ELL303 Lecture9 PDF

ELL303: Power Engineering - 1
Load Flow Analysis- Lecture 4
Course Coordinator: A. R. Abhyankar
© A. R. Abhyankar,
© Abhijit R Abhyankar, Professor, IITEngineering
Electrical Delhi (2012) Department, IIT Delhi
1
Disadvantages of Newton Raphson
Method
 Calculation of Jacobian terms for the entire
system
 Solving a large scale linear system
© A. R. Abhyankar,
2
Strong Bondage between P-δ and V-Q
 D22 D23  D2 N L22  2 V2 G22

2
 L23   L2 N 
 
 L32 L33  2 V3 G33
2
 D32 D33  D3 N   L3 N 
         
 
 LN 2  LN 3 LNN  2 VN GNN 
2
 DN 2 DN 3  DNN 
 
 D22  2 V2 B22
2
 L22 L23  L2 N D23  D2 N 
 L32 L33  L3 N D32  D33  2 V3 B33 
2
D3 N 
 
         
L LN 3  LNN DN 2 DN 3   DNN  2 VN BNN 
2
 N2
© A. R. Abhyankar,
3
Strong Bondage between P-δ and V-Q
 J11 elements have ‘sine’ terms

 J22 elements have ‘sine’ terms
 The arguments are around π/2
 J12 elements have ‘cosine’ terms

 J21 elements have ‘cosine’ terms
 The arguments are around π/2
© A. R. Abhyankar,
4
Decoupled Load Flow
 Drawbacks of N-R method:

 Calculation of Jacobian during every iteration
 LU factorization at every step
 More no. of calculations per iteration
 High storage requirement
 Improvement:
 Modify N-R method in ‘decoupled’ form
 Make use of strong correlation between specific
state variables and corresponding powers
© A. R. Abhyankar,
5
Decoupled Power Flow Method
Pi Q Qi
 i Hence
0
 j  j  j
Qi Pi Pi

 Hence
0
Vj Vj Vj
Thus
 P   J11 0    
Q   0  
J 22   V 
  
This results in two de-coupled systems of equations
© A. R. Abhyankar,
6
J11  P (1)
J 22 V  Q (2)
Step 1:
Start with initial guesses / specifications as in N-R method
Step 2:
Calculate power mismatches of appropriate buses and elements of J11
Step 3:
Solve equation 1 and evaluate δ
Step 4:
Make use of updated values of δ and obtain elements of J22
Step 5:
Solve equation 2 to obtain updated values of V
Step 6:
Make use of updated values of V to calculate elements of J11 and real power mismatches
Step 7:
Iterate till convergence is obtained
© A. R. Abhyankar,
7
Fast Decoupled Load Flow
 Drawback of Decoupled Load Flow

 Evaluation and factorizing of two coefficient
matrices at each iteration
 For a well designed and properly operated
transmission system, further approximations
are possible
 These approximations lead to constant
coefficient matrices in each iteration
 The algorithm is called Fast Decoupled Load
Flow (FDLF)
© A. R. Abhyankar,
8
Approximations in FDLF
1. The angular differences between buses is very small
cos  i   j   1
sin  i   j    i   j
2. X / R ratio for transmission lines is high
Gij sin  i   j   Bij cos i   j 

3. The reactive power injected into a bus during normal operation is much less than the power which would flow if all
lines from that bus were short-circuited to reference
Qi  Vi Bii
2
© A. R. Abhyankar,
9
Using the approximations, the off diagonal terms of Jacobian become:
Pi Qi
 Vj   ViV j Bij
 j Vj
Using the approximations, the diagonal terms of Jacobian become:
Pi Qi
 Vi   Vi Bii
2
 i  Vi
Further approximation:
V2 , V3 ,, Vn  1.0 pu
This leads to constant J11 and J22, which are now functions of Bii, Bij only
© A. R. Abhyankar,
10
 P2 
V 
  B22  B23   B2 N    2   2 
 B
 32  B33   B3 N    3   P3 
  V3 
         
