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Electromagnetic

Induction
Persons Behind Electromagnetism
• Hans Christian
Oersted (1820)
- a Danish physicist
that observed electric
current in a wire
produces magnetic
field around the wire.
Persons Behind Electromagnetism
• Joseph Henry (1831)
- an American scientist
and teacher
- first to observe EM
induction
- works of Henry were
given little recognition
because they were not
published
Persons Behind Electromagnetism

• Michael Faraday
(1831)
- English scientist
who conducted
experiments on EM
induction
Electromagnetic Induction

•When a magnet and a wire move relative to each


other, a voltage or emf is induced.
Electromagnetic Induction
• Amount of voltage produced depends
on:
– Loops of Wire: Many coils in the wire
produce high voltages
– Speed: High speeds produce high voltages
– Magnetism: Strong magnets produce high
voltages
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction

• Electromagnetic Induction: changing the


magnetic field around a conductor can
produce an electric current

Note: Inducing voltage by changing the magnetic field around a conductor


Faraday’s Law

If there is a change in the magnetic


flux in a circuit, an induced current
or induced emf is produced.

Note: The induced voltage in a coil is proportional to the number of loops multiplied
by the magnetic field changes within those loops.
Lenz’s Law

Induced current flows in a direction


so as to oppose the change causing
it.

Magnetic field acts to oppose the effect that created it


Russian Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz
Lenz’s Law
- by Russian
physicist
Heinrich
Friedrich Emil
Lenz
Galvanometer
- an instrument
for detecting or
measuring a small
electric current by
movements of a
magnetic needle
or of a coil in a
magnetic field.
Generators

• converts mechanical
energy into
electrical energy
• also called
alternator
As a wire moves back and forth past a magnet, the resulting current changes
direction (AC)
Recall: A motor converts electrical energy (from the battery) into mechanical energy
(rotation of the armature)
Generators
• invented by
Hippolyte Pixii, an
instrument maker
from Paris.
Two Types of Generators
• AC generator
- Alternating
Current

• DC generator
- Direct Current
DC AC
The difference between a DC generator and AC
generator or AC alternator is that the pair of split
rings called commutator in a DC generator is fixed
and alternately contacts with the opposite sides of the
coil carrying current from the armature. This makes
the current flow in only one direction.
alternately change
in direction

only one direction


AC Generator

A- magnets
B- brushes
C- slip rings
D- shaft
E- armature
Turbine: When the armature of a generator is
connected to a wheel which captures wind, water, or
steam in order to turn and produce electrical energy
AC Generator

In an AC generator, when the loop of wire rotates in a magnetic field,


there is a change in the number of magnetic field lines within the loop.
The number of magnetic field lines that the loop encloses varies from a
maximum to a minimum, then back to a maximum again.
As the loop of wire rotates through 180⁰, induced voltage reverses and
consequently reverses the direction of the current resulting in an
alternating current.
The slip rings always keep the wire connected to the same side of the
electric circuit that causes the formation of alternating current.
Note: This is a GIF.
DC Generator

Turbine: When the armature of a generator is


or split rings
connected to a wheel which captures wind, water, or
steam in order to turn and produce electrical energy
DC Generator

Each half of the split ring or commutator is connected to the


one end of the loop or armature terminals.
The current induced in the armature is still an alternating
current but the split ring makes the current flow
Turbine: When the armature of a generator is into the
external circuit in one direction.
connected to a wheel which captures wind, water, or
The two brushes are always in contact with successive pairs of
steam in order
commutator halves.to turn and produce electrical energy
Note: This is a GIF.
Motors
• invented by Thomas
Davenport, a
Vermont blacksmith.
• He developed a
battery-powered
electric motor.
Turbine: When the armature of a generator is
connected to a wheel which captures wind, water, or
steam in order to turn and produce electrical energy
Motors

• converts electrical
energy into
mechanical energy
Two Types of motors
AC motor
• AC motor

Brushed DC
• DC motor
- brushed DC
motor
- brushless DC
motor
• AC motor does
not have
brushes or
commutator.
• It is similar
with
transformers
that uses two
coils- primary
and secondary
coils.
• Brushed DC
motor
- the armature,
together with the
electromagnet,
rotates and is
called as rotor.
- the permanent
magnets are
Turbine: When the armaturestationary,
of a generator is
called
connected to a wheel which captures wind, water, or
stators.
steam in order to turn and produce electrical energy
Brushed DC Motor

Note: This is a GIF.


• Brushless DC
motor
- the permanent
magnets are
glued to the rotor
and the
electromagnets
are part of the
stator.
Turbine: When the armature of a generator is
connected to a wheel which captures wind, water, or
steam in order to turn and produce electrical energy
Brushless DC Motor

Note: This is a GIF.


Combining Faraday’s Law and
Lenz’s Law

E = induced emf (electromotive force) or induced voltage


N= number of turns or loops of wire
∆Φ = change in flux
= Φ final− Φ initial = BA(cosӨfinal)−BA(cosӨ initial)
or
= BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial)
∆t= time elapsed or time when the flux changed
Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux
Φ= magnetic flux (T•m2 or Wb)
B= magnetic field intensity (T) - Tesla
A = area (m2)

Change in Magnetic Flux


The flux depends on the magnetic field (B),
area(A) and the angle(Ө). A change in any of
these three factors constitutes a change in
flux(∆Φ ).
Nikola Tesla
- Serbian- American
inventor who is best
known for his design
of the modern
alternating current
electricity supply
system.
Example #1
A coil of wire is placed in a 0.5 T
uniform magnetic field. The area of the
coil is 2 m2. What is its magnetic flux if
the angle between the magnetic field
and the normal to the surface of the coil
is 60 ? After 5s, the magnetic field
0

becomes parallel to the normal to the


surface. What is the induced emf?
Note: Parallel 0
Given:
B = 0.5 T Solution:
A = 2 m2 ∆Φ = BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial)
Өinitial = cos60 0 ∆Φ= (0.5 T)(2 m 2)(cos0−

