point is equai to the slim of corresponding heads cm. The size'ofthe cube is.
at any other pointp1us orminus'the losses in the A) 5 cm C) 15cm
head due toiriction; plus ifthe last point is down~ (.?l'IOcm D)6cm
stream tromthe first point, minus ifupstream". 23. An object weights 1,600 grams in air, 1}50 grams
(A) Bernoulli's Theorem in water and 1,450 grams in an unknown liquid,(l)
B) Torricelii'sTheorem , The 'specify gravity of the object and (2) specific
C) Conversation of Energy Theorem gravity of the uIl}mown liquid is:
D) Poisson's Theorem, (l)A)lO (J3}\64 C)8 D}84
15, P:)!1';1;'
IlJoa!states, "for a given mass of gas, the (2) A) 6 'BY 0,6 C) 2 D) 10
te'ITipe'fatU~eremaining constant, the volume of 24. A .block of wood floats in water with 6 ,inches
gas varies directly as the absolute temperature." projecting above the water surface. If the same
A) CharIe's or Gay Lussac's Law block were placed in alcohol of specific gravity
B) Boyle's Law 0.82, the block would project 4 inches above the
C) Avogadro',sL<iw surface of the alcohol. Detimnine the specific grav-
D) Dalton'sLaw , . ity ofthewoodblock:
16 A law that states, " for a given mass,of gas, the A) 0.328 C) 0.151
temperature remaining constant, the pressure var- @ 0.603 D) 0.272
w.
 '
i
i 25. Afl6iltmft'6ylmdei 8 cin iridl~meter~~ )lVeighing J\) Head, H is ii:tsr,eas~1~y,a f~~to~.oJ 4
950grarnsis placedi~a C)'\inciercbntalner 20 cm B) Horsep9wer, Pis jllcte~seci pya factor of8
in diameter partlally fullo(water. The increase of C) Volume flow !1ite, Q,is Y:J(::reas!:dby a
I
1,1
I depth of water in the contillnerdue to placing the
float in it is: .
of2 .

III
D) Torque inpudsiI1cre~se.d py ,a factor of 4
~I
A) 2cm C) L38crn . <]), Head, p.orsepowera.nd vohlme flowrate are
II ~3.02cm r)4"I9C~l .. independent!}' va~lab,le . . .
26. Agas bubble rjsing ftpm theocean flooris 1 inch 37. The diilllleter of a pipecan-ying water changes
in: diameter!!t a depth of 50 ft. Giventhat the gnidually froml50mmatA t0450mmatB. A is
I 4.5 m lowerthanB. What will be the difference in
specific gravity ofS"eawater is 1.03, the buoyant
IiI forceinlbsl;1eing exerted on theebubble at this pressure in Kpa, between A and B, when 25 liters
! instant is nearest to:
'A)O.O14 C) 0.076
per~ec is f1owing, loss oJ energy being neglected'?
1\)41.36 C)36.14
~p.020 ,P)Q.147 B) 64.41 @43.l6
27. the theoretical velocity generated by a lOft hy- 38. The speci fic gravity of a substance is the ratio of
draulic headis: ,I~<; 0, its. density,to that of ~-'
. ".'
1 J
~
,

A) 12.2ftlsec .,'" 25.4ftlsec A. container . C. air

B) 17.9 ftlsec ) 29.2 ft/sec @. water D. ice
28. What is the static headcorresp()nding to a flow 39. If the pressure on a confined gas in increased, dIe
ve!c>cityofI 0 ftlsec? ' volume is clecreases in accordance with Boyle's.
@ 1.55 ft C) 2.05 ft Law. 'When the pressure is rett,1medto its original.
13)l.75ft , D) 2.5ft value, the gas retum to its original volume. The
29. What isthe the.oretical horsepower to pump wa- gas has the property of: .

ter at 100 gallons perrninute from a largc reservoir' ,A)spring effect@volume elasticity
to the surface of another 'reservoir 400 ft higher. B) bulk modulus. D) surface tensiOli.
Ignorilig friction lc;>sses,purnp,eff;1ciency, etc.? 40, Cavitation is the result of
A) ]OOIiP C)IOI KW @ st~tic pre.ssure in a fluid becoming less than'
@lO.UHP D)I().IlKW the fluid vapor pressure .
30. Is a6pehing with a closed perimeter through which B) rivets under impactIoad
the fllIidsflows: . C) exposure of concrete [0 saltwater
@0rifice C) Siphon D) heat, treatment of a Jow carbon steel
B)}\jo:zzle . . D)GlassU-Tube E) Gutter . 41. The atomizer of a spray gun and the jets of a
31. -Isan instrument which is used for measuring the carburetor utilize.
discharge through pipes:. . A) Archimedes' Principle
.' A) Pilot Tube' r'C) VenturiMeter B)Pascal'sLaw
C) Barometer. . ':0) Manometer C) Torricclli' s Theorem
. E) Hydrometer' . . @ ~emoulli' s PJinciple
32. Is a coqduit in which a liquidflows \Vith free sur-
face: .'-
A) Dam .
C)Spillway' .WORK TO DISCHARGE FLUID
B) Weir D) Caisson . FROMAYESSEL
!:'E)oP!"nChannel .
1. A water tank consists of a right circular cone that
~3. A';-instrument which measures the dep,!hof rain- has its central axis vertical and its vertex at the
fall:
bottom. The radius at the top is 10 feet, the height
... A) I-Iydrometer [)Pluvio~etei is 50 feet, and the water is 15 feet deep. Detemline
B) Ma~op1.eter D) Hygrometer
the work required to pump 'all the water'to the
34. It is used mainly to completelYclose or c'ompletely
level of the top of the cone. Ans: 342xl0J ft-Ibs
open the \inebut not necessarl1y to control the
2. A hemispherical tank of'8 ft. diameter is full of
flow Ofliquid.
liquid weighing 60 Ibslt't-'. Determine the work
@ Gate Valve C) Plug Valve.
required in pumping the liquid our the top of the
.EI)Chepk Valve' D) G190eValve
tank. Ans. 3840n ftolbs.
E)F,gtary'fa]ve, "
. 35.1t is ,used to <::()ntrolthe floW ()fliquid. 3. . What hp is required to PlIffi,Pwater to a reservoir.
60 ft high with a discharge velocity of 20 ft pel'
A) Gate Valve 'cCYCheck Valve
second. Ifthe totallos5 is 13 ft and the pipe is 2.
B) Plug \fa]ve ('0 R~gul;ltor Valve inches'in diameter'}
36. On doubling the speed, N, ofa cenirifugal pump,
al1of the following are true, except: ELFIN

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