PROBLEM SOLVING WITH

LOOPS
Chapter 7
Concept of Repetition Structure Logic

 It is a computer task, that is used for Repeating a

series of instructions many times.
 Ex. The Process of calculating the Total Payment for more
than one employee.

 Loops can be written using combination of previous

logic structures
Example:

Write an Algorithm that calculate the average of 7

students grade.
 Solution without looping structure
Real St1_Grade, St2_Grade, St3_Grade, Read()
St4_Grade, St5_Grade, St6_Grade, 1. Read St1_Grade
2. Read St2_Grade
St7_Grade,
3. Read St3_Grade
Control () 4. Read St4_Grade
1. Read() 5. Read St5_Grade
2. Average() 6. Read St6_Grade
3. End 7. Read St7_Grade
8. Exit

Average()
1. Real Sum, Average
2. Sum = St1_Grade+St2_Grade+St3_Grade+ St4_Grade+St5_Grade+St6_Grade+ St7_Grade
3. Average = Sum/ 7
4. Exit
 Solution with looping structure

Average()
Real Student_Grade 1. Integer Count=1
Control () 2. Real Sum=0
3. While ( count <= 7)
1. Read() 1. Read()
2. Average() 2. Sum=Sum +Student_Grade
3. Count=Count+1
3. End 4. WhileEnd
5. Real Average = Sum / count
6. Exit
Read()
1. Enter Student_Grade
2. Exit
 Average Module Algorithm Flowchart
Flowchart
What will
Happen If What will
Average()
we Happen If Sum has no initial
remove we
this? value, its value is
Integer Count=1 remove
this?
Unknown
Real Sum=0
Count has no
data, its value is F T
While
Unknown, So the Count<=7
value of the
condition is Read() What will
unpredictable. Happen If
Real Average = Sum / 7 we
Sum=Sum+Student_Grade
remove
this?
Exit Count=Count+1

This will lead to

an infinite loop
The loop logic structure
 There are three types of loop structures:
 The While/WhileEnd loop
 Which repeats instructions while a condition is True and
stops repeating when a condition arises that is not True .
 The Repeat/Until loop
 Which repeats instructions while a condition is False or until
a condition is True .
 The automatic-counter loop
 a variable is set equal to a given number and increases in
equal given increments until it is greater than an ending
number .
 The loop logic structure
 The algorithm and flowchart differ with each type of
loop structure .
 Several standard types of tasks are accomplished
through the use of the loop structure .
 Counting( incrementing and decrementing)
 Accumulating ( calculating a sum or a total)
 In both task a number is added or subtracted from a variable
and the result is stored back into the same variable .
 In each case the resultant variable is assigned the value of zero
before starting the loop( initializing the variable ) .
Initialization
 The Initialization
 set to an initial value
 usually zero but not all the time
 Examples:
 Count =0
 Count = 1

 Count = 100
Incrementing (or Decrement)
 Is done by adding a constant , such as 1 or 2 to the
value of a variable
 Example :
Counter = counter + 1 or c=c+1
Note: Remember Variable Must be
Initialized before starting the loop.

 The increment can be one , two , or any other constant

, including negative number if you want to decrement
rather than increment .
 Example:
Counter = counter -1 or c=c-1
The Accumulating
 Or summing , a group of numbers
 Similar to incrementing, except a variable instead of
a constant is added to another variable.
sum = sum + variable or s = s + v

 Examples:
Totalsales = Totalsales + Sales

Note: Remember Variable Must be

Initialized to zero.
While/ While End Loop.
 Repeats the instructions between the While & While End, if the
condition is true.

While <Condition (s)>

Instruction
Instruction
.
.
.
WhileEnd
 while/whileEnd
 Use the While/ While End Loop structure when you do not
know the number of times an instruction to be repeated.
 Or if there are cases when the instructions in the loop
should not be processed .
 Primer read The value must be entered before the loop
start.
 It gives the while/whileEnd loop a valid value for the
variable in order for the conditions to be true the first time
through the loop .
 The value of variable that allow to control when to stop
the looping process called a trip value .
 Example 1:

Create the algorithm to find the average age of all the

students in class

How many UNKOWN

Students?

How can I solve this

problem?
Average Age of a
Class –
While/WhileEnd
Repeat/Until

Repeat
Instruction
Instruction
.
.
.
Until< Condition(S)>
 Example 1:

Create the algorithm to find the average age of all the

students in class

How many UNKOWN

Students?

How can I solve this

problem?
 Average Age of
a Class –
Repeat/Until
 While/EndWhile & Repeat/Until
While/WhileEnd
•You must initialize the data so that the
resultant of the condition is true the first
time through the loop. Otherwise , the loop
instruction will never be processed .
•Repeat the loop until the resultant of
condition is false.
•The condition is processed at the beginning
Repeat/Until
•You can set the operand of the conditions
anywhere within the loop since the
condition is processed at the end .
•Repeat the loop until the resultant of
condition is true.
•The condition is processed at the end
•Instructions in the loop are processed
entirely at least once.
Automatic-Counter Loop
 Increments or decrements a variable each time the
loop is repeated .
 Use it when you know from the start the number of
times the loop will be executed .
 The beginning value , the ending value , and the
increment value may be constant , variable , or
expressions .
Automatic-Counter Loop

Variable name
Loop: counter=begin To End Step S
Instruction
Instruction
Instruction
.
.
Loop –End: Counter
Automatic-Counter Loop:
General Rules

 When the computer executes the Loop instruction its sets the
counter equal to the beginning number.

 When the computer executes the Loop-End instruction it

increments the counter.

 When the counter is less than or equal to the ending number

 The processing continues for the instructions that follows the loop.

 When the counter is greater than the ending number.

 The processing continues for the instructions that follows the loop-End
instruction.
Automatic-Counter Loop
 When decrementing the counter :
 The counter is decremented at the end of the loop .
 When the counter is greater than or equal to the ending
value , the loop continues.
 Step value needs to be a negative number and begin must
be greater than end
Example 1: using Automatic-Counter Loop

Create the algorithm to find the average age of all the

students in class
2

3 ( J -1 )
4 J,
5

( J – 1)

J,
Example 2:
 Create the algorithm & flowchart to:
 Prints the even numbers.
 The series of numbers will:
 Start From 0 .
 Ends at 50.
 Example 2 Solution

Algorithm
PrintEvenNum()
1. Loop: counter=0 To 50 Step 2
1. Print counter
2. Loop-End: counter
3. End
Recursion
 Another type of loop structure .
 A module or a function calls itself .
 Example :

FactorialFunction (N)
1. If N > 1
then
Factorial = N * FactorialFunction (N-1)
Else
Factorial = 1
2. Exit