Өfinal = cos0 (parallel to the cos600)

normal to the surface)


∆Φ= 0.5 Τ•m 2 or 0.5 Wb

t= 5s
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
Required:
E= (−1)(0.5Wb/5s)
∆Φ = ?
E= −0.1V
induced emf = ?
Formula:
∆Φ = BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial) Note: If there is no
mentioned number of loops
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
or turns of wire, use 1.
Example #2
A 500-turn rectangular loop of wire has
an area per turn of 4.5x10-3m2. At t0=0s,
a magnetic field is turned on, and its
magnitude increases to 0.50 T when
t=0.75s. The field is directed at an
angle of 30 with respect to the normal
0

of the loop. Find the change in flux and


average emf induced in the loop.
Given: Solution:
N=500 ∆Φ = BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial)
B = 0.50 T ∆Φ= (0.50 T)(4.5x10-3m2)(cos300−cos0)
A = 4.5x10-3m2 ∆Φ= -3.01x10-⁴Τ•m2 or -3.01x10-⁴ Wb
Өfinal = cos30⁰
t= 0.75s E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
Required: E= (−500)(-3.01x10-⁴ Wb / 0.75s)
∆Φ = ? E= 0.20V
induced emf = ?
Formula:
∆Φ = BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial)
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)

Note: Өinitial = cos0 (nothing mentioned in the problem)


Example #3
A closely wound circular coil with a
radius of 2.40 cm has 760 turns. What
must be the induced emf in 2s if the
magnetic field at the center of the coil
is 0.055 T?
Given:
N=760
B = 0.055 T
A = 2.40 cm (radius)
t= 2s
Required:
induced emf = ?
Formula:
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
Note:Өinitial = cos0 (nothing mentioned in the problem)
Өfinal = cos0 (nothing mentioned in the problem)
Solution:
To get the induced emf, get the change in flux first.
∆Φ = BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial)
Note: If radius is given, use the equation A= π r2
∆Φ= (0.055 T)(π(2.40cm)2)(cos0−cos0)
∆Φ= (0.055 T)(π(0.024m)2) Note: Convert cm to m.
∆Φ= -⁵
9.95x10 Wb
Solution: (Cont.)
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
E= (−760)(9.95x10-⁵Wb / 2s)
E= -0.04 V
Example #4
A 20 cm diameter loop of wire is
initially in a 1.10 T magnetic field. It is
then removed from the field in 2.5 s.
What is the average induced emf?

Note: Perpendicular
Given:
B = 1.10 T
A = 20 cm (diameter)
t= 2.5 s
Required:
induced emf = ?
Formula:
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
Note:Өinitial = cos0 (nothing mentioned in the problem)
Өfinal = cos0 (nothing mentioned in the problem)
Solution:
To get the induced emf, get the change in flux first.
∆Φ = BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial)
Note: If diameter is given, use the equation A= πd2/4
∆Φ= (1.10 T)(π(20cm)2/4)(cos0−cos0)
∆Φ= (1.10 T)(π(0.2m)2/4) Note: Convert cm to m.

∆Φ= 0.03Wb
Solution: (Cont.)
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
E= (−1)(0.03Wb / 2.5s)
E= -0.012 V or -0.01 V
Example #5
A 20 cm diameter loop of wire is
initially in a 1.10 T magnetic field. It is
then removed perpendicularly from
the field in 2.5 s. What is the average
induced emf?
Given:
B = 1.10 T
A = 20 cm (diameter)
t= 2.5 s
Өfinal = cos90⁰ (removed perpendicularly)
Required:
induced emf = ?
Formula:
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
Note: Өinitial = cos0 (nothing mentioned in the problem)

Solution:
To get the induced emf, get the change in flux first.
∆Φ = BA(cosӨfinal−cosӨ initial)
Note: If diameter is given, use the equation A= πd2/4
∆Φ= (1.10 T)(π(20cm)2/4)(cos90⁰−cos0)
Note: Convert cm to m.
∆Φ= (1.10 /4)
T)(π(0.2m)2 (cos90⁰−cos0)
∆Φ= −0.03Wb
Solution: (Cont.)
E= −Ν (∆Φ / ∆t)
E= (−1)(−0.03Wb / 2.5s)
E= 0.012 V or 0.01 V
Solve the following problems. Write your answer on a one whole
sheet of paper. Submit this on April 15, 2020. Good luck.Keep safe.
Practice Exercises
1.The plane of a 25-turn circular coil of wire that has a diameter of
12 cm is perpendicular to a 4.3 T magnetic field. Determine the
change in the magnetic flux of the coil and the average induced emf
in the coil if the magnetic field drops to 0 in 0.21s.
2. A magnetic field is perpendicular to a 4 cm x 6 cm rectangular
coil of wire consisting of 100 turns. In 0.050 s, the magnetic field
of 0.52 T was induced in the coil. What is the average induced
emf?
3. A circular coil consisting of 300 turns each of radius 0.06m is
rotating in a uniform magnetic field. At t=0, the normal to the coil
is perpendicular to the magnetic field 2.5 T. At t=0.01s, the normal
makes 30⁰ with respect to the normal to the coil. Find the
magnitude of the induced emf.

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