   
  BN 2  BN 3   BNN   N   PN 
 
 VN 
B’
 Q2 
 
  B22  B23   B2 N    V2   V2 
 B    Q3 
 32  B33   B3 N    V3  
         V3 
     
  BN 2  BN 3   BNN   VN   QN 
B’’
 VN 
© A. R. Abhyankar,
11
1. Matrices B’ and B’’ are symmetrical and sparse
2. The elements of these matrices are constant, real numbers and
exactly equal to negative of susceptances of YBUS
3. Dimension of B’ is (N-1) x (N-1)
4. Dimension of B’’ is (N-1-m) x (N-1-m)
5. No need to calculate B’ and B’’ repetitively.
© A. R. Abhyankar,
12
Comparison between NR and GS
Attribute GS NR
Time per iteration Less 7 times that of GS
No. of iterations Proportional to Independent of
number of buses number of buses
(4-5)
Rate of Linear Quadratic
convergence
Memory Less compared to More compared
requirement NR to GS
Ease of Easy Difficult
programming
© A. R. Abhyankar,
13
Comparison between variants in N-R
Family
No. Attribute NR DLF FDLF
1 Time per iteration More than other Less than NR Less than DLF
two
2 No. of iterations Independent of More than NR More than DLF
size (4-5)
3 Rate of convergence Quadratic Geometric Geometric
4 Memory requirement More Less than NR Less than DLF
5 Ease of programming difficult Easier than NR Easier than DLF
© A. R. Abhyankar,
14
Bus Switching
 Sometimes, reactive power support on PV bus is not

sufficient to support the specified voltage
magnitude.
 In this case, ‘Q’ on that bus is set to its maximum
limit in that particular iteration.
 From that iteration onwards, the bus acts as PQ bus
because now ‘Q’ also becomes specified value.
 The voltage magnitude obtained at convergence is
different from the specified one.
 This is bus switching from PV to PQ
© A. R. Abhyankar,
15
How to accommodate tap-changing transformer?
 a 2Y  a*Y 
 
 aY Y 
If ‘a’ is real, YBUS is still symmetric
If ‘a’ is complex, as is the case in phase shifting transformer, YBUS becomes

asymmetrical
© A. R. Abhyankar,
16
Load Modeling
Exponential Model
np
V 
PD  PD0  0 
V 
nq
V 
QD  Q  0 0
D
V 
ZIP Model
 V 
2
V  
PD  PD a1  0   a2  0   a3 
0
  V  V  
© A. R. Abhyankar,
17
Load Flow Packages
 PSS/E (www.energy.siemens.com)
 Power World (http://www.powerworld.com)
 Etap (www.etap.com)
 MiPower
(http://www.prdcinfotech.com/products.html)
 SimPowerSystems
(http://www.mathworks.in/products/simpower/)
 MatPower (http://www.pserc.cornell.edu/matpower/)
© A. R. Abhyankar,
18
Utility of Load Flow Program
 Long Term Planning

 Generation Expansion
 Transmission Expansion
 Reactive Power Planning
© A. R. Abhyankar,
19
Utility of Load Flow Program
 Operational Planning
 Contingency Analysis – Ranking
 Preparation of Defence Mechanism under
contingency
© A. R. Abhyankar,
20

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ELL303: Power Engineering - 1

Load Flow Analysis- Lecture 4

Course Coordinator: A. R. Abhyankar

 D22 D23  D2 N L22  2 V2 G22

 J11 elements have ‘sine’ terms

 J12 elements have ‘cosine’ terms

 Drawbacks of N-R method:

Qi Pi Pi

 Drawback of Decoupled Load Flow

1. The angular differences between buses is very small

Gij sin  i   j   Bij cos i   j 

 Sometimes, reactive power support on PV bus is not

If ‘a’ is real, YBUS is still symmetric

If ‘a’ is complex, as is the case in phase shifting transformer, YBUS becomes

 Long Term Planning

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